Orientador: José Maria Ferreira Jardim da Silveira / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Economia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T19:46:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lambais_GuilhermeBerseRodrigues_M.pdf: 2333646 bytes, checksum: 23fc7a6ce4567b3b3ea6b60a69dd8507 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Formula-se nesta dissertação um modelo conceitual de organização econômica e produção agrícola para domicílios assentados pela reforma agrária 'new wave'. Este modelo conceitual integra a literatura tradicional sobre direitos de propriedade, organização da firma e a relação inversa da produtividade-área. Assim como também procura contribuir para a literatura com a incorporação de uma corrente normalmente dissociada da questão agrária, qual seja a interrelação entre auto-seleção, desigualdade de riqueza e armadilhas de pobreza. Ao se estabelecer esta base de literatura, chega-se a um modelo conceitual onde a estratégia de produção adquire caráter predominante na causalidade estrutural da produção agrícola dos domicílios. Mais ainda, esta estratégia é em partes determinada pela auto-seleção do programa; no caso, se o domicílio entrou no programa com requerimentos de subsistência, isto é, com problemas de segurança alimentar. As hipóteses centrais são: (1) na definição das "variáveis de estratégia", se estas forem negativamente correlacionadas com a existência de culturas permanentes e pastos e com o nível de ativos, então se confirma que estas são determinadas pela auto-seleção por motivos de segurança alimentar. E (2) no modelo estrutural de produção, as variáveis de estratégia têm, por consequência, forte impacto negativo na produtividade. Os modelos são testados para 204 domicílios para os anos 2000 e 2006, constituindo um painel balanceado, com um procedimento amostral desenhado para uma avaliação de impacto, o que resolve o problema de endogenidade da política. Através da aplicação de técnicas econométricas lineares e não-lineares, estima-se o modelo conceitual, o qual confirma as hipóteses. Ou seja, as variáveis da estratégia têm efeito predominante na produtividade agrícola do domicílio. Além disso, as variáveis indicando o nível de ativos, a existência de rebanho animal, trabalho animal, irrigação e trabalho coletivo também são determinantes na produtividade. Apesar destas variáveis serem primeiramente ligadas às características do domicílio, do projeto e do desenho institucional, elas são fundamentalmente derivadas da estratégia de produção escolhida pelo domicílio, a qual, por sua vez, não é uma escolha a partir do nada, mas que depende também das condições de auto-seleção. Como conclusão do trabalho, procura-se repensar a questão da focalização e condicionalidade da política de reforma agrária 'new wave', a qual pode ser melhor adaptada levando em consideração a preponderância do processo de seleção em situações de insegurança alimentar e da importância da escolha de estratégia de produção por um domicílio assentado. Condicionalidades teriam, então, que ser criadas em direção ao nível de ativos e tipo de ativos, principalmente em relação a rebanho animal e irrigação / Abstract: We formulate in this dissertation a conceptual model of economic organisation and agricultural production for households settled by new wave land reform. This conceptual model integrates the traditional literature about property rights, the organisation of the firm, and the inverse productivity-size relationship. By the same token, it aims for contributing to the literature with the incorporation of a stream normally dissociated from the 'agrarian question', which is the interrelation of self-selection, wealth inequality, and poverty traps. With the establishment of this literature foundation, we arrive at a conceptual model where the strategy of production acquires leading role in the structural causation of the household's agricultural production. Moreover, this strategy is determined in parts by self-selection of the programme; in the case, if a household joined the programme with subsistence requirements, that is, with problems of food security. The central hypothesis are: (1) on the definition of the "strategy variables", if those are negatively correlated with the existence of annual crops and pasture and with the level of assets, then it is confirmed that these are determined by self-selection due to issues of food security. And (2) in the structural model of production, the strategy variables have, by consequence, a strong negative impact on productivity. The models are tested for 204 households for the years 200 and 2006, comprising a balanced panel, with a sample procedure devised for an impact evaluation, which solves the problem of policy endogeneity. Through the application of linear and non-linear econometric techniques the conceptual model is estimated, which confirms the hypothesis. Namely, the strategy variables have predominant effect on households' agricultural productivity. Likewise, the variables indicating level of assets, the existence of livestock, animal labour, irrigation, and collective labour are also determinants on productivity. Even though these variables are primarily connected to characteristics of the household, the project, and the institutional design, they are fundamentally derived from the strategy of production chosen by the household, which, in turn, is not a choice out of nowhere, but that depends on the conditions of self-selection. In conclusion to the dissertation, we aim at rethinking the issue of targeting and conditionality of the new wave land reform policy, which can be better adapted taking into consideration the preponderance of the selection process in situations of food insecurity and the importance of the choices of strategy of production by a settled household. Conditionalities would have, then, to be created in the direction of the level of assets and type of assets, chiefly in relation to livestock and irrigation / Mestrado / Desenvolvimento Economico, Espaço e Meio Ambiente / Mestre em Desenvolvimento Econômico

Fundação de Amparo a Pesquisa no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / This research addresses the organic rice production process in the settlements Madre Terra, Cristo Rei and Zambeze and the impacts that such production engenders in São Gabriel / RS. With the crisis of conventional production model and the environmental, social and economic, resulting from the intensive use of agrochemicals, is included in the company an efficient production model, it is the agroecological agriculture developed during the production of organic rice process. From the literature focused on the topic of interest, as the struggle for land in Brazil and Rio Grande do Sul, the agro-ecological production strategies and the production of organic rice, it was possible to grasp the organic production system in question. To meet the objectives of the investigation, which presents a qualitative approach, was developed through semi-structured interviews, which were conducted with family farmers and settlers technicians COPTEC and ATES. Finally, it is evident that the productive organization of organic rice requires active participation of the community and technicians during the production process, because the organic management requires manual and daily work, and also the constant search for techniques and technologies that best suit the reality of the place and the variety of cultivated rice, and this form of production builds relationships between society and nature, modifying the configuration of the territory, incorporating a form of organization and different life, creating a new agriculture and a new farmer . / A presente pesquisa aborda o processo de produção do arroz orgânico nos assentamentos Madre Terra, Cristo Rei e Zambeze e os impactos que tal produção engendra no município de São Gabriel/RS. Com a crise do modelo de produção convencional e os impactos ambientais, sociais e econômicos, decorrentes da intensa utilização de agroquímicos, se insere na sociedade um modelo de produção eficiente, trata-se da agricultura agroecológica desenvolvida durante o processo produtivo do arroz orgânico. A partir do levantamento bibliográfico centrado no tema de interesse, como a luta pela terra no Brasil e no Rio Grande do Sul, as estratégias de produção agroecológica e a produção do arroz orgânico, foi possível apreender o sistema produtivo orgânico em questão. Para atender os objetivos da investigação, que apresenta uma abordagem qualitativa, foi desenvolvida, através de entrevistas semiestruturadas, que foram realizadas com os agricultores familiares assentados e técnicos da COPTEC e ATES. Por fim, evidencia-se que, a organização produtiva do arroz orgânico necessita participação ativa dos assentados e técnicos durante o processo produtivo, pois o manejo orgânico exige trabalho manual e diário, e também, a busca constante por técnicas e tecnologias que melhor se adaptam a realidade do lugar e a variedade de arroz cultivado, sendo que, esta forma de produção constrói relações entre a sociedade e a natureza, modificando a configuração do território, incorporando uma forma de organização e vida diferente, gerando uma nova agricultura e um novo agricultor.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This study explores institutional dynamics within an organic farming organisation, the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation (EFO), based in uMbumbulu in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The main objective of the study was to identify the institutional and governance factors that impact on the sustainability of the organic production programme of the EFO. A variety of research methods were employed, including a small sample survey of 50 households, in-depth interviews with key respondents, and a critical assessment of the existing literature on the EFO. The study established that many rural households in uMbumbulu maintain their livelihoods through a diverse array of activities that include social grants. Agriculture remains an important livelihood strategy for many households. It presents opportunities for income generation, access to food, job creation and increased asset accumulation. Communal land tenure systems do not constrain agricultural development, and kinship ties and social relations determine affordable and flexible land access for farming and residential use. The EFO initiave regenerated agricultural production in uMbumbulu. Many households have rights to cropping fields and these fields were revitalised and put under productive use as the organic farming initiative gained momentum. The EFO marketed its produce to Farmwise, a packhouse that distributes produce to various retailers. The agro-food industry is dominated by large business interests and maintained exploitative relations with the EFO. Organic production and marketing to such businesses imposed high transaction costs on members of the EFO as onerous quality standards were enforced throughout the value chain. Rural development interventions that are driven by external stakeholders such as academic institutions, government departments and other agencies tend not to provide sustainable solutions to help support the development of smallholder farmers. In the case of the EFO, such support saw abuses of power, elite capture, free-rider problems, conflict and weak management systems. The thesis argues that the agrarian transformation imperative means that policy frameworks must be re-examined, and adapted to the needs and local practices of smallholder farmers such as members of the EFO. Proper extension support that provides accurate market information, effective coordination of production and transport services, and relevant infrastructure, is also required. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

Magister Legum - LLM / This thesis set out to determine the degree to which the Prevention of Illegal Eviction from and Unlawful Occupation of Land Act is in line with the objectives of South Africa's land reform policy with regard to the promotion of access to land and security of tenure, and to determine to which extent the Act has contributed to land reform. South Africa's history of denial of land rights by dispossession and forced removals made the regulation of evictions imperative. Before this, black people had no recource when they were forced off land that they occupied, or even owned, for decades. The purpose of the Act is "to provide for the prohibition of unlawful eviction; to provide for procedures for the eviction of unlawful occuiers; and to repeal the Prevention of Illegal Squatting Act 52 of 1951". / South Africa

Magister Philosophiae - MPhil / This thesis interrogates the claim that resource-poor, rural land seekers can acquire land through the land market which constitutes the central mechanism of land redistribution in South Africa's market-based land reform programme. The study explores two key aspects in relation to this claim. Firstly, it provides a critique of the underlying assumptions prevalent in much of the current market-based land reform policy, as advocated by its national and international proponents, and the manner in which the market as a mechanism for land redistribution has been conceptualized and its outcomes envisaged. Secondly, it considers the extent to which this conceptualization - which it is argued, draws on idealized and abstracted notions of land market functioning - is realized and examines the extent to which the espoused outcomes of market-based land reform policy are aligned with or contradicted by the functioning of real markets and the experiences of resource-poor land seeking people in their attempts to engage in the land market with limited state support. The details of the market's operation are analysed, with a distinction made between the operational practice of real markets - based on direct evidence-based observation and degrees of policy abstraction and theoretical assumptions regarding how markets should or might operate. The study's methodological framework draws on an agrarian political economy perspective, as used by theorists such as Akram-Lodhi (2007) and Courville (2005), amongst others. This perspective enables a consideration of the various contexts and socially embedded processes involved in land transactions and the extent to which these are shaped and framed by the politics of policy-making. In line with this perspective, the study focuses on the social relations brought to bear on the acquisition of land and the way in which land markets operate. It is suggested that land is not solely viewed as an economic commodity by land-seekers. Furthermore, it was found that markets cannot be understood as neutral institutions in which participants are equal players. / South Africa

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / This dissertation focuses on strategic partnership initiatives or ‘inclusive business model’ arrangements initiated between land restitution beneficiaries and private sector interests. It explores to what extent the introduction of strategic partnerships since 2005 reflects a dominant underlying land reform policy narrative premised on the superiority of large-scale commercial farming that contradicts other policy statements emphasizing support for small-scale farming. The effects of a hegemonic notion of “viability” – framed in terms of the large-scale commercial farm model - on partnership initiatives in the large Moletele claim in the Hoedspruit area of Limpopo Province is the primary concern of the study. I adopt a political economy perspective to examine both processes and the range of outcomes of the commercial partnerships established on Moletele land. Informed by this perspective, I explore the strategies pursued by, and the alliances formed between differently positioned actors that are engaged in contestations and negotiations over access to resources within these partnerships, which I conceptualize as “arenas of struggle”. Both qualitative and quantitative data were collected and analysed (mixed method approach), by means of a small sample of claimant households and in relation to joint ventures established between claimants and different private sector partners

Land reforms are back on the development agenda. Different types of land reforms have been adopted globally in recent years, but by far the most controversial and most radical has been the fast track land reform pursued by the Government of Zimbabwe from 2000. There is general scholarly agreement that the fast track process has been accompanied by various socio-economic and political challenges, including an increase in levels of food insecurity. This thesis examines fast track reform in specific relation to the livelihoods of smallholder households and household food security amongst land beneficiaries. It argues that the problem of food insecurity in Zimbabwe is a complex social, political and economic issue, which cannot be simplistically reduced to the failures of fast track. Understanding household food insecurity post-2000 needs to go beyond the notion that the nation‟s food security hinges on overall levels of production alone. In particular, livelihoods and food security need to be conceptualised at community and household levels. Therefore, while addressing the broad macro-level analysis and discourse around the process of fast track, the study also adopts a micro-level analysis to look at the varied impact of fast track on the actual beneficiaries. The research focuses on small-scale beneficiaries in the Goromonzi District of Zimbabwe and, through the use of the sustainable livelihoods framework, looks at how their local contexts have been influenced by the wider socio-economic and political processes, and how beneficiaries have sought ways of coping with the challenges they face.

This thesis examines the impact of the recapitalisation and development programme on cattle producing farmers in Joe Gqabi and Chris Hani Districts. This research is based on the insight that most of the Eastern Cape cattle producing farmers are facing financial problems and their farms are dilapidated even though there are interventions from the Department of Rural Development and Agrarian Reform and Rural Development and Land Reform through programmes such as CASP and RADP for rescuing the cattle producing farmers. The major challenges faced by the cattle producing farmers into getting the funding will be established in this study. The main focus is on the farms that have already got the funding and also on the ones that are still in the pipeline for being funded by the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform. To a lesser extent, the thesis draws on findings from careful considerations of case studies comprising ten farms, thus five farms from Joe Gqabi and five from Chris Hani Districts. The research methods under this research design yielded data that was descriptive and exploratory based on human experiences and are associated with discovering changes in situations. The research findings show that delays in releasing recapitalisation and development funds for land reform beneficiaries have been recognised as one of the main reasons for the collapse of land reform projects. In most cases the funds are arriving long after they were needed for important faming activities. The delays are also leading to permanent closure of the farms. Therefore, it is essential for the success of land reform programmes to ensure that the production model is designed so as to generate benefits for land reform beneficiaries. This thesis is concluded by making recommendations to the Department of Rural Development and Land Reform in order to address the identified Recapitalisation and Development Funding challenges as well as to identify what can be considered as effective financial support to the land reform projects.

The current study aimed at investigating the contribution of land redistribution programme towards poverty alleviation in Misgund development project. The study was conducted in the Eastern Cape Province within Cacadu District at Koukamma Local Municipality in a rural town of Misgund. The study employed qualitative research method, with a sample of ten project beneficiaries who are both men and women. The unstructured interviews were used to collect data for the study and supplemented by scholarly texts, journals articles, policy documents, reports, newspapers and magazines articles. The data was analysed using coding, listing, categorising and content analysis as data analysis methods. After the data was analysed it was interpreted to obtain information to address problems and come up with recommendations. The study revealed the effects that the land redistribution programme has in the lives of the rural people of Misgund, which include amongst others, poverty alleviation, women empowerment and job creation. The involvement of the project beneficiaries in the conception of the project and their participation in decision making is of importance as it contributes to the sustainability of the project. It is recommended that the Department of Land Reform should consider involving the communities when deciding on the choice of the project that will be funded, so as to obtain information and history of the project to be purchased. It is also important to determine the estimated time of harvesting and when the project will start producing dividends so as to sensitise the project beneficiaries.

New policy initiatives that followed the 1994 democratic elections aim strongly on construction and development, especially in the agrarian sector. Land reform is one of the initiatives that the democratic government has implemented post 1994 to enable the previously marginalised and disposed individuals and families to own land. The aim of the land reform was not only to provide settlement beneficiaries, but to provide post settlement support to them and enable them to live a better life. However, most of the beneficiaries who acquired farms through the land reform programs lack practical experience in commercial agricultural production. In light of the above, the agricultural mentorship programme was implemented to offer a ray of sunshine to smallholder and emerging farmers. However, it is quite evident that although the agricultural mentorship program was implemented, the Kat river valley emerging citrus farmers are still facing challenges such as limited production capacity; limited access to financial capital; limited access to production equipment; and limited post-harvest support. This study aims to review the agriculture mentorship programme of the Department of Agrarian Reform and Rural Development (DRDAR), with a specific focus on citrus at Kat River Valley. Using data drawn from a sample of nine (9) mentees, two (2) mentors and one official from DARDAR who were personally visited and interviewed, the thesis presents the results of an assessment of the program’s outcomes for participant’s experiences and perceptions in order to strengthen the programme. A review of related literature on land and agriculture reform, agricultural policies, emerging farmers and mentorship has been presented. The study employed a qualitative approach for in-depth understanding and verification. Source documents, open-ended questionnaires and semi-structured interviews were used to collect data from participants. The study revealed that the mentorship programme has made an impact since its implementation as can be noted by the increase in production and income levels; sustainability of skills and knowledge attained from during mentorship and also job opportunities from the projects.