Under de senaste 10 åren har kostnaderna inom hälso- och sjukvården i Sverige ökat med 20 procent. Förklaringen antas ligga i att medellivslängden bland befolkningen ständigt ökar, att vårdtillfällen gällande psykisk ohälsa i Sverige blir allt fler samt att sjukdomsfallen idag är allt mer komplexa. I och med att hälsocentraler är första instansen inom hälso- och sjukvården innebär dessa faktorer att antalet läkarbesök på hälsocentraler ökar. Dessa faktorer leder till ökade kostnader för hälsocentralerna och indikerar att det är viktigt för hälsocentraler att vara medvetna om sina kostnader. Activity Based Costing (ABC) anses vara en metod som kan göra organisationer inom hälso- och sjukvården mer kostnadsmedvetna i och med att ABC har visats vara ett pålitligt verktyg för att kartlägga verksamhetens kostnader. Samtidigt har det i litteraturen lyfts fram att utvecklandet av ABC-modellen kan vara både tids- och resurskrävande för dessa organisationer. Denna tvetydighet tyder på att forskningen inom hälso- och sjukvården behöver utvidgas. Dessutom har ABC främst använts på sjukhus, varvid lämpligheten att använda ABC på hälsocentraler förefaller outforskad. Mot bakgrund till detta forskningsgap och den kostnadsproblematik som råder på hälsocentraler formuleras följande forskningsfråga i studien: Hur kan en ABC-modell utvecklas till att kunna kartlägga kostnaderna vid en hälsocentral? Syftet med studien var att förstå verksamheten på hälsocentralerna, dels för att kunnautveckla en ABC-modell för beräkning av kostnader, dels för att identifiera implikationer somkan föreligga vid utvecklandet av ABC. För att utveckla ABC-modellen till hälsocentraler har studien utgått från olika metoder. Sju intervjuer har genomförts med respondenter vid fem landstingsdrivna hälsocentraler i Norrbottens Läns Landsting. Vidare har även åtta frågeformulär besvarats av personal från dessa hälsocentraler. Studien har dessutom kompletterats med årsbokslut och intern verksamhetsdata från de fem hälsocentralerna. Studien har sin utgångspunkt i en hermeneutisk kunskapssyn och ett induktivt angreppssätt. En slutsats i studien är att hälsocentraler utgör en komplex verksamhet och att arbetsprocesserna för att behandla en patient skiljer sig åt mellan yrkesgrupperna på hälsocentralerna. Det gör det svårt att utveckla en ABC-modell för hela hälsocentralen med enbart små resurser tillhands. Ytterligare en slutsats kom därmed att bli den utvecklade ABC-modellen för en del av hälsocentralernas verksamhet, nämligen ett planerat läkarbesök. Denna modell bidrar till forskningsgapet för ABC inom hälso- och sjukvården och är studiens mest framträdande teoretiska bidrag.

Physical activity is a powerful modifiable lifestyle factor that reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) in adults through favorable changes in conventional risk factors including serum lipids, blood pressure and glycemia. Recent evidence suggests that the cardioprotective effects of physical activity may also be mediated through beneficial effects on vascular function, in particular arterial stiffness. While the beneficial effects of physical activity in CVD risk in adults are irrefutable, data in youth are limited, especially for arterial stiffness. Purpose: The purpose of this project is to explore the continuous association between physical activity and arterial stiffness in youth. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that physical activity is negatively associated with arterial stiffness, whereby highly active youth would display lesser degrees of arterial stiffness than their less active (sedentary) peers. Methods: 485 youth (12-13 yrs) were recruited from the 1995 Manitoba birth cohort involved in the GreatICE asthma and allergy study. Youth were stratified into tertiles (high, medium, low) of self-reported physical activity. Global cardiometabolic risk was determined from a composite score of conventional risk factors including, LDL, SBP, Insulin, Glucose and Triglycerides. Arterial stiffness was assessed non-invasively using conventional pulse wave analysis and velocity. Results: Of the 485 youth who participated in this wave of the study, measures of PWV and PWA were available on 357 and 335 youth respectively. Cardiometabolic risk decreased with increasing levels of vigorous physical activity. Neither measure of arterial stiffness was associated with physical activity. Conclusion: Increased vigorous physical activity is associated with reduced cardiometabolic risk in youth independent of arterial stiffness.

The problem under investigation in this mixed-methods study is the relationship between a morning physical activity intervention and subsequent student engagement in academic activities in an elementary school. The physical activity intervention was a fifteen minute period of hall walking and gym running for the entire school population at 9:05 a.m. The study participants included four randomly selected students in each of seven classrooms. Teachers and an educational assistant observed and recorded the students' levels of engagement at the same time period for eight consecutive school days without the morning physical activity followed by ten days with the physical activity. Interviews were also conducted with the teacher and educational assistant to provide more detailed information from their observations. Quantitative data analysis using a one-tailed paired t-test resulted in a finding of statistical significance. Qualitative data analysis also demonstrated increases in observed engaged behaviours after the activity condition. The merged data suggested that morning physical activity may result in increased engagement in subsequent academic activities.

Amylase activities and patterns were compared in extracts from mature seeds and from different parts of seedlings at various stages of seed germination of various varieties of different legume species. Apart from soyabean, all varieties had low levels of amylase activities in extracts from mature seeds, while the former had a remarkably high level. Amylase activities and the number of bands increased during seed germination and showed time and tissue specifity. The extracts from cotyledons had the highest activities and the largest number of bands as compared to that of the various parts of embryonic axes. Amylase activities and patterns had time specific changes during the various stages of seed development of the 7 varieties of different legume species studied. All the different varieties showed changes in zymogram patterns and decreased amylase activity during seed development, except soyabean where amylase activity remained high at all stages. The different components of amylase were characterised in pea (var. Feltham First). One band of a -amylase activity, restricted to the cotyledons, was present in the middle stages of seed development only, then reappeared at the third day of seed germination. The embryonic axes β -amylase activity decreased as the seed developed, to reach zero level in mature seeds, and reappearred during seed germination. The reverse sequence occurred for the cotyledonary β -amylase. The pea a -amylase was partially purified using ethanol precipitation, glycogen complex and hydroxyapatite column chromatography. The purified protein had three major bands with few faint bands on the SDS polyacrylamide gel. The embryonic axes β -amylase of pea was partially purified using the conventional method, ammonium sulphate precipitation, ion exchange chromatography and gel filtration. The purified protein contained two thick bands and many faint bands on the SDS polyacrylamide gel. The zymogram patterns of phosphorylase, EST, GDH, GOT, LDH, ADH and MDH were investigated during seed development of various varieties of different legume species. The most noticeable changes as the seeds developed were the decrease in activities and number of bands of EST in pea and soyabean, shift in GDH activities between isoenzyme forms in pea (var. English Wonder), increase in GDH activities and number of bands in dwarf French bean and soyabean and increase in activities and number of bands of MDH in pea (var. Feltham First).

No description available.

No description available.

This is a study of the parliamentary activity of the Front national (FN) in the Assemblee nationale from 1986 to 1988. The research is based on a comprehensive analysis of all parliamentary proceedings involving FN deputes during this period, using as primary sources the publications of the Assemblee nationale, including daily reports of the Journal Officiel, together with major daily and weekly newspapers and magazines from 1984 to 1993, and a cross-section of the publications of the FN at national and local levels. Part I examines the apparent contradiction between the anti-parliamentary reputation of this extreme-right party and its decision to join the French Parliament. The study traces the FN's patient quest for political legitimacy, its grudging acceptance by the established political parties and its strategy of recruiting personalities of the moderate right within its Rassemblement national. While the respectability derived from this helped the FN to enter Parliament, it also sowed disunity within the party's ranks. This is the context within which the parliamentary experience must be understood. Part 2 examines the effectiveness of the FN deputes in their parliamentary activities: drafting and tabling of bills, reports and amendments, interventions in parliamentary sessions, questions to the Government, voting patterns. The two main issues on which the FN deputes concentrated were immigration and law and order, but they also addressed many other questions and attempted to present themselves a force of economic liberalism without which the socialist experiment could not be ended since the traditional moderate right was too weak to defeat it. Part 3 pursues the analysis of the FN's continuing parliamentary activity in its second year in Parliament. It also traces the party's growing awareness of the limitations of parliamentary power as well as its own limitations as a parliamentary group, and its decisions to use parliamentary experience to broaden its political dimension. The conclusion weighs the impact of this parliamentary experience on the party and its local and national implantation, as well as on the recomposition of the French political scene.

Typescript. / Bibliography: leaves 171-187. / xii, 230 l tables

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexanders-Universität Erlangen, 1926. / Includes bibliographical references and index.

Thesis (doctoral)--Friedrich-Alexanders-Universität Erlangen, 1926. / Includes bibliographical references and index.