My examination project during spring 2011 has been carried out in collaboration with DuoBad, a bathroom furniture company situated in Alsterbro, Småland. Their focus is to develop, manufacture and market bathroom furnitures with genuine craftsmanship. Through their partnership with some of the most influential manufacturers of quality bathroom products they can create an entirely new room to enjoy.I initiated the collaboration with DuoBad for the examination project and have not started from a specific task, but together with the company I have been focused on adding new thinking regarding storage in bathroom furniture.The goal with the project has been to, together with DuoBad, develop a conceptual set of bathroom furniture that provides new ways of storing.The project was a close collaboration with users where experience gained through contextual interviews became the main source of inspiration.The result of the project is a bathroom furniture serie called Mill. The name comes from the manufacturing technique of milling, which is the identifying form language of the product.

I denna studie görs en jämförelse av prefabricerade våtrumsmoduler gentemot platsbyggda våtrum ur ett ekonomiskt-, tids- och kvalitetsperspektiv. Detta arbete görs i samarbete med Gunnar Prefab AB där en undersökning görs baserat på 300 fiktiva våtrum. Det huvudsakliga målet med detta arbete är att ta fram en kostnadskalkyl, en tidsplan och de kvalitetsmässiga aspekterna för metoderna. Detta i syftet om att ge en vägledning vid beslutsfattande om produktionsmetod vid framställning av våtrum. Jämförelsen baseras på en egenframtagen mängdförteckning och våtrummen granskas under godtyckliga förutsättningar i nyproduktion. Undersökningen har begränsats till en leverantör och en planlösning. Först tas en teoretisk referensram fram som är grundförutsättningarna för arbetet. I denna del sker en genomgång för hur tillverkningen av ett våtrum går till för respektive metod och teorin bakom framställningen av en kostnadskalkyl. Slutligen redovisas det hur tidsplanen och hur de kvalitetsmässiga aspekterna tas fram. I nästa kapitel redovisas tillvägagångssättet för beräkning av de direkta- och gemensamma kostnaderna samt genomförandet av jämförelsen i tid och kvalité. Det visade sig vara svårt att göra en kostnadsjämförelse baserat på ett så pass stort projekt som 300 badrum då övrig litteratur i ämnet visade på olika siffror i kostnadsfrågan. I jämförelse vad gäller kvalitén granskades metodernas kvalité- och ledningssystemen samt för- och nackdelarna ur kvalitésynpunkt. Detta resulterade i att kvalitén för det prefabricerade modulerna var något högre då enheterna tillverkas i kontrollerade förhållanden. Den största skillnaden mellan dessa byggmetoder var byggtiden. För det prefabricerade våtrummet tog det 34 veckor att framställa och för det platsbyggda tog det 102 veckor. Slutsatsen av arbetet är att det prefabricerade våtrummet produktionstekniskt blir det billigare alternativet endast om omfattning av projektet är tillräckligt stort, dock kan det vara ett bättre val ur ett kvalité- och tidsperspektiv. En rekommendation vid val av denna metod är att entreprenören behöver vara delaktig i ett tidigt skede för att minska byggtid och kostnad. Vid projekt med flera olika typbadrum rekommenderas att kombinera den prefabricerade metoden med den platsbyggda, då moduler inte går att implementera för exempelvis mindre WC. På grund av det höga trycket på marknaden kan det vara svårt att få tag på material och arbetskraft vilket kan leda till konsekvenser för slutresultatet. Vid pressade tids- och kostnadsförhållanden så kan prefabricerade moduler vara att föredra då de framställs i fabrik med en löpandebandprincip. / The premise of this thesis is a comparison study of which prefabricated bathroom modules are compared to on-site built bathrooms from an economic, time and quality standpoint. This work is done in collaboration with Gunnar Prefab AB where a survey is carried out based on 300 fictitious bathrooms. The main objective of this work is to develop a cost estimate, a timeline and the quality aspects for each method. The purpose is to provide guidance when choosing what production method is the most optimal choice when producing bathrooms. The comparison is based on a self-made quantity list and the bathrooms are examined under arbitrary conditions in new production. The survey has also been limited to one contractor and one specific architectural plan. The thesis starts off with a theoretical reference framework which is considered as the foundation of this report. In this chapter, an explanation is carried out on how the production of a bathroom is constructed for each method and the theory behind the production of a cost estimate. Lastly, an explanation is given on how the timeline and the quality aspects are developed throughout the project. The following subheading presents the approach of calculating direct and common costs and the implementation of the comparison in time and quality. It proved difficulties to make a cost comparison based on a project as large as 300 bathrooms do to that literature in this subject showed different figures revolving the cost issue. The result of collected quotes and cost calculations gives a total of 17 533 544 kronor for the prefabricated bathroom modules and 18 290 691 kronor for the built on-site bathrooms. To compare the quality and its advantages, disadvantages and quality- and management systems were examined from a quality point of view. The results concluded that the quality of the prefabricated modules was slightly better due to the fact that they were manufactured under a controlled environment. The main difference between said construction methods was the construction time. For the prefabricated bathrooms it took 34 weeks to produce and for the built on-site bathroom it took 102 weeks. The conclusion of this thesis is that the prefabricated bathroom could be the cheaper option only if the project would be of a larger scale and could be a better choice from a time-saving perspective. One recommendation when selecting this method is that the contractor needs to be involved from an early stage in order to reduce construction time and lower the costs. For projects with several different type of bathrooms where they have different layouts, it is recommended to combine the prefabricated method with the built on-site, as modules can’t be implemented for plans with smaller WC. Due to the high pressure on the market, it can be difficult to obtain materials and labour, which can lead to consequences for the end result. In projects where time and cost is of essence, the prefabricated modules may be preferable when produced in a factory that runs by the assembly line principle.

The insertion of the bathroom into the floor plan of the traditional gentry house at the end of the seventeenth century disrupted the established sequence of rooms and the social order embodied in it. The gradual and uncoordinated trend towards bathroom ownership partook of the evolution of ideas about privacy, comfort and the specialisation of rooms in the grand house, and culminated in the compact bathroom. The revival of bathing took place against the backdrop of the Scientific Revolution, and was initiated by physicians. At first, the benefits of different methods of bathing were hotly contested. However, by the end of the century, physicians were beginning to believe that cleanliness, rather than cold water, was the key to good health. Although the rich often continued to build large plunge baths, this shift paved the way for the eventual dominance of the compact bathroom. At the beginning of the eighteenth century, a specialised bathing room within the house was out of reach for people of ordinary means. Changes to the plumbing trade were intertwined with developments that were to bring bathroom ownership within reach. In eighteenth-century Scotland, increasing numbers of bathroom projects might have been expected to expand the work of plumbers, but technological, commercial and legislative change—in particular the separation of design from construction—undermined their monopoly on their craft. Goods that had been manufactured on site and with local materials at the beginning of the eighteenth century were, by the beginning of the nineteenth, designed by a new breed of entrepreneur–inventor, manufactured by less skilled workers, and could be purchased in a shop and installed by a handyman with no particular trade identity. However, knowledge about the health benefits of bathing and technical advances are, in themselves, inadequate to account for the growing importance of bathrooms. The explanation lies in social, not technological or scientific change. Visiting public bathhouses exposed bathers to physical, moral and social pollution, at a time when failure to comply with the dictates of bodily cleanliness could provoke the disgust of one’s peers. Disgust constructed and policed the boundaries between social groups. Private bathing facilities met the requirements of bodily propriety without the risk of contamination. Moreover, a privately owned bathhouse in the grounds provided a focus for tourists or a site for intimate sociability. Bathhouses were a means of displaying wealth, taste and the fruits of the Grand Tour. Visitors could identify themselves with owners through the consumption of culture, improve their aesthetic skills through writing and drawing, and make claims to gentility through their appreciation of what they saw. As owners began to withdraw from the ever-increasing numbers of tourists, and from the formal sociability of the country seat, their bathhouses became a place for sociability in retirement which offered all kinds of entertainments, from boating and fishing, to cards and music.

In this study the design of the sanitary ware and bathrooms are examined, concentrating on small bathrooms and changing design aspects of bathrooms. The design considerations of bathrooms and the design of the bath tub, wash basin and toilet which forms the sanitary ware sets in bathrooms is reviewed as for being dominant elements of bathroom design.

Submitted by Emanuel Varela Cardoso (emanuel.varela@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-09-21T20:55:37Z No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DO SOCORRO LOPES CAVALCANTI – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2010.pdf: 3984539 bytes, checksum: 9f61ce1d3e54382bd0b138b1af04b9b9 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-09-21T20:55:37Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA DO SOCORRO LOPES CAVALCANTI – DISSERTAÇÃO (PPGEP) 2010.pdf: 3984539 bytes, checksum: 9f61ce1d3e54382bd0b138b1af04b9b9 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2010 / A preocupação com o meio ambiente tem sido a mola propulsora para reavaliação de vários dos processos produtivos em toda a sociedade. A população mundial tem se voltado para os conceitos de sustentabilidade e desta forma vários segmentos ligados à ciência e tecnologia vem buscando alternativas para controlar ou minimizar danos causados pelo consumo indiscriminado de matéria-prima e energia, além do alto volume de resíduos gerados. Nesta perspectiva este trabalho teve como objetivo estudar a possibilidade da incorporação de resíduos de vidro plano, oriundos das vidraçarias e do lixão de Campina Grande/PB, em massas cerâmicas para grés sanitários em substituição parcial ao feldspato. As matérias-primas foram caracterizadas através dos ensaios de análise química; análise granulométrica; difração de raios-X; espectroscopia vibracional de absorção no infravermelho; termogravimetria e análise térmica diferencial. Foram formuladas através do programa REFORMIX massas cerâmicas sem e com resíduos de vidro plano nos percentuais de 5%, 7% e 10%, e posteriormente avaliadas suas propriedades reológicas. Os corpos cerâmicos foram inicialmente secados em estufa a 110ºC, e em seguida queimados nas temperaturas de 1.000ºC, 1.100ºC, 1.200ºC e 1.250ºC. Foram caracterizados os corpos cerâmicos através dos seguintes ensaios físicomecânicos: absorção de água; porosidade aparente; massa específica aparente; ensaio de flexão em três pontos e retração linear, todos seguindo as recomendações de Sousa Santos e as normas da ABNT. Os resultados evidenciaram que os corpos cerâmicos obtidos com resíduos de vidro plano apresentaram propriedades físicomecânicas que atendem os padrões recomendados para uso em grés sanitários, sendo tecnologicamente viável a sua utilização. / The concern with the environment has been the propeller spring for reevaluation of several of the productive processes in all the society. The world-wide population has if come back toward the concepts of sustainability and thus some segments related to science and technology it comes searching alternatives to control or to minimize damages caused by the indiscriminate consumption of raw materials and energy, beyond the high volume of generated residues. In this perspective this work had as objective to study the possibility of the incorporation of plan glass residues, deriving of the glass factories and the landfills of Campina Grande/PB, in ceramic masses for sanitary stonewares in partial substitution to the feldspar. The raw materials were characterized through the assays of Chemical Analysis; Grain Sized Analysis; X-ray Diffraction; Vibrational Spectroscopy of the Infrared Absorption; Termogravimetry and Differential Thermal Analysis. Were formulated through program REFORMIX ceramic masses with and without plain glass residues in the percentages of 5%, 7% and 10%, and posteriorly evaluated its rheological properties. The ceramic bodies were initially dried in heater at 110ºC, and after burned at temperatures of 1000ºC, 1100ºC, 1200ºC and 1250ºC. We characterized the ceramic bodies through the following assays physicist-mechanics: water absorption; apparent porosity; apparent specific mass; assay of flexion in three points and linear retraction, all following the recommendations of Sousa Santos and the norms of the ABNT. The results evidenced that the ceramic bodies obtained with plain glass residues presented physicist-mechanical properties that attend the recommended patterns for use in sanitary stonewares, being technologically viable its use.

I ett parterningprojekt mellan Midroc Project Manangement (MPM) och Väsbyhem om att bygga 190 hyreslägenheter togs beslutet att mura badrummen med Webers Leca-sten istället för att bygga dem på konventionellt sätt med gips.   Denna jämförelse redovisar framförallt fördelar men även nackdelar med detta val. En förkortad entreprenadtid kan väga upp de ökade kostnader som valet att mura medför. Flertalet incitament för beställaren att välja murade badrum presenteras och backas upp av beräkningar och beskrivningar.   En lösning med murade badrum medför att det finns pengar att tjäna både för beställare och MPM. Det kräver dock en extra insats i och med ett ökat behov av planering och produktionsledning. De positiva effekterna överväger dock detta tydligt. / In a construction project to build 190 apartments ordered by Väsbyhem and built by Midroc Project Management (MPM) the decision to use Webers Leca bricks for the bathroom instead of gypsum wallboard was taken.   This comparison shows on the benefits from this decision but also presents some of the disadvantages. A shorted building time could outweigh the increased costs of bricking the walls. Several incitemen is presented and backed up with calculations and descriptions to make this decision.   The choice to brick the walls opens a possibility to make money for the orderer as for Midroc. Extra work in the planning process and production management is minor to the positive effects.

The number of older persons is increasing, both in actual number and as a percentage of the population. As an individual ages his or her body changes and the ability to deal with the demands of an environment usually decreases. A well designed, supportive environment may help older persons to utilize their homes more fully, more safely, and allow them to live independently in their homes longer. Use of kitchens and bathrooms may present the greatest challenge and the greatest safety hazard and in order to remain independent, an older person must be able to use these rooms fully and safely. The purpose of this study was to determine what supportive feature are being included in the kitchens and bathrooms of homes being built for persons living in age-restricted retirement communities. A list of research and design recommendations based on empirical research was compiled and ordered into categories of supportive features for general, kitchen, and bathroom design for seniors. Design recommendations were provided for most elements in kitchens and bathrooms designed for senior citizens and point values were assigned to individual supportive features on the basis of safety and ease of use. Based on this evidence, two data collection tools were created to assess kitchens and bathroom of homes designed for senior living. Hypotheses were developed relating characteristics of the locations of the retirement communities, characteristics of the retirement communities, and characteristics of the individual homes to the percentage of possible points earned in kitchens and bathrooms of homes studied. Age-restricted retirement communities were identified and contacted by telephone to determine if they met the criteria for inclusion in the study and permission to study the retirement communities was obtained from community representatives. Sixty homes in 23 communities from four states were surveyed using the data collection tools and photographed for this study. Data were entered into a statistical computer program and a scoring system for evaluating and comparing kitchens, bathrooms of different types, and total homes was developed. Kitchens in the retirement community homes studied had 46% - 76% of the possible number of recommended supportive kitchen features. Bathrooms had 48% - 57%, bathtubs had 58%, and separate showers had 48% - 52% of the possible number of recommended supportive bathroom features. Kitchens in larger, more expensive retirement homes had higher Kitchen Percentage Scores and bathrooms in communities that were developed by not-for-profit communities had higher Bathroom Percentage Scores. The kitchen and bathroom assessment tools created for this study are the result of compiling 40 years of research recommendations. These tools provide the means to compare kitchens and bathrooms of different homes, regardless of the configuration or combination of appliances and fixtures within the rooms. Scores of different rooms or houses can be compared using either the total score or the percentage score for number of supportive features. Comparisons can be made without consideration for the style, size, or degree of opulence in the homes. The assessment tools can be refined for use by members of different professions. / Ph. D.

Background: Most over-the-counter medications are labeled for storage in a dry, room temperature environment. Despite this, many households store medications in the bathroom, where temperature and humidity extremes may be experienced.Objective:In this project, we sought to investigate the effect that long-term storage in a household bathroom had on potency of over-the-counter ibuprofen (IBU) products as well as on the emergence of a known toxic degradation product, 4-isobutylacetophenone (4-IBP). Methods:A liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method was developed for the quantitative determination of IBU and 4-IBP in aqueous samples. Three brands each of IBU tablets (200 mg) and suspensions (100 mg/5 mL) were assayed for IBU concentration at the initiation of the study and once monthly thereafter. The samples were stored in a household bathroom, with continuous temperature and humidity monitoring. Each sample was assayed in triplicate and percent recovery was calculated against freshly prepared standards of IBU using bulk powder.Results:Tablets maintained >90% average strength through 3 months, with statistically significant deviation from initial concentration (2-way analysis of variance, P = .05) detected after 6 to 7 months. Suspensions maintained >90% average strength through 5 months, with statistically significant changes from initial concentration emerging after 7 months. After 12 months, the average strength was 73% and 83% for tablets and suspensions, respectively. 4-IBP was not detected in any of the samples during the duration of the study.Conclusions:These data indicate that, while 4-IBP was not detected following 12-month bathroom storage of commercial IBU products, significant changes in potency should negatively affect efficacy.

Within the lighting industry, major focus on rules and restrictions must be followed when developing luminaires. To be able to place a lighting luminaire in a wet room certain requirements must be fulfilled. These requirements are something that must be taken into account and be followed early in the product development process. The study was conducted in collaboration with the company Bsweden Belysningsbolaget AB (Bsweden). Bsweden expressed a desire to receive one or more proposals for products that would expand or strengthen their product variety. The product would be included in the segment “lighting luminaries that can withstand water and are suitable for bathrooms”. The purpose of this study was therefore to develop a proposal of a lighting luminaire that could withstand water and that are suitable for bathrooms. The methods used were literature study, case study, competitor analysis and a design process. Literature study was carried out in the following areas; lighting theory, light sources, choice of material, electrical safety and theory about the design process. The case study consisted of document study and interviews with Bsweden and with the company Intertek Semko AB. A competitor analysis of Bsweden’s nearest competitors was also conducted. All the gathered information was then used during the design process where a design requirement specification and functional analysis was created. These were used as a guideline during the design process and to develop the result of the study. The result contains of a product proposal consisting a stripped and timeless lighting luminaire, adapted for bathrooms. The product proposal meets Bswedens’ requirements and the requirements in the design specification and the functional analysis; therefore the purpose of the study is fulfilled. Because of the existing conditions, the proposed product could not be tested in reality. If a prototype of the product would been manufactured and sent to testing, the requirements for the product could be tested and the results could therefore become more reliable. / Inom belysningsbranschen är det stort fokus på regler och restriktioner som måste efterföljas vid framtagning av armaturer. För att en belysningsarmatur ska få placeras i ett våtrum måste den uppfylla vissa krav. Dessa krav är något som det måste tas hänsyn till och efterföljas tidigt i en produktframtagningsprocess.   Studien har utförts i samarbete med företaget Bsweden belysningsbolaget AB (Bsweden). Bsweden uttryckte en önskan om att få ett eller flera förslag på produkter som skulle kunna utöka och stärka deras sortiment. Produkten skulle ingå i segmentet belysningsarmaturer som är anpassade för badrum. Syftet med studien har därför varit att ta fram ett förslag på en belysningsarmatur som är våtrumsanpassad för badrum.     De metoder som användes var litteraturstudie, fallstudie, konkurrentanalys och designprocess. Litteraturstudie genomfördes inom områdena belysningsteori, ljus-källor, materialval, elsäkerhet samt designprocess. Fallstudien bestod av dokument-studier och intervjuer med uppdragsgivaren Bsweden samt med företaget Intertek. Dessutom utfördes en konkurrentanalys av Bswedens närmsta konkurrenter. All insamlad information användes sedan under designprocessen där en designkravspeci-fikation och funktionsanalys skapades. Dessa användes som vägvisare under designprocessen för att leda fram till studiens resultat.   Resultatet består av ett produktförslag på en avskalad och tidlös belysningsarmatur, anpassad för badrum. Produktförslaget uppfyller de krav som Bsweden ställt samt kraven i designkravspecifikationen. Därmed anses det att studiens frågeställningar har besvarats och således har studiens syfte uppfyllts.   Utifrån de förutsättningar som fanns kunde inte produktförslaget testas i verkligheten. Om en prototyp av produktförslaget hade tillverkats och skickats iväg på testning kunde kraven för produkten testats och resultatet hade således blivit mer tillförlitligt.

Detta examensarbete inom integrerad produktutveckling utfördes vid Högskolan i Skövde i samarbete med Ericsindustrier i Töreboda. Rapporten beskriver metodiken samt processen som utförts i projektet för att uppnå samtliga målsättningar. Syftet bestämdes till en omkonstruktion av en justerskruv placerad i en expanderbar duschstång. Denna duschstång anses vara en viktig del av Ericsindustriers produktsortiment. Grunden till behovet av en omkonstruktion ansågs vara antalet komponenter samt komponenternas montering. Detta krävde att komponentantalet minimerades genom DFx-principer där samma material eftersträvades genom produkten. Försämrad kvalité och hållfasthet definierades som kritiska områden då Ericsindustrier önskade att upprätthålla likvärdig kundnöjdhet samt att produkten skulle hålla för minst 200 N efter omkonstruktionen. Projektets struktur följde en femstegsmodell där designprocessen inleddes med en förstudie. Fokus låg på informationsinsamling, observationer samt kartläggning av nuläget. Genereringsfasen genomsyrades av metodik för att utforska lösningsrymden. Detta innefattade bland annat brainstorming, morfologisk matris samt skissning. I projektet har prototyper haft en stor inverkan då de har fungerat både som generering samt utvärdering av lösningar. De har även agerat som kommunikation till företag samt användare genom hela processen. Iterationer har präglat hela processen för att uppnå en produktutveckling. För att upprätthålla en användarcentrerad design innefattade projektet flertalet användartester. Fötterna till duschstången samt de två rören som bildar själva duschstången identifierades till separata problem. Dessa problem har diskuterats med företaget. Konceptval utfördes efter önskemål från företaget, tester, DFxprinciper samt diskussioner tills det mynnade ut i ett slutgiltigt koncept. Detta koncept uppfyllde de utsatta kraven samt behoven. Konceptet ansågs vara en prisvärd, högkvalitativ samt miljövänlig produkt. / This bachelor degree project in integrated product development was carried out at the University of Skövde in collaboration with Ericsindustrier in Töreboda. The report describes the methodology and the process that has been carried out in the project to achieve all the stated objectives. The scope was determined to be a redesign of an adjusting screw placed in an expandable shower rod. The shower rod is considered an important part of Ericsindustrier's product range. The reason for the need of a reconstruction was the number of components and the components assembly. The component number was required to be minimized by using DFx principles where the same material was sought throughout the product. Decreased quality and lower durability were defined as critical areas since Ericsindustrier wanted to maintain customer satisfaction and the product must hold for at least 200 N after the redesign. A five-stage model formed the basis of the project structure where the design process began with a preliminary study. The focus was on information gathering, observations and mapping of the current situation. The generation phase was imbued with methodology to explore solution space. This included, among other things, brainstorming, morphological matrix and sketching. In the project, prototypes had a great impact as they functioned as both generation and evaluation of solutions. They have also acted as communication with companies and users throughout the process. Iterations have characterized the whole process to achieve a product development. In order to maintain a user-centred design, the project included several user tests. The feet of the shower rod and the two pipes that form the shower rod itself were identified as separate problems. These issues have been discussed with the company. Concept selection was carried out according to the wishes of the company, tests, DFx principles and discussions until it ended in a final concept. This concept met the required requirements and needs. Therefore, it was an affordable, high quality and environmentally friendly product.