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Scania is well known for its agriculture, previously the region consisted of mostly agricultural landscape and farming. Scania is the wealthiest part in Sweden of agricultural landscape and stands out from the rest of the country’s landscape. In the late eighteenth century the industrialization came to the region and the agriculture developed in pace with the industry. Most previous studies have described the evolution from agriculture to industrialization and urbanization of the region but seemed to fail to investigate the embedded drivers that drove the transformation. Therefore this study investigated embedded drivers during the period from agriculture to industrialization in the region of Scania. The result showed that factors of agricultural transformation, social change and entrepreneurship were the key embedded drivers for transformation.

Understanding the class position of family owned small scale agricultural production units, which constitute a common feature of the rural context in the later capitalized countries, have been one of the major discussion points in the Marxist literature. The continual existence of such a form of production organization with significant non-capitalist features under the enlarging capitalist organization of production despite the initial assumptions of Marxist analysis that it was a transitory form which will soon differentiate between proletariat and bourgeoisie have prompted a number if attempts at explaining the survival of this category. These debates have strongly influenced the analyses in the field of rural sociology from 1960s onwards, providing the conceptual tools for sociological analysis of rural relations of production. This thesis engages in an attempt of re-appraising the theoretical debates within Marxist analysis of petty agricultural production organization together with considering the recent transnational reorganization of agricultural production. The neo-liberal retraction of state as a regulating force and loosening the protectionist policies has lead to the rise of the power of Trans-National Corporations (TNCs) in the field of agriculture in the past couple of decades. Contractual farming is defined as a major form of direct relationship TNCs establish with petty agricultural producers to exercise their determining power over the organization of agricultural production. Together with a case study of contractual farming, the thesis discusses how could we define the class positions of this segment and whether their relationship with TNCs have a significant affect over our definitions.

El artículo proporciona un breve recuento de la trayectoria antropológica de Fernando Fuenzalida a partir de sus principales obras. El trabajo antropológico del autor Fuenzalida puede ser rastreado a lo largo de una serie de etapas que marcan una serie de transformaciones tanto en la sociedad como en el sujeto del análisis, la interpretación y el enfoque desarrollados por el autor. A lo largo de cuatro décadas pasa de un enfoque etnográfico centrado en temas «culturales» a enfoques que privilegian la política y la transformación social, para retornar en los últimos años a temas globales y culturales. / This article offers a brief account of Fernando Fuenzalida’s intelectual trajectory. His anthropological research can be tracked along several stages that show a series of transformations in society, as well as in the subject of analysis, and interpretation, and in his approach to the subject-matter. Throughout four decades he switches from an ethnographic approach centered on culture to approaches that give more importance to political and social transformation. In recent years he returns to global and cultural topics.

Based upon critical political economy and Marxist theory of the state, this thesis attempts to understand the neoliberal form of the capitalist state in Turkey. While doing this, it puts the establishment of independent regulatory agencies (IRAs) into the framework of the claim of de-politicization and redefined form of the separation of the political and the economic under neoliberalism. It argues that neoliberalism solved its crisis and settled through each financial crisis, as a result of which the state is restructured. Acceleration of the delayed neoliberal transformation in Turkish agriculture through crises provides a ground to this argument. This study focuses on Tobacco and Alcohol Market Regulatory Authority (TAPDK) as an IRA, which enables analysis of neoliberal transformation of both agriculture and the state. Besides / the thesis includes an analysis of the Tobacco Law, which established TAPDK, since it is accepted that law is a significant mediation of the settlement of neoliberal hegemony. Furthermore, the thesis utilizes from in-depth interviews with not only officials from TAPDK, but also previous workers of tobacco and cigarette producing factories and tobacco farmers in order to find out how the labouring classes experienced the transformation. This contributes to the development of an analysis of the state as an arena of class struggle. Therefore / it is asserted, in this thesis, that TAPDK exemplifies the mediation of capital-labour relations by the state in tobacco sector, and appears as an arena of class struggle, as opposed to the discourse of the purification of economic management from politics.

Magister Philosophiae (Land and Agrarian Studies) - MPhil(LAS) / This study explores institutional dynamics within an organic farming organisation, the Ezemvelo Farmers' Organisation (EFO), based in uMbumbulu in KwaZulu-Natal (KZN). The main objective of the study was to identify the institutional and governance factors that impact on the sustainability of the organic production programme of the EFO. A variety of research methods were employed, including a small sample survey of 50 households, in-depth interviews with key respondents, and a critical assessment of the existing literature on the EFO. The study established that many rural households in uMbumbulu maintain their livelihoods through a diverse array of activities that include social grants. Agriculture remains an important livelihood strategy for many households. It presents opportunities for income generation, access to food, job creation and increased asset accumulation. Communal land tenure systems do not constrain agricultural development, and kinship ties and social relations determine affordable and flexible land access for farming and residential use. The EFO initiave regenerated agricultural production in uMbumbulu. Many households have rights to cropping fields and these fields were revitalised and put under productive use as the organic farming initiative gained momentum. The EFO marketed its produce to Farmwise, a packhouse that distributes produce to various retailers. The agro-food industry is dominated by large business interests and maintained exploitative relations with the EFO. Organic production and marketing to such businesses imposed high transaction costs on members of the EFO as onerous quality standards were enforced throughout the value chain. Rural development interventions that are driven by external stakeholders such as academic institutions, government departments and other agencies tend not to provide sustainable solutions to help support the development of smallholder farmers. In the case of the EFO, such support saw abuses of power, elite capture, free-rider problems, conflict and weak management systems. The thesis argues that the agrarian transformation imperative means that policy frameworks must be re-examined, and adapted to the needs and local practices of smallholder farmers such as members of the EFO. Proper extension support that provides accurate market information, effective coordination of production and transport services, and relevant infrastructure, is also required. / National Research Foundation (NRF)

La mondialisation de la production de la quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa Willd.), initiée dans les années 80 dans l’Altiplano Sud de la Bolivie, a bouleversé le système agraire de cette région. Parmi les acteurs de la filière (producteurs, organisations professionnelles, importateurs) et ceux qui lui sont associés (gestionnaires, agents de développement, chercheurs), ces changements ont fait émerger des questionnements sur la durabilité de la production, principalement centrés sur une dégradation des sols dont la baisse des rendements agricoles serait l'indicateur le plus fiable. Cette perte de productivité des sols appellerait un changement urgent des pratiques agricoles au sein des communautés rurales, passant notamment par diverses innovations agro-techniques. Cette étude analyse les transformations agraires liées au passage d’une agriculture de subsistance à une agriculture d’exportation, ainsi que les facteurs de fonds qui expliquent les faibles rendements des parcelles. Plus largement, cette étude questionne les modes de gestion actuels des ressources du territoire. Elle s’appuie sur différentes approches (systèmes agraires, écologie politique et théorie de l'action collective) pour analyser ces transformations décrites à travers différentes échelles temporelles et spatiales, depuis le parcours individuel de vie jusqu'à l'histoire régionale des quarante dernières années. Différents outils (réalisation d’entretiens, observation participante, ateliers participatifs et jeux de rôles) ont été utilisés au sein de quatre communautés rurales représentatives et auprès d’acteurs régionaux et nationaux. Notre analyse révèle qu’il n’est pas scientifiquement prouvé que les faibles rendements soient la conséquence de la dégradation des sols. Cette explication néglige les interactions complexes qui existent entre facteurs environnementaux, techniques, sociaux et politiques. En effet ce travail démontre tout d’abord l'inadaptation de certaines pratiques actuelles de culture aux conditions agroécologiques des nouvelles zones de production ainsi que l’insuffisance des normes de certification biologique pour assurer la durabilité de la production. Il signale ensuite l’apparition de tensions liées aux nouvelles formes d’accès et d’usages des terres, dans un contexte où la gestion communautaire des activités agricoles et des ressources foncières s'est progressivement affaiblie, et où la pluriactivité et la mobilité restent des pratiques généralisées parmi les producteurs de quinoa. Il démontre enfin le manque d'articulation entre les actions de recherche et de développement et ce nouveau contexte. La dégradation des sols est un discours agro-technique diffusé par certains acteurs de la filière. Ce discours occulte des enjeux cruciaux liés à la gestion de l’espace et des ressources agricoles. La construction d’accords collectifs pour reconstruire de liens durables entre les communautés et leur environnement doit s’inscrire dans une vision plus large du territoire qui prenne en compte les processus sociaux, institutionnels et politiques. / The globalization of quinoa (Chenopodium quinoa) production began in the 1980s in the Southern Highlands of Bolivia. It has generated transformations in the agrarian system of the region questioning the production sustainability. The low quinoa yields experienced by quinoa producers within indigenous communities is a major issue for the different actors of the production chain, scientists, development institutions and policy makers. Today, they mainly attribute it to soil degradation. Consensus that changes in current field-level practices are needed has led to a search for agro-technical innovations. This study analyses the transition from subsistence agriculture to an export-oriented production system, underlying factors that could explain low yields and territorial resource management issues. We use various theoretical frameworks (farming systems, political ecology and collective action) to characterize the changes that occurred at different temporal and spatial scales, from actual producers’ individual life courses to the history of this region for the last forty years. Interviews, participatory observation, workshops and role-playing games were conducted in four rural communities. Results show that explaining low yields by soil degradation has no sound scientific basis. Moreover, this explanation does not take into account the complex interactions that exist between environmental, technical, social and political factors. In fact, this study first shows that actual farming practices are not adapted to the agro-ecological conditions of the new production areas, and that the organic certification norms are not sufficient to ensure the production sustainability. It also stresses the emergence of social tensions related to the new rules of land access and land use, which emerge in a context of weakening of the community’s authorities, of high spatial mobility and of the diversification of activities among the farmers. It finally reveals a disconnection between research and development activities and this new context. Soil degradation is an agro-technical discourse disseminated among market chain actors which hides crucial problems. Rebuilding a sustainable relationship between communities and their environment require collective agreements for land and agricultural resource management, and a broader vision that takes into account social, institutional and political processes. / La globalización de la producción de quinua (Chenopodium quinoa) iniciada a partir de los años 80 en el Altiplano Sur de Bolivia, se constituyó en un vector de cambios que generó profundas transformaciones en el sistema agrario de esta región. Estas transformaciones hicieron emerger, entre los actores involucrados en la cadena productiva y quienes se relacionan con ella (científicos, instituciones de desarrollo, tomadores de decisiones), una generalizada preocupación sobre la sostenibilidad de la producción. Dichas inquietudes, centradas principalmente sobre los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores, se le han atribuido a la degradación de los suelos, alertando sobre la urgente necesidad de que se modifiquen las prácticas agrícolas mediante diversas innovaciones agrotécnicas. Frente a esta problemática, este estudio analizó las transformaciones agrarias surgidas de la transición de una agricultura de subsistencia a una agricultura de exportación así como los factores de fondo que explican los bajos rendimientos obtenidos por los agricultores. El estudio se apoya sobre diferentes enfoques teóricos (sistemas agrarios, ecología política y teoría de acción colectiva) para analizar las transformaciones descritas a través de diferentes escalas temporal y espacial, desde las trayectorias de vida de algunos agricultores hasta la historia regional de los últimos cuarenta años. Igualmente, se aplicaron diferentes herramientas (entrevistas, observación participante, talleres participativos y juego de roles) en cuatro comunidades representativas y ante actores institucionales en las escalas regional y nacional. Nuestro análisis revela que atribuirle a la degradación de los suelos la baja productividad de los cultivos no posee ningún fundamento científico serio. Esta explicación no toma en consideración las complejas interacciones que se presentan entre los factores ambientales, técnicos, sociales y políticos del sistema. En efecto, este trabajo demuestra en primer lugar, la desadaptación de las prácticas actuales de cultivo a las condiciones agroecológicas de las nuevas zonas de producción así como la insuficiencia de las normas de certificación orgánica para asegurar la sostenibilidad de la producción. En segundo lugar, revela el surgimiento de tensiones sociales vinculadas a las nuevas reglas de acceso y uso de la tierra, en un contexto en el que se presenta un debilitamiento de la gestión comunal en la gestión de los recursos y en el que la movilidad espacial y la pluriactividad caracterizan a la población cultivadora de quinua. Finalmente, demuestra la falta de articulación entre las acciones de investigación y desarrollo y el contexto actual. La degradación de los suelos es un discurso agrotécnico difundido por algunos actores de la cadena productiva. Este discurso oculta los problemas vinculados a la gestión individual y colectiva de los recursos territoriales, profundamente transformados por el auge de la quinua. La construcción de acuerdos colectivos para reconstruir una relación sostenible entre las comunidades y su ambiente debe abordarse desde una visión territorial que toma en cuenta los procesos sociales, institucionales y políticos.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:26:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-24Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T18:54:39Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 celeste_m_me_fran.pdf: 1557933 bytes, checksum: b66a41904242fa2080853afe0a1e22c2 (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / A ocupação da região das Cabeceiras do Rio Pardo – atualmente correspondente às cidades paulistas de Caconde, São José do Rio Pardo, São Sebastião da Grama, Tapiratiba e Divinolândia – teve seu povoamento iniciado em 1765, ano em que o governador de São Paulo, Luis Antonio de Sousa Botelho Mourão, o Morgado de Mateus, enviou uma diligência com o intuito de pesquisar o ouro que ali havia e garantir a posse da região. Concomitantemente, deu-se um deslocamento populacional para essa área em busca das catas de ouro e de terras para o plantio. Nesse movimento, estabeleceu-se o povoado de N. S. da Conceição do Rio Pardo, que em 1775 foi elevado a freguesia. Esse núcleo populacional correspondeu aos limites da Vila de Caconde (SP) que, no início do século XIX, centralizou os bairros rurais surgidos nas suas proximidades. A integração desse espaço ao território paulista foi acelerada pela expansão da agricultura de exportação na região paulista conhecida como quadrilátero da cana. Transformação essa que se dera no final do século XVIII, possibilitada pela economia de abastecimento interno desenvolvida em algumas regiões de São Paulo, a partir do século XVII. O surgimento de práticas agrícolas voltadas ao mercado internacional ocorreu, sobretudo no período pombalino e no governo de Morgado de Mateus. Quando D. José I assumiu o trono de Portugal, uma série de medidas foram tomadas com o objetivo de que o país alcançasse a riqueza de nações como a Inglaterra e a França, fortalecendo também sua presença na América Portuguesa. Nesta última, as políticas que objetivavam esse avanço se deram grandemente em torno do fomento agrícola, que aos poucos começou a surtir efeito, sobretudo nas regiões do Centro-Sul. Foi esse o caso da Capitania de São Paulo que, entre 1760 e 1770, passou a registrar seus primeiros produtos agrícolas para exportação pelo porto de Santos / The settlement of Rio Pardo headwaters region, which nowadays corresponds to cities located in the state of São Paulo such as: Caconde, São José do Rio Pardo, São Sebastião da Grama, Mococa Tapiratiba and Divinolândia, started in 1765; this was year when the governor of Sao Paulo, Luis Antonio de Souza Botelho Mourão, the Morgado de Mateus (his noble title), sent a stagecoach in order to find gold in this site and also in order to secure the possession of the region. There was, at the same time, a population shift to this area, which consisted of people in search of gold and land for planting. In this movement, the village of N. S. Conceição do Rio Pardo was established, which, in 1775, became a municipal sub-district. This population center corresponded to the limits of the Caconde Village (SP) which was, during the early nineteenth century, the center of the rural districts which appeared in its vicinities. The integration of this space to the São Paulo state area was accelerated by the expansion of export agriculture in the region of the state of São Paulo which was known as the cane quadrangle. This transformation had occurred in the late eighteenth century, and it was made possible by the development of an economy of domestic supply in some regions of São Paulo, which had begun in the seventeenth century. The emergence of agricultural practices geared to international markets occurred primarily in the pombalino period and during the government of Morgado de Mateus. When D. Joseph I assumed the throne of Portugal, a number of measures were taken so that the country of Portugal would be able to reach the same wealth of nations such as England and France; thus, strengthening its presence in the Portuguese America. In the latter, the policies aimed at advances were largely due to the promotion of agriculture, which gradually began to yield results, especially in South-Central regions