ABSTRACT LEAD(II) AND AMMONIUM EXCHANGE on Na-FORM of G&Ouml / RDES CLINOPTILOLITE ASiroglu, Sedat M.S., Department of Chemical Engineering Supervisor Prof. Dr. Hayrettin Y&uuml / cel September 2006, 89 pages Natural zeolites, especially clinoptilolite, have the ability of removing certain cations from wastewater by utilizing ion exchange and adsorption. In this study, ion exchange behaviour of G&ouml / rdes clinoptilolite at particle size range (0.5-0.25 mm) for lead and ammonium removal was investigated to establish the conditions under which clinoptilolite may be used in an economical and effective manner. Experiments were divided into two parts. Batch and continuous (column) experiments were carried out. In the batch experiments, experimental isotherms of NH4+-Na+, Pb2+-Na+ binary systems and NH4+-Pb2+-Na+ ternary system were obtained as the graphs of equivalent fractions of exchanging cation in solution versus equivalent fractions of cation in zeolite. It was determined that clinoptilolite has affinity for Pb2+ and NH4+ ions. Finally, the selectivity sequence of G&ouml / rdes clinoptilolite in the presence of Pb2+ and NH4+ together was determined as Pb2+ &gt / NH4+ &gt / Na+. In the column studies, removal of lead, ammonium and simultaneous removal of lead-ammonium solutions were investigated. The loading flow rates were selected as 8, 15, and 30 mL/min. The ion exchange capacity of clinoptilolite for lead and ammonium removal showed good performance. Flow rates at 8, 15, 30 mL/min, breakthrough capacities were found as 0.398 meq/g (Pb2+) and 0.337 meq/g (NH4+), 0.299 meq/g (Pb2+) and 0.297 meq/g (NH4+), 0.197 meq/g (Pb2+) and 0.198 meq/g (NH4+) for lead-ammonium-sodium system and corresponding column efficiencies were 63.36%, 51.38%, 34.05%, respectively.

Previous studies have shown that the continental shelf and slope area off northeastern Taiwan is a region where the material exchange processes between the East China Sea and open ocean are most rigorous under the influences of the Kuroshio and the monsoons. In order to understand the topographic effects on the particulate flux and the transport path of the settling particles in this region, this study has conducted a series of field measurements using time-series sediment traps and current meters as tools. The temporal and spatial variations on the current, the particulate flux and the particle-size distribution as well as the activity and flux of 210 Pb and 210 Po are presented in this thesis. The biological productivity and the runoff of main rivers from Taiwan were not correlated with the particulate fluxes in our study area. However, the variations of the particulate flux in the canyon and on the slope areas were clearly affected by the tidal currents, showing good positive correlation with their amplitudes. The particulate, 210 Pb and 210 Po fluxes all showed an increase toward the ocean bottom but a decrease away from the shore, suggesting that the transports of particle and particle reactive elements were strongly influenced by the lateral transport process in the study area. Highest fluxes were observed in the Mien-Hua Canyon(MHC) and the lower slope southwest of the canyon. Intermediate values were observed in the South Okinawa Trough and the North Mien-Hua Canyon(NMHC). The intercanyon slope and the shallow traps in the NMHC had lowest values. The particulates and particle reactive elements were transported out of the shelf or upper slope area essentially through the MHC toward the slope southwest of the canyon. The NMHC and the intercanyon area were not major pathways for these materials. The fluxes of particle, 210 Pb and 210 Po in the study area were generally at least an order of magnitude greater than those observed from other continental margins in the world, except for the lowest values at the intercanyon station and the shallow water in the NMHC. Thus the continental margin off northeastern Taiwan is one of the most important areas for material exchanges with open oceans in the world. The trapped particulates were mainly silt with variable sand fractions. High sand contents were observed in the MHC and the lower slope southwest of the canyon, the intermediate values were in the outlet of the MHC and the NMHC, and the lowest in the South Okinawa Trough. This shows that the sand content decreases awayfrom the shore. On the contrary, silt and clay fractions in percent increase away from the shore. Under the influence of tidal currents, the settling sand particles in the MHC and its adjacent lower slope were laterally transported from resuspended sandy sediments of the continental shelf and upper slope area adjoining the head of the MHC. The fluxes of sand, silt and clay all decreased toward the South Okinawa Trough but increased toward the bottom. This particle-size distribution pattern also reflected the effect of lateral transport process in the study area. Variations of the 210 Pb activity in this study area were generally correlated inversely with the particulate flux and the sand content, indicating the effect of dilution of the mass flux and the sand content, but were positively correlated with the silt and clay contents because they were major 210 Pb scavengers. No apparent correlations of 210 Po with the mass flux and the three particle-size fractions were observed, suggesting that the variation of 210 Po activity was not related to the mass fluxes or the three particle-size fractions. High 210 Pb activities were found to be associated with high contents of POC, Mn and Fe. Correlations of 210 Pb with both Mn and Fe indicate that the oxide and hydroxide precipitates of Mn and Fe supplied from sediments on the continental shelf, upper slope area and submarine hydrothermal activities might serve as important mechanisms for enhanced 210 Pb scavenging. The relationship between the 210 Pb activity and the POC content might reflect either the settling mode of the fine particles incorporated with fecal pellets or aggregates, or sharing the same source with fine particles. The variatio ns of 210 Po activity were not correlated with Mn, Fe, major components or biogenic components, implying that the association of 210 Po with biogenic components might be masked by the enormous terrigenous materials. Except for the upper-trap samples collected at the intercanyon slope and the NMHC, the 210 Po activity was lower than the 210 Pb activity with 210 Po/210 Pb ratios less than unity. Based on comparisons of 210 Pb and 210 Po with relevant parameters and references of past studies, we can propose several possible mechanisms to explain why the ratios were less then unity: 1. 210 Pb was preferentially scavenged by advecting and settling particulates of terrigenous origin. 210 Po, known to be biophilic, might remain associated with the suspended organic particulates which could be dissolved or not settling. Moreover, the oxide and hydroxide precipitates of Mn and Fe in the study area would further enhance the scavenging of 210 Pb. 2. The particulates in suspension were favorable for differentiation between 210 Pb and 210 Ponuclides while those settled in sediments would allow them to grow toward the secular equilibrium. Therefore, the trapped particulates might be in frequent suspension and short in deposited sediments during their lateral transport. 3. The 210 Pb supplied from the East Asia aerosol in large quantity was accumulated in water column abd carried by the Kuroshio to the study area. The intrusion and eddies of Kuroshio off northeastern Taiwan could bring large amount of 210 Pb into the region of continental shelf and slope, allowing particulates to scavenge 210 Pb more effectively from the surrounding water. The upper trap in the NMHC and that in the intercanyon site yield lowest particulate flux but highest POC content. With less terrigenous material and more biogenic components in these samples, 210 Po/210 Pb ratios were greater than unity and variations of 210 Pb activity were hardly correlated with those of POC contents but were inversely correlated with those of Mn contents. However, the 210 Po activities of upper trap at the intercanyon site were well positively correlated with POC and PIC contents, indicating effects of the fresh biogenic particles. Based on the mass balance calculations of particulate and 210 Pb fluxes, current data and other related data gathered in this study, we may infer the sedimentation dynamics and transport path of the settling particles below 300m depth in the study area. Under the influence of tidal oscillation, terrigenous sediments on the shelf and the shelf break as well as the upper slope would be resuspended and carried into the MHC and transported further away. Most of the sand particles would deposit in the canyon while part of the silt and clay would be transported to the South Okinawa Trough directly and the rest to the lower slope southwest of the MHC. The particulate flux at the lower slope southwest of MHC might also have a portion of particulates swept from the upper slope by the Kuroshio eddies. As the NMHC and the intercanyon sites are located in the central area of the Kuroshio eddies, the particulates from the continental shelf and upper slope area would be blocked, resulting in very low particulate fluxes. High particulate fluxes observed in the lower NMHC trap should largely be due to resuspension of the sediments from the banks of the canyon.

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Abstract The purpose of this paper is to investigate the impact of foreign capital on the interrelationship between the stock markets and futures markets of Hong Kong, Malaysia and Taiwan. Malaysia stock market is under Exchange Control Mechanism, (ECM) while Taiwan futures market under foreign capital deregulation, both markets has extremely serious influence. The investment behavior of foreign capital, as superior informed investors, always imply their expectation to both stock and futures markets. Thus, this paper attempts to focus on three topics to analyze the investment behavior of the foreign capital. First, whether the degree of intervene of the foreign capital influences the lead-lag relationship. Second, whether after intervene of the foreign capital influence the lead-lag relationship, and third, whether the foreign capital net buying (selling) amount in the stock market influence the basis after deregulation of the Taiwan futures markets. This paper found that under over intervention on futures markets would restrained the stock index futures from price discovered, and after Taiwan futures markets deregulation, foreign capital net buying (selling) amount in the stock market does influence the basis. This study propose both Taiwan stock and futures markets exists foreign capital positive feedback trading.

In this thesis, the a-PMT (amorphous lead magnesium titanate) membranes have been prepared by sol-gel technique as H+ ion sensitive layers. The C-V measurements of the a-PMT/SiO2/Si EIS structures prepared by spin-on coating are used for examining the fabrication parameters and sensing properties. There exhibits the quasi-Nerstain response of 55¡V59 mV/pH in the range of pH 2¡V12, fabricated with the Mg-modified content of 4 mole%, the firing temperature of about 400 ¢J and the thickness of about 0.5

The pyroelectric ceramic thin films and detectors based on PbTiO3[abbreviated to PT] that exhibit a low dielectric constant and a high pyroelectric coefficient, which were fabricated by a sol-gel method in this thesis. The (PVDF/PT) pyroelectric bilayer thin films with low leakage current were deposited on PbTiO3/Pt/SiO2/Si substrates by the spin coating. 1,3 propanediol was used as solvent to minimize the number of cycles of the spin coating and drying processes to obtain the desired thickness of PbTiO3 thin film. By changing the concentrations of PVDF solutions (0.6M~1.0M) and thickness of PVDF thin films (50nm~580nm), the effects of various processing parameters on the bilayer thin films growth and the response of pyroelectric infrared detector device are studied. Experimental results reveal that the thickness of PVDF thin films will influence strongly on dielectricity, ferroelectricity, leakage current and pyroelectricity of (PVDF/PT) bilayer thin films. With the increase of the thickness of PVDF thin films, the relative dielectric constant of (PVDF/PT) bilayer thin films decrease from 63 to 20. The tan£_ increases from 0.00152 to 0.0024, leakage current decreases from 1.54x10-6 A/cm2 to 3.86x10-7 A/cm2, Ec decreases from 70.7 KV/cm to 35 KV/cm, Pr decreases from 6.29 £gC/cm2 to 1.14 £gC/cm2, and £^ decreases from 22.5x10-9 C/cm2K to 6.8 x10-9 C/cm2K with an increase of the thickness of PVDF thin film. In addition, the results also show that the largest figure of merit Fv is 1.31x10-10 Ccm/J as the thickness of PVDF thin film is 80nm. With the increase of the thickness of PVDF thin film, the figure of merit Fm decreases from 2.26x10-8 Ccm/J to 1.07x10-8 Ccm/J. The voltage responsivities (Rv) measured at 20 Hz decrease from 1383 V/W to 804 V/W and the specific detectivities (D*) measured at 100Hz decrease from 2.72x107 cmHz1/2/W to 1.71x107 cmHz1/2/W. From the result of D*/J, the result shows the device possesses the best property as the thickness of the PVDF thin film is 165nm. Therefore, the (PVDF/PT) bilayer thin film with the thickness 165nm of PVDF thin film is the most suitable for the applications of pyroelectric thin film IR detectors.

Ecologist Tom Dale and Vernon Gill Carter Published a book ¡mTopsoil and Civilization¡n in 1955, There is a paragraph in the prolog¡G ¡uCivilized human always can temporarily control the environment mostly. Their main problem caused of the misconceiving that the temporary control can be forever. They misconceive that they are the ¡§dominator of the world¡¨, but don¡¦t realize the rule of the nature at all. Human no matter civilized or not, nevertheless, is the son not the master of nature. If they want to sustain and maintain the ecological environment, their behavior must follow the rule of nature. If they try to evade these rules, the consequence usually ruins the surrounding environment what nurture them. When the environment gets worst rapidly, their civilization declines too.¡v It seems to be a fate, like Morrie said in ¡mTuesday with Morrie¡n¡G¡uEvery one knows he will die, but nobody takes it as real.¡vHuman does not only treat his own life like this way, but also the environment what they survive and live in! From 1992, ¡¦Rome Club¡¦ published the book ¡mThe limit of growth¡n, the consciousness of environmental protection started to head up. Some issues like Ecology of commerce, Sustainable development, Land ethics, Deep ecology and Environmental economic came out one after one. Purely economic and efficient considering of design and production can¡¦t satisfy these kinds of demand. For this sake, International Standard Organization issued out the ISO-14000 series and accepted worldwide gradually. ISO-14040¡GLife Cycle Assessment¡Aevaluating the impact to the environment from material input, manufacturing, transportation, using, recycle, disposal, by other words--- ¡¥from the cradle to grave¡¦. LCA try to use quantitative concept to interpret the environmental impact or damage from human made product. It may provide environmental protection user a systematic thinking to distinguish which product is environmental amity product, which is not; also could be a stand for environment strategy. Applied on the production, it can be a good tool for ¡¥Green Design¡¦ thinking, to reduce the impact to the environment from every stage in production. This thesis is going to study the 6V4Ah Lead acid battery that used widely in the market. Quoting LCA¡¦s indications and SimaPro 4.0 software developed by Pre Consultants B.V. as the database and tools to evaluate the impact and damage to our environment. About the basic data bank, we adopt the local databank built by ITRI (Industrial Technology Research Institute) for years and the data included in SimaPro software. Those are Pre4, PreNL, BUWAL250 and IDEMAT96. Following the analysis procedures as Classification, Normalization, Evaluation by both impact orientation method --- Eco-indicator 95 method and damage orientation method --- Eco-indicator 99 method to evaluate this product¡¦s LCA study. Further more, look forward to provide a potential evaluation way to evaluate and compare to other various batteries.

Hydrogen ion-sensitive field effect transistor with sol-gel-derived La-modified lead titanate gate Department of Electrical Engineering, National Sun Yat-Sen University *Jen-Fu Su **Ying-Chung Chen Abstract In this thesis the amorphous lead lanthanum titanate (Pb1-xLaxTi1-x/4O3, PLT) membrane has been prepared by sol-gel method as a novel pH-sensitive layer. The lead lanthanum titanate membrane was directly deposited on the SiO2(1000Å)/p-Si substrate by spin-on coating to form the PLT/SiO2/Si EIS structure. The C-V measurement was used for examining the fabrication parameters and sensing properties. Moreover, the PLT membrane was grown onto the SiO2 gate ISFET as the PLT/SiO2 gate ISFET. The electrical properties with the different parameter conditions can be obtained by the I-V measurement. Experimental results show that the fabrication parameters and characteristics of the PLT membrane are determined at the La-modified content about 3 mol% and the firing temperature of 400¢J via the EIS structure. There exhibits the pH response of about 44-52 mV/pH in the range of pH 2-12. Furthermore, the nonideal factors, such as drift of 0.1-0.3 mV/h, hysteresis of 2-13 mV and lifetime decay of about 72 mV/pH-day, can be also obtained via the I-V properties of the ISFET. Finally, the hardware architecture of pH measuring system has been built up. The system makes use of constant current and voltage bias technique to ensure that the variations of the output voltage can give directly the variations of pH value. For the purpose of achieving the function of data calibration and driving the liquid crystal display (LCD), the 8051 microprocessor is employed. Keywords: ISFET, Sol-gel, Lead lanthanum titanate, Drift, Hysteresis, pH meter * Student ** Advisor

Abstract The purposes of this study are to understand the variations of the particulate and dissolved 210Pb and 210Po profiles in the water column of Gaoping Submarine Canyon(GSC) and to compare the distributions of the two nuclides in settling particles and sediments. Different types of samples taken in this area were analyzed for 210Pb and 210Po in order to understand processes involved in the particulate transport. Seawater samples were collected from Ocean Researcher III Cruise (ORIII-1192 in Nov, 2006). Sediment trap was deployed on Jun 21, 2000 and recovered on Jul 20, 2000 (ORIII-634). Sediments cores collected from ORIII-642 on Jul 21, 2000 (Core A-B) and ORIII-696 on Apr 7, 2001 (Core D-F) using multicorer. The profiles of 210Pb and 210Po in water column could be divided into two types one is estuarine and the other is oceanic. The profiles of dissolved nuclides in estuarine stations (CW1 to 3) are lower than in the oceanic stations (CW4-5). Because stations CW1 to 3 are controlled by large amount of terrigenous particles, scavenging in the three stations is quite obvious. The nuclide activities of the settling particles decrease with depth, probably due to dilution by resuspended surface sediment of lower activities, similar to observations in this study area. The downcore distributions of 210Pb and 210Po show clearly disequilibria between the two nuclides and suggested that sediment deposited in GSC has been disturbed down to 40-50 cm deep. All the data indicate the 210Po in the water column and in the settling particles as well as in the surface sediments is strongly deficient relative to its parent, 210Pb. Using a box-model and considering the influence of horizontal transports, we may calculate the residence times of 210Po in the 100m water layer in the GSC, to be 2.1d for the dissolved phase and 7.0 d for the particulate phase with a total 210Pb residence time is 3.8d.

Solder bump is used to connect organic substrate with chip to form Flip Chip package. Comparing to wire bond package, the path is reduced so the electrical performance is much better. Due to the environmental concern, eutectic bump is replaced by lead-free bump gradually. Meanwhile, since wafer technology is improved from 55 nm to 40 nm, the material for dielectric layers is also changed so the material for the package need to revised to meet the characteristic of wafer. Now the laser grooving is adopted before blade sawing to accommodate the brittleness of new 40nm wafer. Also, one extra polyimide is added in the wafer fabrication to reinforce the robustness of the circuit. The stress inside the lead-free bump can be reduced by optimizing the temperature of the reflow process and the speed of cooling. Different UBM structure is also reviewed to find out its affect on the strength of bump and low-K circuit so the failure mode of bump can be predicted. The selection of underfill need to be well considered so, the warpage of package can be reduced, the maximum protection of bump and low-K circuit can be achieved, and the process is easier to control. (The four underfills are reviewed) The reliability test is utilized to decide the best bump composition, the structure of UBM, the selection of underfills and the process parameter. By adding the laser grooving in the wafer sawing process, the chance of crack on die low-K layer is reduced during the reliability test. As for the UBM structure, the POU is better than RPI to reduce the crack of die low-K layer. The result is verified on the package with no underfill by Temperature cycle. Last, the matching of SnCu0.7 bump with SAC305 C4 pad has the best result. During the research, the variance of CTE for the core of substrate contributes less warpage of package, comparing to the difference of Tg for underfills. The adhesion of underfills varies and the underfill UA9 has the best result. The flip chip package with underfill UA9 can passes TCB1000. The optimization of UBM structure for lead-free bump is researched and discussed. Composition of the lead-free bump, process parameter, and cost, those factors are also studied.