En esta tesis, se estudia una estrategia de control para un convertidor DC-AC trifásico de potencia con filtro LC de dos etapas a la salida, que alimenta una carga desconocida de tipo fuente de corriente. El principal objetivo del controlador es el de mejorar la respuesta del sistema ante cambios abruptos en la carga, manteniendo siempre un voltaje de salida cercano al de referencia dada por el diseñador. Se realiza el diseño del filtro LC de dos etapas, con el fin de minimizar el tamaño de sus componentes y de que sus dos frecuencias de resonancia resulten alejadas de la frecuencia fundamental de la corriente de carga, así como de la frecuencia de PWM utilizada. El controlador propuesto hace uso de una combinación del tipo feedback/feedforward junto con un controlador resonante sintonizado a la frecuencia de la carga. La estrategia se basa en el uso de una serie de tensiones y corrientes de referencias, las cuales son utilizadas para hacer un correcto seguimiento de los estados del filtro. Además, se diseña un observador de estados con el fin de estimar cuatro de los seis estados del sistema, para así reducir el número de sensores necesarios para la implementación del controlador y reducir también el esfuerzo sobre la acción de control. / This thesis studies a control strategy for a system composed of a three-phase DC-AC power converter and an output two-stage LC filter, that feeds an unknown load current source. The main purpose of the control strategy, is to improve the performance of the system under sudden changes in the load, while the output voltage follows a reference given by the designer. The two stages LC filter is designed in order to minimize the size of the components under the condition that the two resonance frequencies of the filter result located away from the load fundamental frequency and from the one used by the PWM. The proposed controller is based on the combination of a feedback/feedforward strategy with a resonant controller tuned at the load frequency, this strategy uses a series of voltage and current references to assure the correct tracking of the filter states. Also, a state observer is used to estimate four of the six system states, that allows a reduction on the number of sensors required to implement the control strategy and diminishing the effort on the control signal.

Orientador: Carlos Alberto Canesin / Resumo: Neste trabalho, apresentou-se o estudo de um gerador eletrocirúrgico utilizando um conversor ressonante. Com o intuito de realizar procedimentos cirúrgicos, o bisturi elétrico, ou eletrônico, apresenta grandes vantagens ao método clássico do bisturi de aço inoxidável. Para conseguir os efeitos terapêuticos desejados, corte e coagulação, sem que haja qualquer estímulo nervoso, utiliza-se sinal senoidal com alta frequência. Os conversores ressonantes são estruturas chaveadas que operam em elevadas frequências com baixas perdas, logo, alto rendimento. Fez-se, então, um estudo sobre as estruturas inversoras e os filtros ressonantes. A sequência do trabalho trata da análise da estrutura proposta (Full-Bridge – LCLC – ZVS – FM) demonstrando as etapas envolvidas em um ciclo de chaveamento do conversor e o seu equacionamento. A partir de uma metodologia para calcular os parâmetros do filtro, definiram-se os valores das indutâncias e das capacitâncias séries e paralelas. Projetou-se o controlador pormeio de umametodologia que visa o controle pelos valores de pico das formas de onda. Realizaram-se simulações dos modos de operação desejados e observaram-se os valores encontrados da tensão de saída, da corrente de saída, da corrente de entrada e a comutação ZVS para variadas cargas. Implementou-se um protótipo do qual os resultados práticos obtidos são apresentados e discutidos. / Abstract: In this work, a study of an electrosurgical generator was presented using a resonant converter. In order to perform surgical procedures, electric or electronic scalpel presents great advantages to the classic method of the stainless steel scalpel. To achieve the desired therapeutic effects, cutting and coagulation, without any nerve stimulation, sine wave signal is applied with high frequency. Resonant converters are switched structures that operate at high frequencies with low losses, hence, high efficiency. A study was then made about inverter structures and resonant filters. The work sequence was the analysis of the proposed structure (Full-Bridge LCLCZVS- FM) demonstrating the steps involved in a converter switching cycle and its equation. From a methodology to calculate filter parameters, values of series and parallel inductances and capacitances were defined. The controller was designed using a methodology that controls the peak values of the waveforms. Simulations of the desired modes of operation were executed out and the values of output voltage, output current, input current and ZVS switching were observed for various loads. A prototype was implemented and the results obtained are presented and discussed. / Mestre

Abstract Aptosis denotes a biochemically and morphologically distinct chain of events leading to self-destruction of cell. It is pivotal in the maintenance of tissue homeostasis and also plays a role in neoplasm. In this work, the extent of apoptosis and apoptosis regulating proteins and factors was studied in a total of 94 patients operated for lung carcinoma, including 56 small cell lung carcinomas (SCLC) and 38 large cell lung carcinomas (LCLC). The extent of apoptosis was determined by detecting and counting the relative and absolute numbers of apoptotic cells and bodies using 3'- end labelling of the apoptotic DNA. The extent of apoptosis in SCLC was compared with the cell proliferation activity as determined by Ki-67 immunohistochemistry, with the volume density of necrosis and with the occurrence of immunohistochemically detectable p53 and bcl-2 proteins. In order to test the hypothesis that increased apoptotic activity is connected with neuroendocrine differentiation and with low differentiation degree in LCLC and that it is regulated by bcl-2 family proteins, the extent of apoptosis and tumour necrosis was analysed in relation to the expression of bcl-2 family proteins bcl-2, mcl-1, bax and bak. Apoptosis, tumour infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), and angiogenesis are important factors that contribute to tumour growth. In the present study immunohistochemical methods were used to investigate the relationships of these factors and their role in the prognosis of the patients with LCLC and SCLC. A remarkably high apoptotic activity was detected in both SCLC and LCLC. The mean apoptotic index in SCLC was 2.70 % and in LCLC 2.49 %. Exceptionally high proliferation activity and high percentage of tumour necrosis was seen in SCLC. 58 % of SCLC showed more than 40 % of Ki-67 positive nuclei, and tumour necrosis was seen in 83 % of the cases. P53 protein accumulation was detected in 38 % and bcl-2 expression in 50 % of SCLC. The extent of apoptosis in SCLC was inversely related to tumour necrosis and p53 protein accumulation. In LCLC, bcl-2 expression was detected in 40 % of the cases. It was associated with neuroendocrine differentiation and predicted favourable prognosis of the patients. A high number of T cells and macrophages with a small number of B cells was detected in both SCLC and LCLC. The occurrence of intratumoural cytotoxic CD8 cells was associated with the occurrence of apoptotic bodies in SCLC. The increased number of intratumoural T cells, CD8-positive cells and macrophages predicted favourable prognosis of the patients with SCLC. In LCLC, an increased number of B cells and macrophages, but not T cells, was associated with better survival. Iaddition to tumour cells, numerous apoptotic bodies could also be found within alveolar macrophages within and close to tumour tissue. In order to test whether such cells could be found in sputum smears and if their presence could be utilised as a marker of malignancy in tumour diagnosis, the occurrence of alveolar macrophages with apoptotic bodies (AMWABs) was analysed in 84 sputum samples and 13 broncho-alveolar lavage (BAL) specimens from patients with and without lung carcinoma. AMWABs could be found in cytological samples of the patients with lung carcinoma. In sputum and BAL specimens, enhanced apoptosis, as measured by an increased number of AMWABs reflected and was indicative of malignancy. This was also true for cytological specimens of the patients even when the actual malignant cells were not found. Therefore the AMWABs served as a marker of pulmonary malignancy.