An ambitious and novel approach to engineering design and sustainability has been taken to explore the potential of drawing parallels between mechanical and biological systems for the possible development of sustainable engineering design metrics using a thermodynamic model. This approach looks to biology. Natural selection has given biological beings and processes high exergetic efficiencies, even while being only 30-40% energy efficient on the cell level. This energy inefficiency, resulting in a release of heat, can then be used to aid in driving other biochemical processes. The Gibbs free energy becomes more negative proportionally with an increase in temperature, resulting in a more favorable reaction. This effective use of waste heat from cell processes actually results in an increase in overall efficiency of an organism, around 50-60%. As in all systems the boundary defines the analysis. An exergy analysis was conducted on a residential dishwashing machine in several boundary configurations in order to develop an appropriate model. Exergy serves as a tool for identifying and quantifying losses in the system so that future works can be aimed at reducing irreversibilities. This model was then compared to data previously available regarding exergy within various processes of a biological cell. In future work, it is this comparison, which can be used to develop metrics for use early in the design stage to more efficiently use available and sustainable resources. There is a large difference between the two systems, with the dishwasher only having an effectiveness of 1.3%.

Packaging plays an important role in ensuring food safety and quality. The development antimicrobial packaging enables actively inhibiting/killing the spoilage microorganisms, and thus extending food product's shelf life. Generally, 50% shelf life extension is possible. The interest for using metallic nanoparticles in active packaging derives from its superior antimicrobial efficacy and no negative impact on the food sensory properties. In this thesis, the packaging material of concern is a PLA (Polylactic Acid) coated paper incorporating zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO NPs) in the coating layer. The material was characterized and its antimicrobial activity was evaluated. The SEM images show that the nanoparticles were homogenously distributed across the surface thanks to its surface modification. Antimicrobial assay indicates that the active material was effective in inactivating E. coli and S. aureus. Furthermore, E. coli was found to be more susceptible to this type of agent, showing 3.14 log reduction for 0.5 wt% agent loading in the PLA coating layer. This result was compared across the publications using the same agent for treating both Gram-positive and Gram-negative microorganisms. The discrepancy between the results can be explained by the fact that ZnO nanoparticles have multiple action mechanisms, and different antimicrobial testing methods may activate part of the action mechanisms. On the other hand, recyclability is regarded as an important attribute for paper-based packaging material, as it enables to conserve the resources and reduce the environmental impacts. Accordingly, when it comes to the nano-enabled paper packaging material, recyclability should be maintained. In this case, a recyclability test was carried out in a lab-scale paper recycling line. The protocol was based on a method adapted from the ATICELCA MC501-13, which enabled to recover over 99% of the solids material. The mass balance result indicates that 86%-91% zinc oxide nanoparticles ended up in the rejected material stream, mostly embedded within the polymer coating; whereas 7%-16% nanoparticles ended up in the accepted material stream. Besides, the tensile strength of the recycled handsheets suggests that the nano-enabled coating had no negative impacts on the recovered fibre quality. Active packaging plays a positive role in reducing food losses. If food and packaging are considered as a whole system, its overall environmental impact can be justified by incorporating the food loss reduction due to the application of active packaging. The LCA calculation shows that a breakeven point can be easily achieved for the case of red meat products of high environmental impact. / El envase juega un papel importante asegurando la seguridad y calidad de los alimentos. El desarrollo de envases activos, especialmente envase antimicrobiano, permite inhibir o matar los microorganismos causantes del deterioro de los alimentos, alargando por tanto su vida útil. De forma general es posible extender la vida útil de los alimentos en un 50%. El interés por el uso de nanopartículas metálicas en el envasado activo se deriva de su gran efectividad antimicrobiana sin causar un efecto negativo en sus propiedades sensoriales. En la presente tesis, se ha desarrollado un papel recubierto de PLA (ácido poliláctico) con nanopartículas de óxido de zinc (ZnO NPs) incorporadas en la capa de recubrimiento. Se ha caracterizado el material y se ha evaluado su capacidad antimicrobiana. Las imágenes obtenidas mediante SEM muestran que las nanopartículas fueron distribuidas a lo largo de la superficie gracias a su modificación. Los ensayos de efectividad antimicrobiana indicaron una actividad del material frente a E. coli y a S. aureus. Además, E. coli resultó ser más susceptible a este agente activo incorporado al 0.5 % en peso en el recubrimiento de PLA, mostrando una reducción de 3.14 log. Este resultado fue comparado con publicaciones donde se emplearon los mismos agentes activos para frente a microorganismos Gram-positivos y Gram-negativos. Las discrepancias encontradas entre los resultados pueden deberse a que las nanopartículas de ZnO tienen múltiples mecanismos de acción, y los diferentes métodos de ensayo poder estimular parte de estos mecanismos. Por otra parte, el reciclado juega un importante papel en la conservación de los recursos y en la reducción de los impactos medioambientales. Por tanto, cuando se trata de un material de envase de papel con sustancias de tamaño nano, el reciclado debe tratarse adecuadamente. El ensayo de reciclabilidad fue llevado a cabo a escala laboratorio en una línea de reciclado de papel. El protocolo de ensayo se basó en el método adaptado de ATICELCA MC501-13, permitiendo una recuperación del 99% de material sólidos. Los resultados del balance de materia indicaron que el 86%-91% de las nanopartículas de óxido de zinc llegaron al flujo de material de rechazo, principalmente mezclado en el recubrimiento polimérico. Además, los resultados de tracción de las láminas recicladas sugieren que el recubrimiento con partículas nano no tiene un efecto negativo sobre la calidad de la fibra recuperada. El envase activo juega un papel positivo en la reducción de los residuos alimentarios. Como resultado del uso del envase activo, considerando el envase y el alimento como un todo, el impacto ambiental sobre este sistema completo puede ser compensado por la reducción de pérdidas de alimentos. El cálculo LCA muestra que el punto de equilibrio se puede conseguir fácilmente en el caso de productos de carne roja de elevado impacto ambiental. / L'envàs té un paper prou important en la seguretat i la qualitat del aliments. El desenvolupament dels envasos actius, especialment l'envàs antimicrobià, el qual permeteix l'inhibició o mort dels microorganismes que produeixen el deteriorament dels aliments i, per tant, allargant la seua vida útil. De manera general, es possible l'allargament de la vida útil dels aliments en un 50%. L'interès per la utilització de nanopartícules metàl·liques en l'envasat actiu es deriva de la seua gran efectivitat antimicrobiana sense produir un efecte negatiu en les seus propietats sensorials. En aquesta present tesis, s'ha desenvolupat un paper recobert de PLA (àcid polilàctic) amb nanopartícules d'òxid de zinc (ZnO NPs) incorporades a la capa de recobriment. S'ha caracteritzat el material i s'ha avaluat la seua capacitat antimicrobiana. Les imatges obtingudes per mitjà del SEM mostren que les nanopartícules foren distribuïdes en tota la superfície gràcies a la seua modificació. Els assajos d'efectivitat antimicrobiana varen indicar una activitat del material front a E.coli i a S. aureus. A més, E. coli va resultar ser més susceptible a aquest agent actiu incorporat al 0.5 % en pes en el recobriment de PLA, mostrant una reducció de 3.14 log. Aquest resultat va ser comparat amb publicacions on es van emprar els mateixos agents actius front a microorganismes Gram-positiu i Gram-negatiu. Les discrepàncies trobades entre els resultats poden deure's a que les nanopartícules de ZnO tenen diversos mecanismes d'acció, i els diferents mètodes d'assaig poder estimular part d'aquestes mecanismes. Per altra banda, el reciclatge també té un paper important en la conservació dels recursos i en la reducció dels impactes mediambientals. Per tant, quan es tracta d'un material d'envàs de paper amb substàncies de la grandària 'nano', el reciclatge ha de tractar-se adequadament. El assaig de reciclabilitat va ser dut a terme a escala de laboratori en una línia de reciclatge de paper. El protocol de l'assaig es va basar en el mètode adaptat d'ATICELCA MC501-13, permetent una recuperació del 99% del material sòlid. Els resultats del balanç de matèria van indicar que el 86-91% de les nanopartícules d'òxid de zinc varen arribar al fluix material de rebuig, principalment mesclat en el recobriment polimèric. A més, els resultats de tracció de les làmines reciclades suggereixen que el recobriment amb nanopartícules nano no tenen un efecte negatiu sobre la qualitat de la fibra recuperada. L'envàs actiu juga un paper positiu en la reducció dels residus alimentaris. Com a resultat de l'ús de l'envàs actiu, considerant l'envàs i l'aliment com un tot conjunt, l'impacte ambiental sobre aquest sistema complet pot ser compensat per la reducció de pèrdues d'aliments. El càlcul LCA mostra que el punt d'equilibri es pot aconseguir fàcilment en el cas de productes de carn roja d'elevat impacte ambiental. / Zhang, H. (2016). Sustainability assessment of active packaging incorporating nanomaterials [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/75348 / TESIS

The construction and real estate sector contributed with about 18 tons of carbon dioxideequivalents which corresponds to almost 21 percent of Sweden’s total greenhouse gasemissions. Fact is that the construction and real estate sector contribute a significant part inthe climate impact.An approach to examine a building’s environmental impact is to implement Life CycleAssessment (LCA). By doing that a full picture of the climate impact during the building’slifetime can be seen. The results can be used to find out in what stage of the building processimprovements can be done to reduce the climate impact.The purpose of this study is to examine and understand how to execute Climate CycleAssessments and Life Cycle Assessments and how they can support the decisions forbuilding constructions with less climate impact. The aim is to examine digital conditions thatare required to be able to integrate the BIM-software Revit with One Click LCA. The study islimited to analyzing the frame and the foundation of a building. Only LCA-modules A1-3will be calculated because these modules are included in the mandatory climate declarationfrom year 2022. A1-3 includes raw material extraction, transport and manufacturing.The study is based on a qualitative method, where information is obtained from literaturestudies and semi-structured interviews to answer the questions of this study. The literaturestudy is done by using scientific articles, reports, and literature. Semi-structured interviewsare accomplished with relevant respondents. The software that is used to execute the analysisis One Click LCA, which is integrable with Revit due to an add-in in the program.The integration between BIM and LCA was tested by using One Click LCA:s add-in tool inRevit, a result was then available but a completion had to be done in One Click LCA:s webapplication to get a result that includes the carbon dioxide equivalents from the modulesA1-3. An update of One Click LCA:s add-in program should be developed to avoid extrawork and save more time. It is worth mentioning that the current add-in tool already haspossibilities to save money and time, it also increases the possibilities to reduce the climateimpact in an early stage.Keywords: Life cycle assessment, climate impact, BIM, Revit, One Click LCA

The Swedish goverment has recently produced a proposition that demands that a developer of a housing project has to produce an climate calculation before finishing the project. The proposition also includes an amendment to the Planning and building act (PBL) which states that the building comitte cannot call to final clearance for the project unless the developer has produced the climate calculation. This law is determined to come into effect 1st of january 2022. Life cycle assessment is a method for calculating a products environmental impact. This study has used life cycle assessment to visualise the environmental impact of the load-bearing concrete base of a building. This study was developed for the purpose to understand the imporance the differerent choices in material and transportation have on the overall environmental impact of the concrete base. In this study three different life cycle assessment method have been used; a climate calculation by hand, a computer simulated calculation with generic data and lastly anoher computer simulated caluculation with environmental product declarations (EPD).    The results of this study found that the transportation only has an impact of maximum 2% on the overall environmental impact for the concrete base. Furthermore it was shown that the concrete and EPS insulation were the two materials with the highest singular environmental impact of all the materials in the concrete base.  With these results one can argue that the most important change one has to do to reduce the environmental impact of a concrete base is to find alternative materials to use in a load-bearing construction base instead of concrete and EPS insulation. The finding that transportation only has a 2% environmental impact seems smalls, although a 2% reduction in environmental impact with the use of more locally produced materials on each new construction projekt will result in a great reduction of the overall environmental impact for the building industry.

6 Abstract Title: Postural stability in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury. Objectives: The aim of this thesis was to find out if the postural stability is differed in subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury and in the control group after the "4 steps - one leg stance" test had been performed. Methods: This study compared a group with anterior cruciate ligament injury and a control group on the basis of the "4 steps - one leg stance" test. Methods of comparison and analysis were used. Results: The test and all measurements revealed differences in postural stability between subjects with anterior cruciate ligament injury and the control group while they were standing both on operated and non-operated limb. There were also differences in postural stability concerning the one leg stance on the operated and the non-operated limb. Keywords: postural stability, injury, ACL, posturomed

Es wird eine kurze Beschreibung des LCA-Formats gegeben. Dateien dieses Formats werden im Design Flow des XACT Systems von Xilinx als Ausgabe der Plazier- und Verdrahtungsprogramme APR bzw. PPR erzeugt. Bei der hier gegebenen kurzen Beschreibung stehen die Angaben zur Verdrahtung im Vordergrund.

Currently, many researchers are looking at efficient ways to reduce energy and carbon emissions of construction materials used in buildings over their life due to its significant environmental impact. Along with operational energy, embodied energies and its associated carbon are substantial contributors in the overall sustainability assessment. The calculation of materials’ embodied energy and carbon emissions during the construction stage is a major assessment factor that needs to be considered to measure the environmental impact of materials used in the construction of buildings, which would provide designers with the ability to lower the environmental impact of buildings at the early design stage. Overall, it is rather complicated to compute embodied energy and carbon emissions due to the various factors involved. The tools and methodologies, listed in the literature, are rather imperfect as they tend to overgeneralize. The equipment used, fuel needed, and electricity required for each type of construction material varies from one location to another and thus embodied energy used, and carbon produced will differ for each construction project. Moreover, the method used in manufacturing, transporting and putting in place these materials will have significant influence on their environmental impact. This anomaly has made it difficult to calculate or even benchmark the usage of such factors. This thesis proposes an integrated model aimed at calculating embodied energies, embodied carbon and associated costs generated by construction materials based on such variability. This thesis presents a systematic approach that uses an efficient method of calculation to provide new insight for the selection of construction materials and equipment required to place them for buildings. Such assessment will aid in reducing the environmental impact of construction. The proposed model will be developed in a BIM environment. The quantification of materials’ energy is determined over the three main stages of their lifecycle: manufacturing, transporting, and placing. The proposed model will use multiple databases to calculate the energy used by manufacturing, transporting, and placing construction materials. By identifying the machinery required, an accurate calculation is achieved through geospatial data analysis. The proposed model can automatically calculate the distances between the material suppliers and construction sites to increase the accuracy of its outcome. Based on such variables, the proposed model provides designers with a list of equipment as to minimize the embodied energy and carbon produced by materials used in constructing buildings. Additionally, the proposed model has the ability to calculate the environmental cost impact of using specific building materials. Overall, this thesis aims to help researchers and the construction industry in reducing the environmental impact of construction activities through the selection of materials and the determination of machines required to achieve that goal.

Detta examensarbete beskriver miljöpåverkan från ett ventilationssystem, utifrån ett småhus i ett nordiskt klimat, ur ett livscykelperspektiv. Ett balanserat ventilationssystem med värmeåtervinning orsakar en stor andel av en fastighets totala miljöpåverkan och är därför viktigt som fokusområde för reducering av byggsektorns miljöpåverkan. Livscykelanalys är en vedertagen metod för att beskriva och jämföra en produkts miljöbelastning under alla dess faser. Miljöpåverkan har modellerats med hjälp av mjukvaran SimaPro 8.0.2, utifrån data framtagen från byggvarudeklarationer samt momentant uppmätta värden av fläkteffekter och luftflöden. Äldre livscykelanalyser har påvisat en mångfaldigt högre miljöpåverkan från användningsfasen jämfört med tillverkningsfasen. Senare studier visar dock en viss utjämnad fördelning mellan faserna där tillverkningsfasens relativa betydelse ökat, vilket även bekräftas i detta examensarbete där tillverkningsfasen står för ungefär 36 % av den totala miljöpåverkan (inklusive utbyte av komponenter). Enligt miljöpåverkansmetoden ReCiPe 2008 medför det studerade systemet betydande miljöpåverkan genom användandet av fossila bränslen, både vid användning och tillverkning, vilket föranleder klimatförändringar genom utsläpp av växthusgaser. Det sker även omfattande utsläpp av partiklar till luft från båda faserna och användningsfasen medför stor påverkan genom upptagande av jordbruksbar mark. De enhetsprocesser i produktsystemet som främst orsakar miljöpåverkan är elanvändning för drift av fläktar och eftervärmning av tilluften, samt tillverkning av olika stålkomponenter. Studien åskådliggör dessutom hur en förhållandevis enkel åtgärd för effektivisering av användningsfasen signifikant reducerar miljöpåverkan i användningsfasen, utan att påverka inomhusklimatets kvalitet. / This thesis describes the environmental impact from a balanced ventilation system with heat recovery from the perspective of a single-family home, in a Nordic climate. A balanced ventilation system with heat recovery contributes with a major part of a buildings total energy usage. Thus, it´s an important focus area towards minimizing the environmental impact from the building sector. Life cycle assessment is an established method to illustrate a products environmental impact during all its phases. The environmental impact has been simulated with the LCA-software, SimaPro 8.0.2. The life cycle inventory is based on various data from building product declarations as well as measured instantaneous values of air flow and the power of the fan motors. Older LCA-studies have shown a much greater environmental impact from the operational phase compared to the embodied impact from the construction phase. However later studies demonstrate a more equalized allocation between these two major phases, which is confirmed in this thesis where 36 % of the environmental impact could be derived to the construction phase. According to the environmental impact method, ReCiPe 2008, considerable impact is created from the usage of fossil fuels, which contributes to climate change as a result of greenhouse gas emissions. Significant impact is also generated by the formation of particulate matter and agricultural land occupation. The unit processes which generated the greatest environmental impact is electricity usage for operating the fans and heating of the supply air, together with manufacturing of steel components. The thesis is also examining how a relatively simple measure, that makes the usage phase more energy efficient, significantly reduces the environmental impact without affecting the indoor climate.

In this dissertation, we analyze the Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) of the Steam Sterilizer, popularly known as Autoclave. The LCA will help Getinge Sterilization AB to identify the stages of the life cycle of Autoclave model GSS-P 91413, which contributes more to the environmental footprint. We use the ISO 14040 LCA framework to conduct the Cradle to Grave boundary study of the Autoclave. The results have shown the use phase to be a dominant phase with almost 84% of carbon footprint. For Getinge to produce sustainable products and reach its long-term goal of becoming carbon neutral, they need to reduce its environmental footprint in every phase of the product life cycle. Thus, this report suggests the best way that the company can impact the changes to the users even though they have very little control over it. The results were obtained using the Sustainable Minds (SM 2013) software, which is ISO certified, henceforth the results are trustworthy. This Thesis has 8 parts: Introduction, Method, Theory, Results, Conclusion, Critical Review, References, and Appendices.

Examensarbetet är en studie av den fasta delen av takkonstruktionen i Swedbank Arena. Syftet med examensarbetet är att undersöka hur valet av att använda höghållfast stål påverkat kostnader och miljö under hela konstruktionens livstid. I undersökningen har takkonstruktionen dimensionerats med tre olika alternativ där andelen höghållfast stål i konstruktionen har varierats. Nedan beskrivs översiktligt de stålsorter som alternativen är uppbyggda av.   -          Alternativ A innehåller endast konventionellt stål som har sträckgräns 355 MPa. -          Alternativ B är det alternativ som byggts i verkligheten. Den verkliga konstruktionen innehåller stålsorter med sträckgränser mellan 355 MPa - 900 MPa. -          Alternativ C innehåller en större andel höghållfast stål än den verkliga konstruktionen. Detta alternativ innehåller stålsorter med sträckgränser 355- 900 MPa.   Dimensioneringen av takkonstruktionen har utförts med programmet Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 som innehåller automatisk normkontroll enligt Boverkets handbok om stålkonstruktioner, BSK07. I analysen har två modeller skapats, alternativ A och C, för att kunna jämföras med den verkliga takkonstruktionen, alternativ B. Resultaten från analysen har använts i beräkningarna av kostnad och miljöpåverkan.   För att beräkna miljöpåverkan användes ett livscykelanalysverktyg som är speciellt utvecklat för stål. I studien jämfördes miljöpåverkan för alternativen med höghållfast stål med ett alternativ som endast består av konventionellt stål. Det har antagits att miljöpåverkan under profiltillverkning, montage och användningsfasen är lika stora eller försumbar för studien. Miljöstudien är en jämförelsestudie. Det innebär att områden i konstruktionens livscykel som resulterar i lika stor miljöpåverkan för samtliga alternativ inte tas med i beräkningen.   Kostnadsberäkningen har genomförts i samarbete med Ruukki. Med resultaten från analysen i Robot skapades ett frågeunderlag som Ruukki använde för att beräkna de totala kostnaderna för samtliga alternativ. Det som Ruukki beaktade vid prissättningen var materialpris, svetsning i verkstad, målning, transport och eventuellt byte av kran vid montage. I kostnadsanalysen har det antagits att projekteringskostnader och användning av takkonstruktionen är densamma för samtliga alternativ. Kostnadsanalysen har utförts som en jämförelsestudie mellan de olika alternativen.   Stålmängderna minskar när man använder sig av höghållfast stål. Detta har medfört att både den totala kostnaden och miljöpåverkan för den verkliga konstruktionen blivit lägre i jämförelse med en konstruktion som endast består av konventionellt stål. Genom att använda höghållfast stål har man sparat mycket pengar och samtidigt reducerat miljöpåverkan. / The thesis is a study of the fixed part of the roof structure in Swedbank Arena. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the choice of using high strength steel has influenced costs and environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle. The roof has been designed with three different alternatives in which the proportion of the high-strength has varied. The following text describes briefly which grades the alternatives are composed of.   -          Alternative A contains only conventional steel with a yield strength of 355 MPa. -          Alternative B is the design that has been built. This structure contains steel with a yield strength between 355- 900 MPa. -          Alternative C contains a larger proportion of high-strength steel than the existening construction. This alternative contains steel with a yield strength between 355-900 MPa.   The calculations of the roof structure have been performed with the program Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 which has an automatic code check according to BSK07, a publication from the Swedish national Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Two different models, alternative A and C, have been created and compared with the real structure, alternative B. The results from this analysis have been used in the calculations of cost and environmental impact.   In the calculations of environmental impact a life cycle analysis tool was used that has been developed especially for steel. The study compared the environmental impact of the alternatives with high strength steel with the alternative that only consists of conventional steel. It has been assumed that the environmental impact in the manufacturing of the profiles, assembly of the steel construction and the use phase is equal or negligible for the study. The environmental study is a comparison study. This means that parts of the constructions life cycle that result in an equal environment impact for all alternatives are not calculated in the study.   The cost estimation was calculated in collaboration with Ruukki. The result of the analysis in Robot was used as a tender request that Ruukki used to calculate the total costs of all alternatives. In the cost calculations Ruukki took into account the differences in material prices, welding in the steel factory, painting, transportation and possible replacement of the crane during assembly. In the cost analysis it has been assumed that the cost of designing the roof structure and the use phase is the same for all alternatives. The cost analysis has been performed as a comparison study between the different alternatives.   The result of the study shows that the steel volume decreased when the structure consists of high strength steel. The decrease of the steel volume resulted in a reduced total cost and environmental impact. By using high strength steel a lot of money has been saved and in the same time the environmental impact has decreased. The thesis is a study of the fixed part of the roof structure in Swedbank Arena. The purpose of the study is to investigate how the choice of using high strength steel has influenced costs and environmental impact throughout the entire life cycle. The roof has been designed with three different alternatives in which the proportion of the high-strength has varied. The following text describes briefly which grades the alternatives are composed of.   -          Alternative A contains only conventional steel with a yield strength of 355 MPa. -          Alternative B is the design that has been built. This structure contains steel with a yield strength between 355- 900 MPa. -          Alternative C contains a larger proportion of high-strength steel than the existening construction. This alternative contains steel with a yield strength between 355-900 MPa.   The calculations of the roof structure have been performed with the program Autodesk Robot Structural Analysis Professional 2010 which has an automatic code check according to BSK07, a publication from the Swedish national Board of Housing, Building and Planning. Two different models, alternative A and C, have been created and compared with the real structure, alternative B. The results from this analysis have been used in the calculations of cost and environmental impact.   In the calculations of environmental impact a life cycle analysis tool was used that has been developed especially for steel. The study compared the environmental impact of the alternatives with high strength steel with the alternative that only consists of conventional steel. It has been assumed that the environmental impact in the manufacturing of the profiles, assembly of the steel construction and the use phase is equal or negligible for the study. The environmental study is a comparison study. This means that parts of the constructions life cycle that result in an equal environment impact for all alternatives are not calculated in the study.   The cost estimation was calculated in collaboration with Ruukki. The result of the analysis in Robot was used as a tender request that Ruukki used to calculate the total costs of all alternatives. In the cost calculations Ruukki took into account the differences in material prices, welding in the steel factory, painting, transportation and possible replacement of the crane during assembly. In the cost analysis it has been assumed that the cost of designing the roof structure and the use phase is the same for all alternatives. The cost analysis has been performed as a comparison study between the different alternatives.   The result of the study shows that the steel volume decreased when the structure consists of high strength steel. The decrease of the steel volume resulted in a reduced total cost and environmental impact. By using high strength steel a lot of money has been saved and in the same time the environmental impact has decreased.