<p>The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN have a capacity to produce protonproton collisions with an energy of 14 TeV. Four particle detectors are included in the LHC with the purpose to detect all the particles that are created in the collisions. In one of these detectors are scintillating lead tungstate crystals used, to detect the energy of photons and electrons created in the collisions. The energy is detected by measuring of the emitted light from the scintillating crystals. As much knowledge as possible about the optical properties of the crystals are desired to be able to analyze the acquired data from the crystals.</p><p><p>This thesis work presents some techniques used for the characterization of the optical properties for the crystals. It also presents measurements done on the decay time of lead tungstate crystals and on the temperature influence to the light yield from the crystals. These measurement results are in addition used in an attempt to estimate how big influence the Cherenkov radiation has to the total amount of emitted light from the scintillating crystals.</p><p>The influence from the temperature to the light yield is around <em>−</em>2<em>.</em>02 %<em>/◦C </em>for BTCP and around <em>−</em>1<em>.</em>75 %<em>/◦C </em>for SIC¹. No conclusions could been drawn concerning the influence from the Cherenkov radiation to the total amount of emitted light from the temperature measurements.The decay time measurements showed an influence from the Cherenkov radiation to the total amount of emitted light of; 8 % for crystal 1003, 47 % for crystal 1002 and 19 % for crystal 1001.</p></p><p><p><p>¹BTCP (Bogoroditsk Technical Chemical Plant) and SIC (Shanghai Institute of Ceramics) are the two different crystal production facilities used for the production of the crystals.</p></p></p>

<p>TeliaSonera har sedan ett tag tillbaka inlett ett projekt med ett antal företag inom byggbranschen. Projektet går ut på att ta fram kontrolltekniker som kontinuerligt mäter en byggnads tillstånd genom hela dess livstid, så att eventuella brister kan upptäckas innan de blir till ett problem. Med andra ord är tanken att ha någon form av teknik som kontinuerligt avläser diverse egenskaper i en byggnad som exempelvis fuktighetshalten i väggarna, om ventilationen fungerar som den ska och halten av olika ämnen i luften.</p><p>Det praktiska syftet var att verifiera om trenden kontinuerlig kontrollmätning efterfrågas genom att ta kontakt med branschexperter inom såväl byggbranschen som vissa andra parallella branscher och se om även de uppmärksammat denna. Under antagandet att de gjort det, var intentionen vidare att försöka urskilja de så kallade lead users. Lead users är användare vilka erfar behov före marknaden som helhet samt som är benägna till att vara innovativa, då en lösning på deras behov förväntas medföra stor nytta för dem. Under förutsättning att det varit möjligt att urskilja denna typ av användare var avsikten att därefter ta reda på vilka behov respektive lösningar som de uppfattade i samband med denna trend.</p><p>För genomförandet av undersökningen valdes en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Vid insamlandet av empirin användes telefonintervjuer där personer verkande inom byggbranschen samt andra parallella branscher, som också använder sig av diverse kontrolltekniker, intervjuades.</p><p>Den empiri som erhölls analyserades mot bakgrund av teorier inom ämnet. De centrala teorier som tas upp är bland annat lead user-begreppet, lead user-metoden samt svårigheter vid implementering av innovationer på marknaden.</p><p>I slutsatsen konstaterades att såväl trenden; kontinuerliga kontrollmätningar som lead users existerar inom byggbranschen. Dock visade sig urskiljningen av dessa användare vara enklare i teorin än i praktiken. Avslutningsvis identifierades även ett antal behov respektive lösningar som lead users uppfattade i samband med denna trend.</p>

Environmental contamination along roadways with lead from processed petroleum and automotive residues has been reported. Toxicity to the herbivores grazing these areas has not been well studied. Comparison of lead concentrations adjacent to roads in Kuwait and in Oregon, USA was studied. Soil samples were taken from three sites at three different distances from the highway (0, 3 and 10 meters) adjacent to King Fahad Highway in Kuwait and Interstate 5 (I-5), Highway 34 (H-34) and Highway 20 (H-20) in Oregon. Soil was analyzed for lead concentrations. The mean lead concentrations in soil samples along King Fahad Highway were significantly higher (p<0.05) than those along 1-5, H-34 and 14-20 in Oregon [4943.6 ppm (mg/kg) vs 129 ppm, 94.9 and 81.67 ppm respectively]. In a field trial animal toxicity studies were conducted on sheep grazing near roadway in Kuwait and also in a controlled barn studies. Fifty lambs ranging in age from 4 to 9 months and grazing on Kuwait pasture adjacent to the King Fahad Highway were tested for blood lead. Levels were determined by Inductively Coupled Plasma-Atomic Emission Spectrometry (ICP-AES). Blood lead levels of these lambs ranged from 0.05-1.00 ppm. Only 12% of the tested population exceeded the blood lead above 0.1 ppm (the high normal value). None demonstrated any clinical signs of lead toxicosis. In addition, a controlled feeding trial was conducted with sheep ingesting similar concentrations of lead as were found along the roadways. These sheep were observed for clinical, gross and histopathological changes. Using the intensive lamb production system common in Kuwait, twenty five lambs ranging in age from 2-10 months were orally fed 0, 2, 4, 8 and 16 mg lead acetate/kg body weight/day in a controlled study. Blood lead levels were tested in these lambs at time zero, week two, and then at monthly intervals until the 14th week. All lambs were slaughtered and necropsied with select tissues analyzed for lead concentrations. Levels of lead in the blood were directly related to the daily administrated lead acetate (P<0.05). Neither gender, age nor breed of the sire had any affect on blood lead levels except for the 14th week where blood lead levels of the young lambs significantly exceeded (P<0.05) those in the older lambs with mean values of 0.54 and 0.34 ppm respectively. In general, lead levels in all the tested tissues were directly related to the amount of the daily oral administration of lead acetate. Differences between the tissue levels of lead in the experimental and control lambs (N=25) were statistically significant (P<0.05) in liver, bone and kidney but were not significant in trachea, testis, brain, diaphragm, ovary, lung, muscle, rumen, aorta, spleen, tongue, eye, intestine, heart and esophagus. Lead accumulation was the highest in bone at the lower ingested lead concentrations, but was the highest in the kidney at higher lead dosages. Lead values were significantly greater (P<0.05) in the livers of female lambs compared to those of the male. Bone, liver and kidney of the young lambs had significantly higher (P<0.05) levels of lead than older lambs with means of 19.24, 7.31 and 54.54 compared to 6.34, 3.59 and 21.31 ppm respectively. Gross lesions were not found in any of the 25 necropsied lambs. Histopathological changes of intranuclear inclusion bodies were found in 100% of the kidneys in lambs administered 8 mg/Kg/day and above and in 50% of the livers of the lambs administered the same dosages. Thirty three per cent of lambs administered 2 and 4 mg/kg/day had intranuclear inclusion bodies in their kidney but not in the liver. The controls had no inclusion bodies in any of these matching tissues. No clinical signs of lead toxicosis were observed in any lambs during the 14 weeks of the experiment. The same lamb population was used to compare blood lead levels and the growth performance of lambs (feed intake, weight gain and feed conversion) in relation to different dosages of lead acetate. Although there was a tendency for lambs ingesting the two higher lead doses to eat less feed, gain less weight; and have a lower feed conversion ratio, these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). The conclusion of these studies reveal some concern. Levels of lead as found near the highways of Kuwait were high enough to cause elevated tissue lead concentrations, particularly in liver and kidney, of lambs grazing adjacent to these highways. These levels cause tissue abnormalities in lambs and could be hazardous to human health eating the internal organs of these lambs. / Graduation date: 2000

Graduation date: 1995

TeliaSonera har sedan ett tag tillbaka inlett ett projekt med ett antal företag inom byggbranschen. Projektet går ut på att ta fram kontrolltekniker som kontinuerligt mäter en byggnads tillstånd genom hela dess livstid, så att eventuella brister kan upptäckas innan de blir till ett problem. Med andra ord är tanken att ha någon form av teknik som kontinuerligt avläser diverse egenskaper i en byggnad som exempelvis fuktighetshalten i väggarna, om ventilationen fungerar som den ska och halten av olika ämnen i luften. Det praktiska syftet var att verifiera om trenden kontinuerlig kontrollmätning efterfrågas genom att ta kontakt med branschexperter inom såväl byggbranschen som vissa andra parallella branscher och se om även de uppmärksammat denna. Under antagandet att de gjort det, var intentionen vidare att försöka urskilja de så kallade lead users. Lead users är användare vilka erfar behov före marknaden som helhet samt som är benägna till att vara innovativa, då en lösning på deras behov förväntas medföra stor nytta för dem. Under förutsättning att det varit möjligt att urskilja denna typ av användare var avsikten att därefter ta reda på vilka behov respektive lösningar som de uppfattade i samband med denna trend. För genomförandet av undersökningen valdes en kvalitativ forskningsansats. Vid insamlandet av empirin användes telefonintervjuer där personer verkande inom byggbranschen samt andra parallella branscher, som också använder sig av diverse kontrolltekniker, intervjuades. Den empiri som erhölls analyserades mot bakgrund av teorier inom ämnet. De centrala teorier som tas upp är bland annat lead user-begreppet, lead user-metoden samt svårigheter vid implementering av innovationer på marknaden. I slutsatsen konstaterades att såväl trenden; kontinuerliga kontrollmätningar som lead users existerar inom byggbranschen. Dock visade sig urskiljningen av dessa användare vara enklare i teorin än i praktiken. Avslutningsvis identifierades även ett antal behov respektive lösningar som lead users uppfattade i samband med denna trend.

The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN have a capacity to produce protonproton collisions with an energy of 14 TeV. Four particle detectors are included in the LHC with the purpose to detect all the particles that are created in the collisions. In one of these detectors are scintillating lead tungstate crystals used, to detect the energy of photons and electrons created in the collisions. The energy is detected by measuring of the emitted light from the scintillating crystals. As much knowledge as possible about the optical properties of the crystals are desired to be able to analyze the acquired data from the crystals. This thesis work presents some techniques used for the characterization of the optical properties for the crystals. It also presents measurements done on the decay time of lead tungstate crystals and on the temperature influence to the light yield from the crystals. These measurement results are in addition used in an attempt to estimate how big influence the Cherenkov radiation has to the total amount of emitted light from the scintillating crystals. The influence from the temperature to the light yield is around −2.02 %/◦C for BTCP and around −1.75 %/◦C for SIC1. No conclusions could been drawn concerning the influence from the Cherenkov radiation to the total amount of emitted light from the temperature measurements.The decay time measurements showed an influence from the Cherenkov radiation to the total amount of emitted light of; 8 % for crystal 1003, 47 % for crystal 1002 and 19 % for crystal 1001. 1BTCP (Bogoroditsk Technical Chemical Plant) and SIC (Shanghai Institute of Ceramics) are the two different crystal production facilities used for the production of the crystals.

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The Arctic region appears as a pristine remote environment, yet there is increasing evidence that it is greatly impacted by pollution such as lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg). In this environment deposition of Hg has increased threefold since the last industrial revolution. In this study five cryosolic soil profiles within non-sorted circles (NSC) in the Abisko region, northwest of Sweden, has been analyzed to improve our understanding regarding how pollutants are distributed within such type of soil. The soil samples have been analyzed with the use of X-ray fluorescence analysis (XRF), for the measurements of the total concentrations of e.g. lead (Pb) and zirconium (Zr). The soil samples were also analyzed for Hg and LOI. In each sample Zr was used to determine whether metal concentrations were naturally derived from soil silicate minerals or from non-silicate (anthropogenic) sources. From the inner domains of the circles towards the outer domains where the latter contained the highest amounts of organic matter that bind these metals the Pb and Hg concentrations increased. The highest concentrations of Pb (47 mg/kg) and Hg (359 µg/kg) are found in the surface layer (about7 cmdeep) at the edges of the circles. In a buried layer (O-horizon) found in the inner domain, the concentration of Hg was 60µg/kg. Within the studied NSC the concentrations anthropogenic derived Pb and Hg in the surface layer of the circles outer domain was estimated to constitute 95 - 100 % of the total metal burden. In the buried organic layer 95 % of Hg was estimated to be anthropogenic. Clearly, the soil was strongly affected by anthropogenic Pb and Hg concentration.

Ett av sjuksköterskans kompetensområden är ledarskap. Han/hon ska strukturera omvårdnadsarbetet så att det ges en så god omvårdnad som möjligt till patienten. Ledningsfunktionen påverkas av olika faktorer som kan ge inverkan på omvårdnaden. Syftet med litteraturstudien var att belysa faktorer som påverkar sjuksköterskans ledningsfunktion. Studien utfördes som en litteraturstudie. Resultatet visade att sjuksköterskans ledningsfunktion ofta inte synliggörs i organisationen och bland vårdpersonal och att det finns en brist på förståelse för hans/hennes uppgift som ledare. Det var även svårt för sjuksköterskan att förstå sin egen funktion som ledare då han/hon hade svårt att koppla den till sin kompetens. Utbildning inom ledarskap sågs som en brist men utbildning var en viktig faktor för att utveckla kompetensen som ledare. För att kunna utföra och utveckla sin roll som ledare behöver den närmsta chefen ge sjuksköterskan autonomi och feedback för hans/hennes prestation. Sammanfattningsvis bör mer utbildning om ledarskap införas för sjuksköterskan och det bör även utforskas mer om ämnet. Bristen på feedback är synlig på arbetsplatsen och bör därför införas i praktiskt vårdverksamhet till exempel att det varje dag är obligatoriskt att gruppen diskuterar dagen som har gått. Detta för att öka kunskaperna om ledarskap vilket i sin tur leder till att sjuksköterskans roll som ledare blir mer synlig. / One of the nurses’ areas of expertise is leadership. He/she will organize nursing care in order to provide as good care as possible for the patient. The lead function is affected by various factors that can influence the care. The purpose of this study was to focus on factors that influence nurses le role. The study was conducted as a literature review. The results showed that nurses function to lead is often not made visible in the organization and among health professionals and that there is a lack of understanding of his/her role as a leader. It was also difficult for nurses to understand their function as a leader when he/she found it difficult to connect it to their skills. Education in leadership was seen as a shortage but education was an important factor to develop leader skills. To perform and develop their role as a leader they need the nearest superior head to give the nurses autonomy and feedback on his/her performance. In conclusion, more education about leadership needs to be introduced to the nurse and it should also be explored more about the subject. The lack of feedback is visible in the workplace and should therefore be included in practical healthcare, for example obligatory group discussions about the day’s work every day. This is to increase knowledge about leadership, which in turn leads to the nurses’ role as a leader to become more visible.

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