Aripiprazol är den aktiva substansen i läkemedel för bipolaritet och schizofreni och metaboliseras av två enzym till den aktiva metaboliten dehydroaripiprazol. Till följd av interindividuella skillnader i aktiviteten hos enzymen samt att koncentrationen in vivo kan påverkas av andra läkemedel rekommenderas terapeutisk läkemedelsövervakning (TDM). Därmed har en selektiv och känslig vätskekromatografi- tandem masspektrometri (LC-MS/MS) validerats för kvantifiering av aripiprazol och dess aktiva metabolit dehydroaripiprazol i humant serum vid Specialkemi, Klinisk kemi och farmakologi vid Lunds universitetssjukhus utifrån interna kriterier byggda på riktlinjer från European Medicine Agency (EMA). LC-MS/MS analys utfördes på Tripple Quad 6500+ från AB Sciex med joniserande elektrospray (ESI) och multi reaction monitoring (MRM). Valideringen fastslog metodens mätområde till 4 – 2 500 nmol/L och kvantifieringsgräns till 4 nmol/L för respektive analyt. Metodens inomdags- och mellandags noggrannhet (variationskoefficient (CV%)) och riktighet (nominell differens) för kontrollprover (10 och 1 000 nmol/L) var mellan 3,5 – 9,1 % och mellan -6,8 – -13,0 för respektive analyt vilket var inom godkända kriterier. Innan metoden implementeras på kliniska prover bör framtida utvärdering undersöka om minimering av provsmittan är möjlig samt utvärdera långtidsstabiliteten av analyterna.

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Background: Most over-the-counter medications are labeled for storage in a dry, room temperature environment. Despite this, many households store medications in the bathroom, where temperature and humidity extremes may be experienced.Objective:In this project, we sought to investigate the effect that long-term storage in a household bathroom had on potency of over-the-counter ibuprofen (IBU) products as well as on the emergence of a known toxic degradation product, 4-isobutylacetophenone (4-IBP). Methods:A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitative determination of IBU and 4-IBP in aqueous samples. Three brands each of IBU tablets (200 mg) and suspensions (100 mg/5 mL) were assayed for IBU concentration at the initiation of the study and once monthly thereafter. The samples were stored in a household bathroom, with continuous temperature and humidity monitoring. Each sample was assayed in triplicate and percent recovery was calculated against freshly prepared standards of IBU using bulk powder.Results:Tablets maintained >90% average strength through 3 months, with statistically significant deviation from initial concentration (2-way analysis of variance, P = .05) detected after 6 to 7 months. Suspensions maintained >90% average strength through 5 months, with statistically significant changes from initial concentration emerging after 7 months. After 12 months, the average strength was 73% and 83% for tablets and suspensions, respectively. 4-IBP was not detected in any of the samples during the duration of the study.Conclusions:These data indicate that, while 4-IBP was not detected following 12-month bathroom storage of commercial IBU products, significant changes in potency should negatively affect efficacy.

This project focused on the development and validation of an ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometer (UPLC-MS/MS) method for the determination of Patulin in apple-based products. Patulin is one of the many mycotoxins that are secondary metabolites from about 60 filamentous fungi. The mold often appears as black or blue on fruit, vegetables or crops. To determine the concentration of Patulin in consumer products is important since it may affect consumer health. The symptoms are often flu-like and can lead to kidney-failure and neurotic damage. The Swedish Food Agency is tasked to analyze consumer products to determine if they are safe to ingest. The European Commission has set maximum residue limits for several toxins that can potentially appear in groceries on the market. Using an UPLC-MS/MS allows for the accurate qualification and quantification of Patulin in apple juice and purees. The method was validated by analyzing several lots of apple juices and a proficiency test from Fapas®. The recovery rate ranged between 70.5-103.8% and were accepted because they met the recovery criteria in Regulation (EC) No. 401/2006 for Patulin.

Le taux de mortalité dû au cancer est en hausse d’année en année. Le cancer du pancréas est l’un des plus mortels. Avec un taux de survie inférieur à 20% un an suivant le diagnostic, il y a une urgence pour développer de nouvelles molécules pour cibler cette maladie. La metformine, un biguanide utilisé cliniquement en tant qu’agent antidiabétique, s’est avérée à avoir des propriétés anticancéreuses. Les patients souffrant de diabète de type 2 prenant la metformine comme traitement sont moins à risque de développer plusieurs cancers dont celui du pancréas. Cependant, la metformine n’étant pas biodisponible, les doses à administrer seraient trop élevées pour la considérer comme thérapie anticancéreuse. Le groupe de recherche Schmitzer a synthétisé de nouveaux analogues de type biguanide plus lipophiles dans le but d’améliorer leur biodisponibilité. Le phényléthynylbenzyle biguanide (PEBB) est un des analogues présentant des propriétés antiprolifératives environ 800 fois plus puissantes que la metformine contre des cellules du cancer du pancréas. L’hexylbiguanide s’est aussi démarqué par sa spécificité pour les cellules cancéreuses et sa faible toxicité pour les cellules saines. Étant de bons candidats, des études in vivo ont été faites sur des souris en leur administrant le PEBB et l’hexylbiguanide afin d’obtenir des informations sur l’absorption et la distribution des composés. Pour ce faire, une méthode par LC-MS en mode multiple reaction monitoring (MRM) a été développée afin de quantifier différents analogues de biguanides dans le plasma de souris. De plus, une méthode par MALDI-TOF a été développée afin de localiser et quantifier les analogues dans les tissus par imagerie couplée à la spectrométrie de masse (IMS). Les expériences réalisées ont permis de suivre les composés dans le plasma et d’établir une cinétique d’absorption révélant que le PEBB atteint sa concentration plasmatique maximale environ à 1h après l’administration et que le composé est éliminé de la circulation sanguine à 80% au bout de 4h. Dans le cas de l’hexylbiguanide, la concentration plasmatique maximale est atteinte environ 30 minutes après l’administration pour être éliminé à plus de 90% après 4h. De plus, les études d’IMS ont révélé que le PEBB se distribue principalement dans le foie et légèrement dans les tumeurs. Aucune accumulation à long terme dans le foie n’a été observée, ce qui signifie que les risques de dommages hépatiques sont faibles. Les deux méthodes développées sont des méthodes puissantes IV et reproductibles afin de quantifier les différents types de biguanides dans les liquides biologiques ainsi que dans les tissus. / The death rate of cancer is increasing every year. Pancreatic cancer is one of the deadliest. With a survival rate of less than 20% one year post diagnosis, there is an emergency to develop new molecules to target this disease. Metformin, a biguanide clinically used as an antidiabetic agent, has been shown to have anticancer properties as well. Patients with type 2 diabetes taking metformin are less likely to develop several cancers including pancreatic cancer. However, due to the poor bioavailability of metformin, the doses would be too high to consider it as an anticancer treatment. The Schmitzer group has synthesized new biguanide analogues that are more lipophilic and thus more bioavailable. Phenylethynylbenzyl biguanide (PEBB) is one of the analogues with about 800 times more effective antiproliferative properties than metformin against pancreatic cancer cells. Hexylbiguanide also stood out for its specificity for cancer cells and its low toxicity for normal cells. In vivo studies were performed on mice by administering PEBB and hexylbiguanide to study the absorption and distribution of the compounds. For this aim, a LC-MS method was developed using Multiple Reaction Monitoring (MRM) mode to quantify different biguanide analogues in mice plasma. Complementarily, a MALDI-TOF method was developed to localize and quantify the analogues in tissues by imaging coupled to mass spectrometry (IMS). The experiments performed allowed to follow the compounds in plasma to establish absorption kinetics. These experiments revealed that PEBB reaches its maximum plasma concentration at 1h after administration and the compound is eliminated from the bloodstream at 80% after 6h. For hexylbiguanide, the maximum plasma concentration is reached about 30 minutes after administration and more than 90% is eliminated after 4 hours. In addition, IMS studies have shown that PEBB is distributed mainly in the liver and slightly in tumors. No accumulation in the liver was observed, which suggests that the risk of liver damage is low. These two methods are powerful and reproducible methods to quantify the different types of biguanides in biological fluids and tissues.

Mass spectrometry facilitates cutting edge advancements in many fields. Although instrumentation has advanced dramatically in the last 100 years, data processing algorithms have not kept pace. Without sensitive and accurate signal segmentation algorithms, the utility of mass spectrometry is limited. In this dissertation, we provide an overview and analysis of mass spectrometry data processing. A tutorial to ease the learning curve for those outside the field is provided. We draw attention to the lack of critical evaluation in the field and describe the resulting effects, including a glut of algorithm contributions of questionable novel contribution. To facilitate increased critical evaluation, we show the importance of a modular paradigm for mass spectrometry data processing through highlighting the impact of data processing algorithm choice upon experimental results. Our novel controlled vocabulary is presented with the aim of facilitating literature reviews for comparisons. We propose a novel nomenclature and mathematical characterization of mass spectrometry data. We present several novel algorithms for mass spectrometry data segmentation that outperform existing standard approaches. We end with an overview of future research which will continue to advance the state of the art in mass spectrometry data processing.

The fungus Macrophomina phaseolina (Tassi) Goidanich (Mp) is the causal agent of charcoal rot in soybean and infects over 500 plant species worldwide. Mp produces various mycotoxins and is suspected of utilizing a toxin-mediated process to penetrate host tissue. Identification and evaluation of secondary metabolites produced by Mp will further elucidate the pathogenesis mechanisms used by the fungus. Mp cultures isolated from soybean were evaluated for phytotoxicity in a hydroponic soybean bioassay and chemically analyzed by LC-MS/MS. All Mp cultures at two dilutions induced phytotoxicity symptoms including chlorosis, necrosis, wilting, stunting, and death. Analysis identified 13 unreported secondary metabolites including mellein, a compound with various biological activities. The phytotoxicity of mellein was evaluated against soybean seedlings in hydroponic culture, and symptoms of wilting and stunting were observed at levels above 40 MUg/L. Observations suggest that mellein does not directly contribute to the phytotoxic effects of Mp cultures.

Introduction Cytochromes P450 (CYPs) are the major family of enzymes responsible for detoxification and metabolism of a wide range of both endogenous and xenobiotics chemicals in living organisms. The use of CYPs to activate prodrugs to cytotoxins selectively in tumours has been explored including AQ4N, Phortress and Aminoflavone. CYP1A1, CYP1B1, CYP2W1, and CYP4F11 have been identified as expressed in tumour tissue and surrounding stroma at high frequency compared to most normal tissues. Aim is to investigate the differential metabolism of novel chloromethylindoline by high frequency expressed CYPs in tumours. This differential may be exploited to elicit a selective chemotherapeutic effect by metabolising inert small molecules to potent cytotoxins within the tumour environment. Materials and Methods Sensitive and specific LC/MS/MS techniques have been developed to investigate the metabolism of chloromethylindolines. Recombinant enzymes and transfected cell lines were used to investigate the metabolic profiles with a focus on production of the cytotoxic derivatives of chloromethylindolines. Results Detailed metabolic studies show that (1-(Chloromethyl)-1,2-dihydropyrrolo [3,2-e]indol-3(6H)-yl)(5-methoxy-1H-indol-2-yl) methanone (ICT2700) and other chloromethylindolines are converted by CYP1A1 mediated hydroxylation at the C-5 position leading to highly potent metabolites. In vitro cytotoxicity studies showed differentials of up to 1000-fold was achieved between CYP1A1 activated compared to the non-metabolised parent molecules. The reactivity of metabolites of ICT2700 was also explored using glutathione as a nucleophile. The metabolites were identified by a combination of LC/MS and LC MS/MS techniques. Investigations using mouse and human liver microsomes show that a large number of metabolites are created though none were shown to be associated with a potential anticancer effect. Studies focused on CYP2W1 show that this isoform metabolised ICT2706 to a cytotoxic species and a pharmacokinetic study showed a good distribution of ICT2706 into mouse tissues including tumour. However metabolism of ICT2726 by CYP2W1 resulted only in a non-toxic metabolite profile and may have potential as a biomarker for functional CYP2W1 in tissues. Preliminary studies show that palmitic acid hydroxylation is a useful marker of functional CYP4F11. Summary and conclusion The in vitro results show that the chloromethylindolines are a novel class of agent with potential as prodrugs that following specific hydroxylation by CYP1A1 and CYP2W1 are converted to ultra-potent cytotoxins. Other metabolites are also evident which are not cytotoxic. Studies in vivo show that selected chloromethylindolines possess a good pharmacokinetic profile and show potential as prodrug anticancer agents that require activation by CYP1A1 or CYP2W1. The methods, results, progress and suggestions for future work are presented in this thesis.

京都大学 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第24678号 / 農博第2561号 / 新制||農||1100(附属図書館) / 学位論文||R5||N5459(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生物科学専攻 / (主査)教授 佐藤 健司, 教授 菅原 達也, 教授 舟場 正幸 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DGAM

We investigated the fungus Aspergillus fumigatus PD-18 responses when subjected to the multimetal combination (Total Cr, Cd2C, Cu2C, Ni2C, Pb2C, and Zn2C) in synthetic composite media. To understand how multimetal stress impacts fungal cells at the molecular level, the cellular response of A. fumigatus PD-18 to 30 mg/L multimetal stress (5 mg/L of each heavy metal) was determined by proteomics. The comparative fungal proteomics displayed the remarkable inherent intracellular and extracellular mechanism of metal resistance and tolerance potential of A. fumigatus PD-18. This study reported 2,238 proteins of which 434 proteins were exclusively expressed in multimetal extracts. The most predominant functional class expressed was for cellular processing and signaling. The type of proteins and the number of proteins that were upregulated due to various stress tolerance mechanisms were post-translational modification, protein turnover, and chaperones (42); translation, ribosomal structure, and biogenesis (60); and intracellular trafficking, secretion, and vesicular transport (18). In addition, free radical scavenging antioxidant proteins, such as superoxide dismutase, were upregulated upto 3.45-fold and transporter systems, such as protein transport (SEC31), upto 3.31-fold to combat the oxidative stress caused by the multiple metals. Also, protein–protein interaction network analysis revealed that cytochrome c oxidase and 60S ribosomal protein played key roles to detoxify the multimetal. To the best of our knowledge, this study of A. fumigatus PD-18 provides valuable insights toward the growing research in comprehending the metal microbe interactions in the presence of multimetal. This will facilitate in development of novel molecular markers for contaminant bioremediation.