Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-19T17:47:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcelo_ Henrique_ Bandeira_ Costa_ de_ Alencar.pdf: 9730606 bytes, checksum: 08f48b7874fcf1a4b975e90d99c5f801 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-08-19 / In Brazil, the absence or deficiency of sanitation is a major cause of environmental degradation and proliferation of diseases accounting for an index is not as significant number of hospitalizations resulting in the increased spending públicos.A search for alternative technologies for waste treatment is a necessity for the country's development, which will be supplied when it is known to use effectively and with social equity, natural resources available. In this sense, the technology of dry toilet, a sanitary system for treatment of human waste using dry organic matter in the discharge instead of water, shows itself as a viable alternative considering its low cost and significant history of successful experiences in Brazil. This work has promoted the construction of a prototype single-chamber dry toilet bicompartimental composed of plates of the Community of plastocimento Die in rural São Luís / MA. Throughout the project implementation were held demonstrations, seminars and workshops that resulted in increasing the knowledge of the functioning of the bathroom dry from 2% to 90% within the group studied. After the workshops held in the Community; the perception by the population studied that the adoption of the bathroom would result in improving the health of the community increased from 20% to 60%. In the course of the project it was felt that the experience was successful and that the technique of dry toilet in the form of precast is feasible and may facilitate the replication of the experience in other rural communities in the state of Maranhao. / No Brasil a ausência ou deficiência de saneamento é uma das principais causas de degradação do meio ambiente e de proliferação de doenças sendo responsável por um índice não tão significativo de internações hospitalares implicando no aumento dos gastos públicos.A busca por tecnologias alternativas para tratamento de dejetos é uma necessidade para o desenvolvimento do país, que só será suprida quando se souber utilizar de forma eficaz e com equidade social, os recursos naturais disponíveis. Nesse sentido, a tecnologia do banheiro seco, um sistema sanitário de tratamento dos dejetos humanos que utiliza matéria orgânica seca na descarga ao invés de água, mostra-se como uma alternativa viável considerando seu baixo custo e o significativo histórico de experiências bem sucedidas no Brasil.Neste trabalho promoveu-se a construção de um protótipo de banheiro seco de câmara única bicompartimentada constituído de placas de plastocimento na Comunidade de Coquilho na zona rural de São Luís/MA. Ao longo da implantação do projeto realizaram-se mobilizações, seminários e oficinas que resultaram no incremento do conhecimento do funcionamento do banheiro seco de 2% para 90% dentro do grupo pesquisado. Após as oficinas realizadas na comunidae, a percepção por parte da população pesquisada que a adoção do referido banheiro resultaria na melhoria da saúde da comunidade aumentou de 20% para 60%. Com o decorrer do projeto percebeu-se que a experiência foi exitosa e que a técnica do banheiro seco, na forma de pré-moldado é viável e pode facilitar a replicação da experiência em outras comunidades rurais do Estado do Maranhão.

People in developed countries are living longer with the help of medical advances. Literature has shown that older people prefer to stay independent and live at home for as long as possible. Therefore, it is important to find out how to best accommodate and assist them in maintaining quality of life and independence as well as easing human resources. Researchers have claimed that assistive devices assist in older people’s independence, however, only a small number of studies regarding the efficiency of assistive devices have been undertaken of which several have stated that devices are not being used. The overall aim of this research was to identify whether the disuse and ineffectiveness of assistive devices are related to change in abilities or related to the design of the devices. The objective was to gather information from the elderly; to identify what assistive devices are being used or not used and to gain an understanding on their attitudes towards assistive devices. Research was conducted in two phases. The initial phase of the research was conducted with the distribution of questionnaires to people over the age of fifty that asked general questions and specific questions on type of devices being used. Phase One was followed on by Phase Two, where participants from Phase One who had come in contact with assistive devices were invited to participate in a semi-structured interview. Questions were put forth to the interviewee on their use of and attitudes towards assistive devices. Findings indicated that the reasons for the disuse in assistive devices were mostly design related; bulkiness, reliability, performance of the device, difficulty of use. The other main reason for disuse was socially related; elderly people preferred to undertake activities on their own and only use a device as a precaution or when absolutely necessary. They would prefer not having to rely on the devices. Living situation and difference in gender did not affect the preference for the use of assistive devices over personal assistance. The majority strongly supported the idea of remaining independent for as long as possible. In conclusion, this study proposes that through these findings, product designers will have a better understanding of the requirements of an elderly user. This will enable the designers to produce assistive devices that are more practical, personalised, reliable, easy to use and tie in with the older people’s environments. Additional research with different variables is recommended to further justify these findings.

Skanska is one of the leading construction companies in Sweden when it comes to sustainable construction. Buildings are responsible for 40 % of both the global energy consumption and the global resources. With the current demand on housing, the building pace needs to increase whilst improving on sustainability. The level of industrialisation in the construction sector is still low compared to other sectors. Prefabricated components such as walls or slabs are common and during the last decade, prefabricated bathroom modules (henceforth referred as pods) have been introduced and are now used quite frequently in commercial buildings. A pod is a completely factory manufactured bathroom that is just lifted in place. The aim of this master thesis is to evaluate pods from a sustainable perspective and compare them to a traditional site built bathroom. Data is collected through field studies, interviews, a survey, reference projects and research.The analysis consists of seven key factors, Design, Human Resources, Waste, Time, Transport, Economy and Energy. The analysis resulted in improving four of the seven key factors when using pods; Human resources, waste, time and economy. The main benefit was reduced production time and thereby large cost savings, that for the reference project was 6,6 % of the total project cost. Usually, life cycle costs are not included in the initial costings, which gives a misleading price. Pods are a suitable concept for projects with at least 25-30 bathrooms, where the end user does not affect the design and where there is at least 20 bathrooms for each model. / Skanska är ett av de ledande byggföretagen inom hållbarhet i Sverige. Byggnader står för 40 % av både den globala energianvändningen och de globala resurserna. På grund av dagens rådande bostadsbrist behöver byggtakten öka och samtidigt bli hållbarare. Industrialiseringen inom byggsektorn är jämfört med andra branscher låg, men prefabricerade komponenter såsom väggar och bjälklag används i stor utsträckning. Under det senaste decenniet har även prefabricerade badrumsmoduler blivit allt vanligare i kommersiella projekt. En modul är ett komplett badrum, tillverkat i fabrik, som enbart lyfts på plats och kopplas in. Syftet med arbetet är att utvärdera modulkonceptet ur ett hållbarhetsperspektiv och att jämföra det med ett traditionellt platsbyggt badrum. Data har samlats in genom studiebesök, intervjuer, enkät, referensprojekt och bakgrundsstudier. Analysen baseras på sju nyckeltal, design, personalresurser, spill och förluster, tid, transport, ekonomi samt energi. Användning av moduler resulterar i en förbättring i fyra av sju nyckeltal, personalresurser, spill och förluster, tid och ekonomi. Största fördelen är den förkortade produktionstiden, vilket i sin tur leder till minskade kostnader. För referensprojektet blev kostnadsbesparingarna 6,6 % av den totala projektkostnaden. Vanligtvis är livscykelkostnader i dagsläget inte inräknade i de initiala kalkylerna, vilket ger en missvisande projektkostnad. Moduler är lämpade för projekt med minst 25-30 badrum, där slutanvändaren inte påverkar design och där det är minst 20 badrum per modell.

When directors in professional Theatre for Young Audiences (TYA) practice inclusive casting, or, in other words, cast an actor with a disability in a role that is not written with a disability, several provocative questions emerge: What are the social implications of inclusive casting? How might stories on stage change due to inclusive casting? What does inclusive casting mean for professional TYA companies and directors? How might performers with disabilities examine their personal and professional relationship to disability when participating in inclusive casting? How might a young audience’s perspective change when inclusive casting is implemented? This thesis examines these questions through interviews with directors, performers, and young audience members. / text

[pt] A dissertação Modelo de Banheiro Domiciliar para Idosos - Uma Abordagem Ergonômica, apresenta um modelo que fornece orientações para a construção de banheiros residenciais. Através de sugestões para adaptação da arquitetura interna do banheiro residencial, busca-se aqui contribuir para possibilitar a independência e autonomia dos usuários idosos durante a execução de suas tarefas de cunho íntimo. Este estudo tem como objetivo principal, contribuir para a instrução de idosos, seus familiares e geriatras; bem como contribuir para a orientação de profissionais da construção civil, com sugestões de diretrizes a serem somadas ao código de edificações da cidade do Rio de Janeiro. Foram realizadas entrevistas, tanto com idosos, quanto com geriatras, foi organizado um grupo de foco com idosos e, além disso, foram feitas apreciações ergonômicas em cinco banheiros similares de um mesmo edifício, com observações e registros fotográficos in loco, aplicação do método Corlett e de questionários visando o levantamento do perfil. Ao final foi desenvolvido um quadro do parecer ergonômico, sugerindo soluções/ recomendações preliminares para os problemas encontrados. Com o aumento contínuo da população de idosos no país, é importante que medidas preventivas sejam adotadas através da legislação e políticas públicas, a fim de oferecer a toda a população uma velhice ativa, como a Organização das Nações Unidas sugere desde 1982. Através da oferta de conforto e segurança física e psicológica a este segmento da população, bem como através do atendimento às suas necessidades específicas, pode-se alcançar o intuito da ONU. / [en] The dissertation Home Toilet Model for Elderly People - An Ergonomic s Approach, proposes a model to guide the construction of residential bathrooms. Mainly presenting suggestions to adapt the average architecture of the residential bathrooms, this document wishes to contribute to the autonomy of the elderly users at the bathroom. The primarily objective of this study is help to educate elderly people, his relatives and doctors; as well as guide professionals that work in areas related to the civil construction by adding suggestions and guidelines at the construction code of the city of Rio de Janeiro . Interviews had been carried through, as much with aged, how much with doctor geriatrics, an aged focus group was organized, moreover, ergonomic appreciations in five similar bathrooms of one same building had been made, with comments and photographic registers in I lease, application of the Corlett method and questionnaires aiming at the survey of the profile. To the end a document was developed suggesting preliminary recommendations as solutions to stop of the joined problems. With the continuous increase of the population of aged in the country, it is important that writ of prevention the legislation and public politics are adopted through in order to offer to all the population an active oldness, as the Organization of United Nations suggests since 1982. This can only occurs, through offers of comfort and physical and psychological security to this segment of the population, as well as through the attendance to its specific necessities.

A dissertação de mestrado trata da relação entre a implantação das redes de infraestrutura sanitária na cidade de São Paulo e a consolidação do ambiente do banheiro no espaço doméstico entre os anos 1893-1929. Como parte do processo de modernização e saneamento da capital paulista, o Estado assume em 1893 o sistema de distribuição de água e esgotos sanitários, sendo responsável pela ampla difusão dos serviços. Se a relação com a disponibilização das redes é evidente, a definição do banheiro enquanto espaço foi gradual, como se observa nas diferentes soluções para o cômodo encontradas nas plantas residenciais submetidas à municipalidade no período. O cruzamento com outras fontes documentais, relativas à abrangência da cobertura dos serviços sobre o território, aponta que as indefinições do banheiro estiveram ligadas à localização e ao padrão da moradia, revelando a influência do processo desigual de distribuição da água e esgoto na cidade. Além disso, os diferentes modelos nas residências atrelavam-se à reorientação dos costumes da população, sobretudo aos associados aos novos preceitos de higiene dos corpos e dos espaços voltados ao consumo privativo e individualizado da água. / This master degree dissertation is about the relation between the sanitary infrastructure implementation in the city of São Paulo and the consolidation of bathroom in the domestic space between the years of 1893-1929. As part of the modernization and sanitation process of São Paulo\'s capital, the State assumes in 1893 the water supply and waste disposal systems, being responsible for the development of these services. If the relation between the water and waste services is evident, the definition of the bathroom as an architectural space was gradual, as can be seen from the different solutions for this room consulted on residential plans submitted at the city council at the time. The overlapping with other documentary sources, related to the comprehensiveness of the water and waste services over the territory, indicates that the spatial indefinitions of the bathroom were related to local and typologies of houses, unveiling the influence of the unequal process of water supply and waste disposal distribution service in the city. In addition, the different types found in the houses were connected to the reorientation of the inhabitant\'s habits, above all the ones associated to the new hygiene\'s precepts of the body and the spaces for private and individualized consumption of water.

A dissertação de mestrado trata da relação entre a implantação das redes de infraestrutura sanitária na cidade de São Paulo e a consolidação do ambiente do banheiro no espaço doméstico entre os anos 1893-1929. Como parte do processo de modernização e saneamento da capital paulista, o Estado assume em 1893 o sistema de distribuição de água e esgotos sanitários, sendo responsável pela ampla difusão dos serviços. Se a relação com a disponibilização das redes é evidente, a definição do banheiro enquanto espaço foi gradual, como se observa nas diferentes soluções para o cômodo encontradas nas plantas residenciais submetidas à municipalidade no período. O cruzamento com outras fontes documentais, relativas à abrangência da cobertura dos serviços sobre o território, aponta que as indefinições do banheiro estiveram ligadas à localização e ao padrão da moradia, revelando a influência do processo desigual de distribuição da água e esgoto na cidade. Além disso, os diferentes modelos nas residências atrelavam-se à reorientação dos costumes da população, sobretudo aos associados aos novos preceitos de higiene dos corpos e dos espaços voltados ao consumo privativo e individualizado da água. / This master degree dissertation is about the relation between the sanitary infrastructure implementation in the city of São Paulo and the consolidation of bathroom in the domestic space between the years of 1893-1929. As part of the modernization and sanitation process of São Paulo\'s capital, the State assumes in 1893 the water supply and waste disposal systems, being responsible for the development of these services. If the relation between the water and waste services is evident, the definition of the bathroom as an architectural space was gradual, as can be seen from the different solutions for this room consulted on residential plans submitted at the city council at the time. The overlapping with other documentary sources, related to the comprehensiveness of the water and waste services over the territory, indicates that the spatial indefinitions of the bathroom were related to local and typologies of houses, unveiling the influence of the unequal process of water supply and waste disposal distribution service in the city. In addition, the different types found in the houses were connected to the reorientation of the inhabitant\'s habits, above all the ones associated to the new hygiene\'s precepts of the body and the spaces for private and individualized consumption of water.

Sujet aux contours mouvants, largement arpenté par les historiens, la question des espaces dédiés au bain attendait de rentrer pleinement dans le champ de l’histoire de l’architecture. Depuis quatre décennies elle se concentre sur l’étude des distributions et des manières d’habiter les grandes demeures de l’époque moderne. Une étude sur le temps long était nécessaire pour saisir les changements subtils des formes et des usages des pièces de bains. L’enquête est circonscrite par deux moments charnières pour l’histoire de l’architecture française : d’une part, l’avènement de François Ier en 1515 qui inaugura une politique artistique ambitieuse, en particulier dans les résidences royales ; d’autre part, la fin du règne de Louis XV en 1774, marquée en outre par le décès de Jacques-François Blondel, protecteur d’un classicisme architectural hérité du Grand Siècle. L’étude est fondée sur un corpus de notices monographiques embrassant le large spectre de l’habitat, du palais à la maison. Les sources de l’histoire de l’architecture, l’analyse du bâti des bains subsistants ont permis de définir des typologies d’espaces et des manières d’habiter. Afin de rendre plus sensible l’usage des lieux, le questionnement a été élargi à l’histoire de la médecine et des mentalités. / The theme of spaces dedicated to bath is a hardly defined subject, well studied by historians, but which had to be broached through the history of architecture. This field of study has focused for decades to analyse the layout and the ways of inhabiting in the great residences of modern times. A study on an extended period of time was necessary to understand the subtle changes of forms and uses of bath rooms. This study is defined by two turning points in the history of French architecture: on one hand the accession of François Ier in 1515, whom inaugurated an ambitious artistic politics, in particular for royal residences; one the other hand the end of the reign of Louis XV in 1774, furthermore the year of the death of Jacques-François Blondel who was a defender of an architectural classicism inspired by the Grand Siècle. This study is based on a catalogue of monographic notes incorporating the wide-ranging aspect of the housing, from palaces to houses. The sources of the history of architecture and the study of the construction of remaining baths made possible a definition of spaces typologies and ways of inhabiting. In order to make clearer the use of spaces, the study was enlarged to the history of medicine and mentalities.

Vatten är en av de vanligaste skadeorsaken i Svenska byggnader. Det inträffar 100 000 vattenskador varje år och dessa kostar 5-6 miljarder att åtgärda. Detta problem har legat till grund för vårt arbete där vi frågar oss: ”Hur kan antalet vattenskador minskas?” Vi har försökt att besvara frågan med hjälp av statistik från Vattenskadecentrum, intervjuer med branschfolk och studier av branschregler. Det som framkommit är att badrum och kök är de mest drabbade utrymmen. Efter år 2011 har andelen skador i kök blivit fler än de i badrum. Orsaken till detta är ökningen av trycksatta vattenledningar i kök samt avsaknaden av krav på tätskikt och golvbrunn. Trots att vattenanvändningen i badrum, relativt sätt, har ökat har andelen skador minskat tack vare förbättrad teknik, strängare normer och bättre material. Vi tror att om antalet vattenskador ska minskas bör branschregler för kök kompletteras, utbilda och auktorisera fler företag samt upplysa fastighetsägare om vikten av fackmässigt byggande. / Water is one of the most common cause of injuries in Swedish buildings. It occurs 100 000 water damages every year and it costs 5-6 billions to repair. This problem has been the basis for our report with the question: “How can the number of water damages be reduced?” We have tried to answer the question using data from Vattenskadecentrum (Water damage center), interviews with professionals and studies of regulations. What has appeared is that the bathroom and kitchen are the most affected areas. After 2011, the quantity of water damages in the kitchen has passed the quantity of water damages in the bathroom. This is due to the increased number of pressurized water pipes in the kitchen and the absence of requirements for waterproofing and draining gutter. Despite the change of water usage in bathrooms, the percentage of water damages in bathrooms has decreased thanks to improved technique and materials. To reduce the number of water damages should regulations for the kitchen enlarge, train more in the industry and inform property owners about the importance of professionally-building.

Syfte: Att mäta och kartlägga produktionen i en industrialiserad bostadsfabrik samt mäta effektiviteten av dess badrumstillverkning. Den erhållna informationen används vidare som grund för effektiviseringsförslag presenterade för fabriksledningen. Lösningsförslagen är fördefinierade som ”Förbättring av befintlig produktion med hjälp av Lean”, ”Produktion med förtillverkat badrumsgolv” och ”Produktion med förtillverkade badrumsmoduler”. Metod: Mätmetoden som användes vid fabriken är en frekvensstudie (WSM), anpassad efter fallstudiens behov. Mätteknikern går med jämnt tidsintervall till arbetsstationer och antecknar vilken aktivitet som pågår i samma sekund. Efter flera tusen upprepningar skapas en genomsnittlig aktivitetsbild över fabrikens badrumsproduktion. Vidare bearbetas informationen för att erhålla visuella grafer där problem lättare kan identifieras. När problemen fastställts kan lösningsförslagen tas fram och presenteras.  Resultat: Genom att implementera förtillverkade badrumsgolv- eller modul går det att korta badrummens ledtid samt öka hela fabrikens produktionskapacitet. Vidare eliminerar dessa lösningsförslag även kompetenskrävande arbetsmoment, vilket underlättar personalersättning vid exempelvis sjukdom.  Implikationer: De i studien framkomna resultaten antyder att företag lidande av växtvärk har stora möjligheter att omstrukturera och avlasta sin produktion, på så vis att en högre produktionskapacitet erhålls. I detta fall kan produktionskapaciteten utökas på tre olika sätt med olika effektivitetsgrad. Fallstudien kan dock inte svara på exakt i vilken grad effektivitet kan uppnås utan dessa lösningsförslag bör simuleras för att kunna svara på detta. Potential för vidare forskning finns där fallstudien undersöker hur dessa lösningsförslag påverkar fabrikens helhet. Begränsningar: Storleken och komplexiteten i den beaktade fabriksstrukturen begränsade fallstudien från att analysera fabrikens helhet. Avgränsningar behövde göras vid badrumsproduktionen och produktionen av vissa element i badrummen behövde försummas för att författarna rimligen skulle kunna klara av arbetet. / Purpose: To measure and map out the production of an industrialized housing factory, in addition to measure the effectiveness of its bathroom production. The gathered information is then used as foundation for the efficiency improvement proposal presented for the board of directors. The efficiency improvement proposals are predefined as “Improvement of existing production using Lean”, “Production with prefabricated bathroom floors” and “Production with prefabricated bathroom modules”. Method: The measurement method used at the factory was a frequency study called Work Sampling Method (WSM), adjusted after the case study’s needs. The measurement technician goes with regular intervals to workstations and notes the activity happening in that same moment. After several thousand recurrences, an average activity image can be derived from the data depicting the bathroom production. Furthermore, the data is processed to obtain visual graphs where problems become more distinguishable. When the problems are identified, solutions and propositions can be developed and presented. Findings: By implementing prefabricated bathroom floors- or modules the factory can reduce its production time and thereby increase the factories production capacity. Furthermore, the propositions and solutions eliminate competence-required operations within the factory. Thereby facilitates the staff replacement.. Implications: The study shows that companies suffering from growing pain have considerable facilities to restructure and relieve its production, in such a way that a higher production capacity is obtained. The production capacity in this case can be expanded by three different methods with various degrees of efficiency. The case study can however not determine the exact degree of efficiency, to obtain these the propositions should be simulated. Further potential research should be done on how the case studies propositions affect the whole of the factory. Limitations: The size and complexity of the observed factory structure limited the case study from analyzing the whole of the factory. Delimitations had to be done at the bathroom production and the production of certain elements involved in the bathroom production had to be neglected.