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International Telemetering Conference Proceedings / October 28-31, 1985 / Riviera Hotel, Las Vegas, Nevada / The creative process of the visual artist is an untapped source of knowledge-based systems which can extend the capabilities of AI in understanding how to develop new algorithms for space perception, pattern recognition, and data compression. This report focuses on the artist’s analysis of the multi-dimensional levels of unconscious, visual ideation which precede the conscious level of symbolic coding. interaction of all the senses is examined, as are the functions of gravity and time as the fundamental reference points for pattern recognition. An exercise in ‘Image Evoking’ is described. Recommendations are given for applications to future research in AI.

This research has shown that a knowledge-based system is an effective tool to help novice simulation users interpret and understand simulation output. The thesis describes the development and empirical evaluation of the prototype. A simulation program which adopts the discrete-event simulation approach simulates the behaviour of a local area network protocol, i.e., the Ethernet, with different sets of parameter values. The knowledge-based system carries out the 'analysis' of the simulation output covering the protocol efficiency and throughput. The knowledge-based system summarises the simulation output and upon request from the user, provides explanations to a conclusion arrived at. The summary is the relationship between any pair of variables; and the explanation is the justification as to how the pair are related. The strategy for building the knowledge base using production rules is also elaborated. There are different functions performed by the different sets of rules (or rule-sets). Their major functions, In parallel with the development objective, are interpreting numerical data, presenting output to users and providing explanations interactively. The rules are grouped accordingly to make the knowledge bases easier to maintain. In the explanation aspect, the few approaches attempted by other researchers to improve expert system explanation is discussed. It is argued that a mere regurgitation of 'fired' rules to explain the Ethernet behaviour is not adequate in this case. To circumvent this problem, a 'constructive' approach to explanation is employed. The explanation procedure rewrites the 'fired' rules in a more understandable form than the if-then rules. Unnecessary parts of the rules are ommitted to make the explanations clearer. Finally, an experiment carried out to evaluate the effectiveness of the prototype is described in detail. The effectiveness is measured from a few different perspectives. These are test scores, completion time for the test and the users' degree of confidence, both in the interpretation and explanation tasks. The results show that although some responses are mixed, there is evidence to suggest that the knowledge-based simulation system environment is beneficial to the target users.

Since agriculture is a large source of emissions today, changes in our food production and consumption are required to reach EU climate goals. This study aims to find out if nudging combined with knowledge-based system can be used to influence customers’ choice towards more sustainable food. To investigate how the knowledge-based system should be created a quasi-field experiment was performed to measure the effect of re-ordering a menu (with vegetarian options on top). Previous studies have shown that nudging yields result, but without reporting how customers feel about being nudged. To investigate this, a selection of participants with different demographics (age, sex etc.) were presented digital lunch menus and their feelings and thoughts were observed through qualitative research in the shape of think aloud sessions. The participants were presented with three menus that used different nudging tactics. The results were used to create a conceptual model of a digital menu system based which builds upon knowledge-based systems. The system integrated social, label and order nudges as well as profit margin to create a system that is sustainable in the perspective of climate, as well as economy. / Eftersom lantbruket är en stor källa till utsläpp idag så krävs det förändringar i vår produktion såväl som konsumtion om vi ska nå EU klimat mål. Den här studien siktar på att ta reda på om nudging i kombination med knowledge-based systems kan användas för att påverka kunders val mot hållbar mat. För att undersöka hur ett knowledge-based system ska skapas så utfördes ett kvasi-fält-experiment för att mäta effekten av att ställa om ordningen på en meny (där de vegetariska alternativen var högst upp). Tidigare studier har visat att nudging ger resultat, men utan att rapportera hur kunder upplever att bli nudged. För att undersöka detta så visades deltagare med olika demografi (ålder, kön osv.) en digital lunchmeny, där deras känslor och tankar observerades genom kvalitativ forskning i form av think aloud sessioner. Deltagarna blev presenterade tre menyer som använde olika nudging taktiker. Resultaten användes för att skapa en konceptuell modell för en digital meny som bygger på knowledge-based systems. Systemet integrerade social, label, ordning nudges så väl som vinstmarginal för att skapa ett system som är hållbart både från klimat och ekonomiskt perspektiv.