The research reported in this PhD thesis provides a novel approach to estimate 3D pitting corrosion kinetics of austenitic stainless steel with exposure to chloride-containing aqueous environments. A quasi-in-situ X-ray computed tomography (X-ray CT) approach was developed, with the aim of providing an experimental methodology to estimate 3D pitting corrosion kinetics under different exposure conditions. The first part summarises a set of preliminary investigations to identify the pitting corrosion behaviour of three austenitic stainless steels (type 303 bar, type 304 plate and type 304L wire) with different inclusion contents. All observed pit densities were related to the inclusion contents, providing confidence in moving to the next stage of the project, for conducting in-situ corrosion studies using X-ray CT. The second section describes the construction of an in-situ electrochemical cell for X-ray CT studies, the aim being to provide an experimental methodology to estimate 3D pitting corrosion kinetics. Pit growth kinetics of individual pits were estimated from segmented 3D X-ray CT data. The evolution of pit current densities, associated pit stability products, and diffusivity parameters over time were obtained. The study also showed that the kinetics of multiple pits could be estimated using this novel approach, based on separating the current response of each pit over time. This was obtained by electrochemical polarisation control and measuring the total current evolution. The third section discusses the effect of plastic strain on 3D pitting corrosion kinetics. Several in-situ X-ray CT experiments were conducted, with a focus on obtaining 3D pit growth, passivation, and re-activation kinetics, to elucidate the effect of applied strain on pit stability and growth. This section explains a possible mechanism for the re-activation of pre-existing corrosion pits, showing that pits grew more rapidly during reactivation than those grown before plastic strain was applied. A marked difference in pit morphology with fractured lacy metal covers was observed with the application of strain. The implications of this observation are discussed in light of stress corrosion crack nucleation mechanisms.

Performance during prolonged exercise capacity diminishes with increasing temperatures. The onset of fatigue under these conditions is not adequately explained by peripheral mechanisms. Recently, drugs which inhibit the reuptake of dopamine and noradrenaline in the brain have been found to improve exercise performance in warm conditions. The aim of this thesis was to further explore and characterise the role of these neurotransmitters during prolonged exercise in warm conditions by manipulating their reuptake or synthesis. The first series of experiments were designed to further investigate the effects of bupropion, a dopamine and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor, which has been found to improve performance in warm conditions. To explore gender differences in response to acute bupropion administration, the effects of bupropion on prolonged exercise performance in warm conditions in women was investigated in Chapter 3. The results of this study suggest that during the follicular phase of the menstrual cycle, acute administration of bupropion improves exercise performance. To determine whether there are any dose-dependent effects of bupropion, the experiment in Chapter 4 was designed to test three different doses of bupropion. Exercise performance was only improved for the maximal dose, suggesting a threshold for the performance effects of bupropion. Catecholamine precursors do not appear to improve exercise performance as consistently as reuptake inhibitors. In agreement with previous studies, the dopamine precursor L-DOPA did not affect exercise performance in warm conditions in Chapter 5. In Chapter 6 the effect of the atypical antidepressant nutritional supplement S-adenosylmethionine was investigated for its role in the synthesis of dopamine and noradrenaline. S-adenosylmethionine appeared to negatively influence cognitive function, increased skin temperature and circulating prolactin concentrations, but no effects on exercise performance were observed.

Esta dissertação apresenta um projeto de um dispositivo para levantar dados característicos de materiais submetidos às altas taxas de deformação, dispositivo este que leva o nome do seu idealizador o engenheiro Inglês Sir Bertram Hopkinson. Mais especificamente, esta dissertação está inseparavelmente ligada ao desenvolvimento de um embalado para transporte de elementos radioativos como sendo uma das partes do escopo geral, de um projeto da CAPES em convênio com o Centro de Ciência e Tecnologia de Materiais - CCTM do, Instituto de Pesquisas Energéticas e Nucleares IPEN - CNEN/SP, autarquia associada à Universidade de São Paulo. O desenvolvimento do dispositivo faz parte do escopo de obtenção, e levantamento dos dados necessários para o projeto, e a construção do embalado. Esta dissertação versa sobre a concepção mecânica do dispositivo, importante, dividida em duas partes, dimensionamento das barras, que seriam a barra de impacto, a barra de entrada, e a barra de saída, e o dimensionamento do dispositivo de impacto. O dimensionamento das barras envolve conhecimentos do conceito de ondas elásticas em meios sólidos para que o comprimento das barras seja estimado de forma a servir de guia das ondas elásticas, que provocarão a deformação no corpo de prova, e possibilite a boa leitura dessas ondas para análise dos dados. O dispositivo de impacto, este tem que ser robusto o suficiente para produzir a onda de tensão que deforme o corpo de prova, mas não para deformar plasticamente as barras, que terão que continuar durante todo o teste dentro do regime elástico. / This dissertation presents a design of a device to collect characteristic data of materials submitted to the high strain rates, device that takes the name of its idealizer the English engineer Sir Bertram Hopkinson. More specifically, this dissertation is inseparably linked to the development of a package for the transport of radioactive elements as part of the general scope of a CAPES project in partnership with the Materials Science and Technology Center (CCTM), Nuclear and Energy Research Institute IPEN - CNEN / SP, autarchy associated with the University of São Paulo. The development of the device is part of the scope of procurement, and collection of data required for the design, and the construction of the packaging. This dissertation deals with the mechanical design of the device, important, divided into two parts, dimensioning of the bars, which would be the impact bar, the input and output bars and the design of the impact device. The sizing of the bars involves knowledge of the concept of elastic waves in solid media so that the length of the bars is estimated in order to serve as a guide for the elastic waves, which will cause deformation in the test body, and enable a good reading of these waves for analysis of the data. The impact device has to be robust enough to produce the stress wave that deforms the test body but not to deform the bars plastically, which will have to continue throughout the test within the elastic regime.

Commercial composite aerospace structure is required to be designed and managed under the damage tolerant principle. Airworthiness is maintained through a process of regulated inspections and if required maintenance. Currently inspections use visual and assisted visual (non-destructive inspection - NDI) techniques. Damage tolerant operation is therefore reliant on inspectability. Unlike metal structure composite and adhesively bonded structure may show few if any recognisable indicators prior to rapid failure, either visually or using NDI. Although stringent manufacturing processes are demanded to best ensure components are fit for service strategies such as reducing stresses by oversizing components or in the case of bonded features additional mechanical fasteners may be included to allow operation with this potential structural uncertainty. Structural Heath Monitoring (SHM) uses data from in-situ sensors to assess the condition of the structure. If via SHM any uncertainty associated with difficult to inspect components could be eliminated less reliance would be required of additional structure or features allowing lighter and more efficient structure to be viable with no impact on current airworthiness demands. Despite much previous research no SHM system is in use with in-service composite or bonded aerospace components. When operating a structure under Damage-tolerance operational requirements damage must be positively identified to allow repairs to be made whist ensuring appropriate airworthiness demands are maintained. Such demands must also be met by structure inspected using SHM. Unlike previous studies this research combines the process of structural design and in-situ monitoring to address the issues identified. Termed SHM enabled design this approach allows the implementation of monitoring technology and the potential for benefits including the reduced reliance on inefficient additional structure to be viably included in actual structure ... [cont.].

A reabilitação protética de pacientes desdentados é uma área da Odontologia amplamente estudada por pesquisadores do mundo todo, e com o desenvolvimento dos implantes osseointegrados surgiram muitas perguntas sobre o desempenho das próteses instaladas sobre estes. Conhecer o comportamento mecânico do conjunto coroa unitária, intermediário, implante e tecido de suporte é importante para entender o processo de transmissão de forças e suas consequências, processos estes que ainda não estão totalmente compreendidos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi verificar a deformação gerada no intermediário e no osso peri-implantar após aplicação de uma carga inclinada sobre coroas unitárias metalocerâmicas. Foi utilizado um modelo mestre de poliuretano, simulando o osso mandibular, com um implante hexágono externo de 3,75mm x13 mm de comprimento, no qual foi fixado um intermediário multi-unit. O trabalho foi realizado com 3 grupos de 4 coroas cada, divididos de acordo com o tipo de cilindro e liga de fundição (cilindros de ouro sobrefundidos com liga de PdAg, cilindro de acrílico fundido com liga de NiCoCr e cilindros de CoCr usinado sobrefundidos com liga de NiCoCr). Cada corpo de prova foi submetido cinco vezes à aplicação de carga oblíqua de 15 e 30 graus no centro da oclusal de cada coroa com uma força de 300N em uma máquina universal de ensaios. Foram realizadas leituras das deformações geradas no intermediário e no poliuretano, com o uso de extensômetros lineares elétricos (strain gauges) os quais foram colados em três faces do intermediário (Disto lingual, Mesio lingual, Vestibular) e nas superfícies mesial, vestibular, distal e lingual do osso simulado ao redor do implante. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância a 3 critérios (ANOVA) e o teste de Tukey, utilizando um nível de significância (p<0,05). Os resultados mostraram que entre as duas angulações utilizadas existiram diferenças estatísticas significantes. Os valores médios de deformação se mantiveram dentro dos padrões de normalidade, na janela fisiológica descrita por Frost entre 50 &#x3BC;&#x3B5; e 1500 &#x3BC;&#x3B5; independente do tipo de cilindro utilizado, com exceção dos valores de compressão obtidos na carga oblíqua de 30 graus onde nos três tipos de cilindro ultrapassaram a janela de sobrecarga patológica com mais de 4000 &#x3BC;&#x3B5. / The prosthetic rehabilitation of edentulous patients is a dental area widely studied by worldwide researchers, and through the development of dental implants, appear many questions about the performance of prostheses installed on them. Knowledge of the mechanical behavior of the integration between single crown, abutment, implant and support tissue is very important to understand the forces transmission process and its consequences but these processes are not fully understood. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the deformation generated in the abutment and simulated peri-implant bone after application of an oblique load on metal-ceramic crowns. A polyurethane master model was used to simulate the jawbone with an implant external hexagon 3.75 mm x13 mm length, which was fixed in a multi-unit abutment. The study was conducted with twelve metal ceramic crowns divided according to type of cylinder and casting alloy, Group 1: Gold cylinder cast with PdAg alloy; Group 2: Acrylic cylinder cast with NiCoCr alloy; Group 3: CoCr cylinder cast with NiCoCr alloy, thus forming three groups of four sample each. Each specimen was subjected five times the application of oblique load of 15 and 30 degrees in the center of the occlusal of each crown with a 300N force in a universal testing machine. Readings were taken of the deformations generated in the abutment and bone simulated by polyurethane, with the use of electric linear strain gauges which have been positioned on three sides equidistant to each other to measure microstrains at abutment (disto-lingual, meso-lingual, Vestibular) and the simulated bone around each implant received four strain gauges, positioned on the mesial, distal, buccal and lingual aspects. The data were submitted to analysis of variance to 3 criteria (ANOVA) and Tukey test, using a significance level (p <0.05). The results showed that between the two angles tested there were significant statistical differences. The deformation average values remained within normal limits, at the adapted state described by Frost between 50 &#x3BC;&#x3B5 and 1500 &#x3BC;&#x3B5 independent of the type of cylinder used, with the exception of compression values in oblique load of 30 degrees where the three types of cylinder surpassed the pathological overhead state with over 4,000 &#x3BC;&#x3B5.

Este trabalho visa a caracterização estrutural, mecânica e óptica de elastômeros de uretâno/uréia (PU/PBDO), baseados em óxido de poli(propileno) e poli(butenodiol), puro, após inflação em tolueno e dopados com ferrofluido. As proporções em massa (%) de PU e PBDO utilizadas são 40/60, 50/50, 60/40 e 80/20. As análises estruturais foram feitas através das técnicas de microscopia óptica de luz polarizada, microscopia de força atômica e magnética, e microscopia confocal de varredura laser com as quais foi verificado que os filmes são isotrópicos e autofluorescentes. A amostra após inflação com tolueno não apresenta diferença em sua textura em relação a amostra pura. As amostras dopadas apresentam coloração marrom devido aos grãos magnéticos. Também verificamos que o processo de dopagem com inflação dos filmes em solução de tolueno e ferrofluido é eficiente, uma vez que o filme não apresenta grandes agregados de grãos magnéticos. Medidas do coeficiente de absorção óptica mostraram que o tempo de inflação das amostras em tolueno não altera de forma significativa esses filmes. Também verificamos que o tempo, de imersão do filme na solução de tolueno e ferrofluido, para que as amostras incorporem a maior quantidade de grãos magnéticos aumenta com a concentração de PU. O número de grãos magnéticos na matriz elastomérica não aumenta depois que a amostra atinge o nível de saturação. Experimentos mecânicos e ópticos mostram que o processo de preparação do elastômero (casting) introduz uma anisotropia estrutural nas amostras opticamente isotrópicas. Esse fato foi evidenciado pelas medidas do módulo de Young e orientação do eixo óptico das amostras sob estiramento. A dependência da diferença de fase e consequentemente da birrefringência óptica em amostras puras, após inflação com tolueno e dopadas com ferrofluido, com a deformação é linear. O coeficiente de deformação óptico também é linear com a concentração de ferrofluido. Para todos os tempos de inflação em tolueno e ferrofluido as amostras 50/50 e 60/40 foram as que apresentaram maior birrefringência induzida por estiramento. / This work aims the structural, mechanical and optical characterization of urethane/urea elastomers (PU/PBDO), based on polypropylene oxide and polybutadiene diol, pure, after swelling in toluene and doped with ferrofluid. The ratios in weight % of PU and PBDO used are 40/60, 50/50, 60/40 and 80/20. The structural analysis were made through of polarized light microscopy, atomic and magnetic force microscopy, and confocal laser scanning microscopy techniques in such was verified that films are isotropics and autofluorescents. The sample after swelling with toluene does not present difference in its texture compared with pure sample. Doped samples present brown color due the magnetic grains. It was also verified that doping process by swelling of film in solution of ferrofluid with toluene is efficient because the film not shows large aggregates of magnetic grains. Measurements of optical absorption coefficient show that the swelling time of the samples in toluene does not modify significantly these films. We verified that the immersion time of the film in the solution of ferrofluid with toluene, to incorporate in the greatest quantity of magnetic grains in samples, increases with the PU concentration. The number of magnetic grains in the elastomeric matrix does not increase after the samples reach the saturation level. Mechanical and optical experiments show that the elastomer preparation procedure (casting) introduces a structural anisotropy in the optically isotropic sample. This result was evidenced by the measurements of the Young\'s module and orientation of the sample\'s optic axis under stretching. The dependence of phase shift, and, consequently the optical birefringence, with strain in pure, after swelling in toluene and doped with ferrofluid samples, is linear. The strain-optic coefficient is linear with the concentration of ferrofluid. For all the swelling time in toluene and ferrofluid the 50/50 and 60/40 samples were those that present the greatest induced birefringence under stretching.

Ao longo dos últimos anos, redes de Bragg em fibras ópticas (FBG, do inglês Fiber Bragg Gratings) vêm sendo frequentemente utilizadas como sensores de deformação e de temperatura. O problema da indistinguibilidade entre esses dois parâmetros físicos, presente durante medidas realizadas por esse tipo de sensor, tem sido bem resolvido com o uso de duas FBGs com comprimentos de onda distintos. Muito embora esse artifício tenha apresentado bons resultados, ele também oferece algumas desvantagens, sendo uma delas a necessidade de duas fontes de luz para diferentes comprimentos de onda. Em virtude disto, este trabalho apresenta um sistema capaz de realizar medidas de temperatura e deformação, simultaneamente, utilizando apenas uma fonte de luz. O método baseia-se na inscrição de duas redes de Bragg com comprimentos de onda próximos (no caso, 810 e 860 nm) na mesma posição da fibra óptica. Apesar de a separação entre os comprimentos de onda das FBGs ser aparentemente pequena (cerca de 50 nm), o sistema respondeu precisamente a variações de deformação e temperatura. Dessa forma, a utilização de apenas uma fonte de luz no sistema é corretamente justificada, uma vez que, com essa alteração, o custo do sistema é substancialmente reduzido. Ademais, o uso de comprimentos de onda em torno de 800 nm também barateia o sistema, pois os CCDs usados neste intervalo espectral são menos onerosos do que aqueles tradicionalmente usados em comprimentos de onda de comunicações ópticas (1,55 &mu;m). / In recent years, fiber Bragg gratings (FBGs) have been frequently used as strain and temperature sensors. Several studies have tackled the problem of distinguishing between these two physical parameters using a dual-wavelength sensor. Although these sensors have shown good results, they have a few drawbacks, one of them being the need for two light sources with different wavelengths. We present an approach for simultaneous strain and temperature sensing which uses only one light source. The method relies on writing FBGs with nearby wavelengths (for instance, at 810 and 860 nm) at the same section of the fiber. Even though the Bragg wavelengths are separated by just a few nanometers (about 50 nm), it is possible to accurately measure variations in strain and temperature. One of the major advantages of this approach is the use of a unique light source, what reduces substantially the system cost. Another advantage is the lower cost of array detectors at 800 nm when compared to those of telecom wavelengths (1,55 &mu;m).

Neste trabalho apresenta-se um estudo para a estimativa das deformações permanentes nas camadas de solo em pavimentos flexíveis de baixo custo do Estado de São Paulo. O comportamento dos solos do ponto de vista tensão-deformação foi investigado através do ensaio triaxial com pressão confinante constante e com tensão desvio axial cíclica, para diferentes condições de umidade e densidade desses materiais, submetidos a carregamentos repetidos. As tensões aplicadas nos corpos-de-prova, em laboratório, para estudo de suas deformações foram obtidas através da utilização de dois programas de computador, quais sejam: ELSYM5 e ILLI-PAVE. Através dos resultados dos ensaios de laboratório, foram investigados dois modelos matemáticos para a estimativa das deformações permanentes dos solos em estudo. Um deles relacionando a deformação permanente com o número de aplicação das tensões; o outro, relacionando a deformação permanente com o número e amplitude das tensões aplicadas e, ainda, com a resistência mecânica de cada um deles. Finalmente, através da utilização desses modelos matemáticos, foi estudada a contribuição das deformações permanentes das camadas de solo na formação das trilhas-de-roda, para diferentes níveis de carregamento, em dois segmentos de uma rodovia, cuja estrutura é constituída pelos solos em estudo. / This work shows a study to estimate the permanent deformations of soil layers in low cost flexible pavements of São Paulo State. Under the point of view of stress-strain the soils behaviour was investigated through triaxial test with constant confinant pressure and cyclic axial deviator stress, for different conditions of moisture and density of materiais, undergo repeated loading.The stresses aplied in especimens, in laboratory, to study their deformations, were obtained by utilization of two computer programs: ELSYM5 e ILLI-PAVE. Through results of laboratory tests, two mathematical models were investigated for estimate the permanent deforrnations of soils in study. One of them relating the permanent deformation with the number of stress aplications; the other one, relating the permanent deformation with the number and magnitude of stresses aplied and, also, with the mechanic resistance of each soil. Finally, by using that mathematic models, the contribution of the permanent deformations of soil layers in formation of whell\'s path, for different loading leveis, was obtained for two segments of highway, which structure is compounded by the soils in study.

Esta tese teve como objetivo concretizar a edição de texto fidedigno e anotada de A poetagem bonita, obra idealizada por Mário de Andrade (1893-1945), segundo se depreende de indicação do autor modernista no Fichário Analítico, manuscrito preservado em seu Fundo pessoal, no Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo (IEB-USP). A obra, não levada a termo, previa a reunião de artigos de crítica literária, divulgados em periódicos nos anos de 1920 e 1930, tematizando a poesia de vanguarda. Os artigos, localizados e organizados pela pesquisa, oferecem uma reflexão do autor sobre a produção poética no modernismo. A pesquisa se propôs a realizar uma avaliação crítica do material, detectando os principais temas abordados e as linhas de força do pensamento estético de Mário de Andrade; pretendeu ainda ampliar o conhecimento da produção modernista. / This thesis aims to research, organize, and prepare the critical edition of articles of literary criticism by Mário de Andrade that focus predominantly on Brazilian Modernist poetry, published in the 1920s and 1930s. These articles are relevant to studies of Brazilian Modernism because they bring to light Mário de Andrade\'s critical reflection on the movement, in the heat of the \"first moment of Modernism.\" This dissertation has a twofold aim: it establishes a reliable and annotated edition of a proposed collection of essays of criticism by Mário de Andrade, whose history and general outline are preserved in the writers archives, and proceeds to undertake a critical study of the material. By bringing greater visibility to documents that are now to be found in Mário de Andrade\'s library and papers, which have been deposited in the Instituto de Estudos Brasileiros da Universidade de São Paulo, this dissertation contributes to expanding our understanding of the historical reception of Brazilian Modernism.

This research project on the campus of Southern Illinois University Carbondale is an extension to the inquiry into the feasibility and reliability of the technology known as Digital Laser Speckle Image Correlation (DiLSIC). This is a hybrid approach of combining two existing technologies. The first being Digital Image Correlation (DIC) which is a nondestructive evaluation commonly used to find displacement, in-plane strain, as well as deformation. The second being the of laser speckle patterns. This hybrid has achieved level of resolution measured to be 3.4μ. DiLSIC increases the application ability of the DIC technique to situations that generally would not be an option to use. DiLSIC needs no artifact speckle patterns to be applied to the specimen as a preparation for nondestructive testing. In DIC testing, the surface of a specimen must artifact speckles applied to the subject surface. Often the application of artifact speckles is not desirable or possible. DiLSIC is an acceptable alternative to the previously discussed industry-wide practice. This method broadens the usage of the DIC technique to situations which previously were not possible. This technology can identify, quantify, and detect the distribution of strain and stress concentrations in composite structures. For this study, a honeycomb-backed glass fiber reinforced polymer (GFRP) panel from a Cessna aircraft exterior luggage door was obtained and a defect panel is created. The panel is constructed with one area containing a repair compliant with manufacturer standardized methods and a repair area is not compliant and consists of multiple incorrect repair steps. An area with no repair is also tested to act as a control for comparison and quantification. The results for the inspected areas showed a linear strain increase in the noncompliant repair. The data plot for the compliant repair showed a trend of following the same basic curve as the no repair area. A verification process follows the DiLSIC testing consisting of using Infrared Thermography, Air-coupled ultrasonic, and white light artifact speckle DIC. These tests show DiLSIC is a viable alternative to the testing that is available in the industry. DiLSIC can detect defect location, size, geometry and map strain to determine the difference between compliant and noncompliant repairs when compared to a base level non-repair area