Submitted by Nadir Basilio (nadirsb@uninove.br) on 2018-06-21T18:42:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Heliodora Leao Casalechi.pdf: 2679810 bytes, checksum: f981677bdc05834caca5e26029e42566 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-06-21T18:42:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Heliodora Leao Casalechi.pdf: 2679810 bytes, checksum: f981677bdc05834caca5e26029e42566 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-24 / Tendinitis is a common disorder of the musculoskeletal system with multiple pathological manifestations. Although most tendons have the ability to spontaneously repair after injury, scar tissue is formed that can prevent the tendon to perform normal functions. Studies have been conducted using phototherapy in different health areas, using low-intensity lasers and LEDs. However, there are few studies with LEDs therapy. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of phototherapy with Laser (830nm) and LED (945nm) in the repair process of the calcaneus tendonitis in rats. The inflammation was induced by controlled contusion in the medial region of the Achilles tendon of the animals. Was used 112 young male Wistar rats (240 ± 20g), divided into 14 groups with two different experimental periods. Groups CONT (control group), TEND (tendinitis group) during periods 7 and 14 days, LEDT (LED therapy, from th to 7th day and from 1th to 14th day), and LEDT delay (LED therapy from 7th to 14th day). The therapy was initiated 12h after the tendinitis induction, with a 48h interval between irradiations (dose 6J/point). The control animals received simulation of treatment; the same experimental design was used for Laser treatment. All groups were euthanized on the 7th or 14th day after the induction. The tendons were dissected, extracted, and sent for analysis. Were performed biomechanical and histological analysis to evaluate neutrophils and collagen, were also quantitated the inflammatory mediators by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) and the IL-6 and TNF- α levels by ELISA. The results showed that treatments with low-intensity lasers in the parameters used and the times studied reduces migration of inflammatory cells and improves the quality of repair, but the LED even decreasing the inflammation was not effective of biomechanical properties of tendon tissue. / A tendinite é uma desordem comum do sistema musculoesquelético. Embora os tendões tenham habilidade de reparação espontânea após ferimento, o tecido da cicatrização que é formado pode impedir o tendão de executar as funções normais. Estudos vêm sendo realizados utilizando a fototerapia em diferentes áreas da saúde, empregando tanto laseres quanto LEDs de baixa intensidade. Contudo, existe um número reduzido de estudos com a utilização da terapia com LEDs. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar os efeitos anti-inflamatórios e as propriedades mecânicas do tecido após a ação da fototerapia utilizando LASER (830nm) e LEDs (945nm), na região do infravermelho, na tendinite induzida por trauma mecânico em tendão de Aquiles de ratos. Foram utilizados 112 ratos machos albinos da linhagem Wistar (240 ± 20g), distribuídos em 14 grupos e dois períodos experimentais diferentes. Grupos CONT (grupo controle), os grupos TEND (grupos tendinite) nos períodos de 7 e 14 dias, o LEDT (grupos terapia LED), do 1º ao 7º dia e do 1º ao 14º dia) e o grupo LEDT delay (terapia LED do 7º ao 14º dia). A terapia teve início 12 horas após a indução da tendinite, utilizando uma dose de 6J no ponto de aplicação, com intervalos de 48 em 48 horas. A fototerapia foi aplicada transcutaneamente em um único ponto sobre a região lesionada. Os animais dos grupos controle foram submetidos à simulação da aplicação com o aparelho desligado, o mesmo desenho experimental foi utilizado feito para o tratamento Laser. As eutanásias ocorreram ao 7º e 14º dia do experimento. Foi realizada análise biomecânica, histopatológica para avaliação de neutrófilos e colágeno, também foram quantificados os mediadores inflamatórios por meio da RT-PCR e os níveis de IL-6 e TNF- α foram avaliados pelo teste imunoenzimático (ELISA). Por meio dos resultados encontrados, é possível inferir que os tratamentos com Laser de baixa intensidade, nos parâmetros utilizados e nos tempos estudados melhora a qualidade do reparo do tecido tendíneo, a biomecânica e reduz a migração de células inflamatórias, já o LED de baixa intensidade apesar de diminuir a inflamação não foi eficiente na manutenção da biomecânica do tendão.

<p>  </p> <p>With the rapid growth in population and urbanization, an increased supply of fresh, nutritious, and safe food in urban areas is required. Relying solely on conventional agriculture for food production can be risky due to climate change and decreasing natural resources (i.e., water, and arable land). Vertical farming (VF) involves growing food crops (primarily leafy greens and small-statured fruits) at multiple levels in controlled environments with less land and water inputs. However, high operational costs have resulted in low-profit margins in VF, which are challenging the economic sustainability of the VF industry. With the present VF technology, it may be difficult to significantly reduce the operational costs. Therefore, maximizing the wholesale value of produce, which is determined by the total yield and sale price per unit quantity (or crop value), is critical for increasing profits in VF. In this research, the overall goal is to increase lettuce growth, nutritional quality, and food safety by optimizing the light quality of light-emitting diodes (LED) in VF to increase the whole value of produce and thus increase the VF profits. The objectives of the research were to (i) study the independent and interactive effects of monochromatic wavebands of light from UV-A (365 nm) to far-red (750 nm) on lettuce growth and nutritional quality; (ii) identify the effects of substituting moderate proportions of UV-A and a high proportion of UV-A coupled with far-red light in growth lighting on lettuce growth and nutritional quality; (iii) study the effects of lettuce cultivars and UV LED light on the survival of <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 on lettuce in VF production.</p> <p>In the first study, we investigated the effects of different wavebands of light ranging from UV-A (370 nm) to far-red (733 nm), both independently and in combination with commercial growth lighting on lettuce growth, incident light-use efficiency (LUEinc), and levels of phytochemicals. Results showed that the monochromatic wavebands 389 and 733 nm had positive interactions with the growth lighting on lettuce. In addition, results also indicated that UV-A light at a peak wavelength of 389 nm could potentially increase phytochemical concentrations. In the second study, the effects of 40% UV-A (UV 389 nm) and 60% UV-A (UV 389 nm) plus 10% far-red (FR 733 nm) light for growth light during the plant stationary growth stage on lettuce biomass and biosynthesis of phytochemicals were examined. Results showed that substituting UV-A for 40% growth lighting during the plant stationary growth stage for seven days resulted in significantly increased levels of beta-carotene and phylloquinone in lettuce while slightly lowering lettuce growth. And the addition of far-red light to UV-A did not result in the expected increase in vegetative growth, while the levels of phytochemicals were not affected. In the third study, we first investigated the effects of four lettuce cultivars, including oakleaf, romaine, butterhead, and leaf lettuce on the survival of <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 gfp+. Results showed that leaf lettuce had the lowest while oakleaf and romaine had the highest concentrations of <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 gfp+ when sampled on days 2 and 7 after the inoculation, and on day 7 after harvest and storage at 4 °C. Then we examined the feasibility of supplementing UV-A, UV A+B, and UV A+C during plant growth stages to reduce <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 gfp+ contamination on lettuce. Our results indicated that only the UV A+C light at an intensity of 54.4 μmol·m-2·s-1 for 15 minutes per day after inoculation reduced <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 gfp+ contamination by 0.33 log CFU·g-1 without affecting plant growth and levels of phytochemicals.</p> <p>The outcomes from our research suggested that the interactive effects of monochromatic wavebands should be considered in developing light recipes. In addition, VF growers who are interested in improving the nutritional phytochemical levels such as beta-carotene and phylloquinone in lettuce while maintaining growth should consider adding a moderate proportion (< 40%) of near-blue UV-A (i.e., 389 nm) radiation during the plant stationary growth phase to growth lighting. However, shorter wavelengths of UV-A radiation are not recommended due to their negative effects on plant growth and high economic cost. For growers who are at high risk of <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 contamination, it is suggested that growing leaf lettuce and supplementation of UV A+C LED light during the plant-growth period should be considered to reduce the <em>E. coli</em> O157:H7 contamination levels.</p>

Atualmente a procura por produtos sustentáveis têm-se mostrado cada vez mais frequente e promissora. Em espécies de importância comercial, procura-se obter a maior produtividade possível dentro de um curto espaço de tempo aliado à preservação do meio ambiente. Dentro disso, a transformação genética de plantas se mostra uma alternativa atrativa para a geração de variedades de cana-de-açúcar que gerem produtos de maneira mais eficaz. O sucesso da transformação genética está diretamente associada a cultura de tecidos de plantas que precisa ser adequada a cada genótipo e situação de cultivo, sendo a luminosidade um dos principais fatores para a produção de plantas vigorosas. Outro fator importante é a seleção das plantas transgênicas, que precisam ser submetidas a uma quantidade de agente seletivo suficiente para identificar as plantas modificadas geneticamente. Em cana-de-açúcar, a identificação de plantas transgênicas por PCR e a definição do número de cópias é um procedimento de difícil execução e muito oneroso. Isto se dá pois no processo transformação via biolística, a inserção de genes é aleatória, produzindo plantas com variados números de cópias. Em consideração a estes fatores envolvidos na eficiência de obtenção de plantas transgênicas de cana-de-açúcar, os objetivos deste trabalho foram o aperfeiçoamento do protocolo de cultura de tecidos, transformação genética da variedade SP803280 com os genes xth, AtDdm1, como também, definir genes de referência para a quantificação do número de cópias dos genes xth e AtDdm1 inseridos na variedade SP803280 e do gene neo na RB835089, análise de ploidia e tamanho de genoma dos eventos transgênicos comparado com as plantas controle. No estudo a respeito da melhor qualidade de luz durante o cultivo in vitro na fase de regeneração de plantas, tem-se que a luz branca e a junção das luzes LED e branca se mostraram melhores para regeneração e desenvolvimento das plantas enquanto que para plântulas, as luzes LED e branca separadamente foram mais efetivas no crescimento. Para a seleção das plantas uma concentração de geneticina entre 40 e 50 mgL-1 é recomendada. As taxas de sucesso nas transformações genéticas para o gene xth variaram entre 2,5 a 18,3% dependendo do experimento e para AtDdm1 foi de 2,2% em um bombardeamento.Não houveram alterações de ploidia e tamanho do genoma nos transgênicos das duas variedades em relação à planta selvagem. Os genes p4h e prr foram identificados como os melhores para a quantificação relativa de genes inseridos por PCR em tempo real na variedade SP803280 enquanto que para a RB835089 aprt e prr se mostraram mais eficazes. A análise do número de cópias inseridas em eventos transgênicos por PCR em tempo real foi possível através das duas metodologias de cálculo testados por este trabalho, com resultados que concordam com uma tendência nesta determinação de maneira simples e rápida. / Currently the demand for sustainable products has been shown to be frequent and promising. In species of commercial importance, there is an effort to obtain the highest possible productivity in a short time, along with the environment preservation. In this context, genetic transformation of plants appears as an attractive alternative for the development of sugarcane varieties able to generate products in a more effective way. The genetic transformation success is directly associated to plant tissue culture that requires specific condition for each genotype and cultivation process, in which, luminosity is one of the main factors that determines the production of vigorous plants. Another important factor is the selection of transgenic plants, that occur by exposing plants to a sufficient amount of selective agent in order to identify only genetic modified plants. In sugarcane, identification of transgenic plants by PCR and the definition of copy numbers is a difficult procedure to implement and usually is very costly. It is because in the process of genetic transformation by biolistic, the insertion of genes occurs randomly and also produce plants with varied copy numbers. In consideration of these factors directly involved in the efficiency to obtain sugarcane transgenic plants the objectives of this study were the improvement of a tissue culture protocol, the genetic transformation of the variety SP803280 with xth and AtDdm1 genes. Also, the studies include the definition of reference genes for determining the number of copies inserted of xth and AtDdm1 genes into the variety SP803280 and neo gene in RB835089, ploidy analysis and genome size of the transgenic events compared to control plants. In the study related to the best light quality for in vitro plant regeneration, white light and the combination of LED and white lights proved to be better for plants regeneration and development while for seedlings, LED and white light separately were more effective for growth. In order to obtain selection of transgenic plants, geneticin concentration between 40 and 50 mg L-1 is recommended. Success rates in xth genetic transformation ranged from 2.5 to 18.3% depending on the experiment, and for AtDdm1 was only 2.2% in just one biolistic bombardment. There were no changes in ploidy and genome size in transgenic events related to their wild type plant. The genes p4h and prr were defined to be the best for determining the copy number of transgenic events by real time PCR in SP803280 variety, while for RB835089, the genes aprt and prr were the most effective. The analysis of the number of inserted copies was possible using the two calculation methodologies tested by this work, with results that agree with a tendency in a simple and fast quantification methodology.

For a long time, auxiliary lights utilizing halogen or xenon light sources has been fitted in front of the car’s front grille when needing an improved high beam performance. The bigger the auxiliary light, the better its light performance has been. Today’s LED (Light Emitting Diode) technology, where several small light sources are used, has enabled a new market of auxiliary lights, smaller in size and more flexible in shape but with performance able to both match and outperform the traditional auxiliary lights. This master thesis focuses on developing an overall solution for mounting the type of LED auxiliary light commonly referred to as LED light bars on the roof of a car and aims to broaden an existing market. LED light bars are characterized by its oblong and cuboid-like shape. High-performance light bars are theft-desirable by nature as they have a high price and lack of theft security in themselves. In today’s market, there is no given solution for the attachment of roof mounted light bars without harming the car. As a result, mountings of this kind are mostly seen neither aerodynamic nor aesthetically appealing. The project has been performed according to the CDIO (Conceive, Design, Implement, Operate) phases. During the conceive phase, a comprehensive pre-study was carried out in which car, relevant theories, LED light bars, competitors and expert observations were investigated. In the design phase, ideas were developed using a number of creative methods implemented individually, in groups and in the form of a workshop. Ideas were clustered into categories and were screened prior to the implement phase. In the following phase, the ideas were combined into a concept that was defined in details. A prototype was manufactured and evaluated, after which the concept was iterated into a final solution. During the last phase, operate, all deliverables were produced at the same time as a manufacturing process was initiated. Together with Vparts, a company dedicated entirely to Volvo owners, an overall solution has been developed to enable a good-looking, anti-theft-proof, model specific and aerodynamic mounting of LED light bars onto the roofs of cars. The concept consists of a double curved light bar in combination with lockable and adjustable mounts having an aerodynamic shape. The solution is modular and includes two different versions of the mounts, which together cover 9 Volvo models, each variant consisting of four different components per side of the light bar.

Atualmente a procura por produtos sustentáveis têm-se mostrado cada vez mais frequente e promissora. Em espécies de importância comercial, procura-se obter a maior produtividade possível dentro de um curto espaço de tempo aliado à preservação do meio ambiente. Dentro disso, a transformação genética de plantas se mostra uma alternativa atrativa para a geração de variedades de cana-de-açúcar que gerem produtos de maneira mais eficaz. O sucesso da transformação genética está diretamente associada a cultura de tecidos de plantas que precisa ser adequada a cada genótipo e situação de cultivo, sendo a luminosidade um dos principais fatores para a produção de plantas vigorosas. Outro fator importante é a seleção das plantas transgênicas, que precisam ser submetidas a uma quantidade de agente seletivo suficiente para identificar as plantas modificadas geneticamente. Em cana-de-açúcar, a identificação de plantas transgênicas por PCR e a definição do número de cópias é um procedimento de difícil execução e muito oneroso. Isto se dá pois no processo transformação via biolística, a inserção de genes é aleatória, produzindo plantas com variados números de cópias. Em consideração a estes fatores envolvidos na eficiência de obtenção de plantas transgênicas de cana-de-açúcar, os objetivos deste trabalho foram o aperfeiçoamento do protocolo de cultura de tecidos, transformação genética da variedade SP803280 com os genes xth, AtDdm1, como também, definir genes de referência para a quantificação do número de cópias dos genes xth e AtDdm1 inseridos na variedade SP803280 e do gene neo na RB835089, análise de ploidia e tamanho de genoma dos eventos transgênicos comparado com as plantas controle. No estudo a respeito da melhor qualidade de luz durante o cultivo in vitro na fase de regeneração de plantas, tem-se que a luz branca e a junção das luzes LED e branca se mostraram melhores para regeneração e desenvolvimento das plantas enquanto que para plântulas, as luzes LED e branca separadamente foram mais efetivas no crescimento. Para a seleção das plantas uma concentração de geneticina entre 40 e 50 mgL-1 é recomendada. As taxas de sucesso nas transformações genéticas para o gene xth variaram entre 2,5 a 18,3% dependendo do experimento e para AtDdm1 foi de 2,2% em um bombardeamento.Não houveram alterações de ploidia e tamanho do genoma nos transgênicos das duas variedades em relação à planta selvagem. Os genes p4h e prr foram identificados como os melhores para a quantificação relativa de genes inseridos por PCR em tempo real na variedade SP803280 enquanto que para a RB835089 aprt e prr se mostraram mais eficazes. A análise do número de cópias inseridas em eventos transgênicos por PCR em tempo real foi possível através das duas metodologias de cálculo testados por este trabalho, com resultados que concordam com uma tendência nesta determinação de maneira simples e rápida. / Currently the demand for sustainable products has been shown to be frequent and promising. In species of commercial importance, there is an effort to obtain the highest possible productivity in a short time, along with the environment preservation. In this context, genetic transformation of plants appears as an attractive alternative for the development of sugarcane varieties able to generate products in a more effective way. The genetic transformation success is directly associated to plant tissue culture that requires specific condition for each genotype and cultivation process, in which, luminosity is one of the main factors that determines the production of vigorous plants. Another important factor is the selection of transgenic plants, that occur by exposing plants to a sufficient amount of selective agent in order to identify only genetic modified plants. In sugarcane, identification of transgenic plants by PCR and the definition of copy numbers is a difficult procedure to implement and usually is very costly. It is because in the process of genetic transformation by biolistic, the insertion of genes occurs randomly and also produce plants with varied copy numbers. In consideration of these factors directly involved in the efficiency to obtain sugarcane transgenic plants the objectives of this study were the improvement of a tissue culture protocol, the genetic transformation of the variety SP803280 with xth and AtDdm1 genes. Also, the studies include the definition of reference genes for determining the number of copies inserted of xth and AtDdm1 genes into the variety SP803280 and neo gene in RB835089, ploidy analysis and genome size of the transgenic events compared to control plants. In the study related to the best light quality for in vitro plant regeneration, white light and the combination of LED and white lights proved to be better for plants regeneration and development while for seedlings, LED and white light separately were more effective for growth. In order to obtain selection of transgenic plants, geneticin concentration between 40 and 50 mg L-1 is recommended. Success rates in xth genetic transformation ranged from 2.5 to 18.3% depending on the experiment, and for AtDdm1 was only 2.2% in just one biolistic bombardment. There were no changes in ploidy and genome size in transgenic events related to their wild type plant. The genes p4h and prr were defined to be the best for determining the copy number of transgenic events by real time PCR in SP803280 variety, while for RB835089, the genes aprt and prr were the most effective. The analysis of the number of inserted copies was possible using the two calculation methodologies tested by this work, with results that agree with a tendency in a simple and fast quantification methodology.

The interior light with the changable color temperature, which can react to various daytime and also react to requirements of the customer. This feature is possible by LED technology. The shape of the light comes from undersea inspiration. The light wants to remain to the man his natural environment. And also respect his lighting needs. The light would be made from the segments which are possible to adapt in any interior by size. And also with more segments we can get more light intensity.

In the last decades, investigations of organic light-emitting diodes (OLEDs) have tackled several key challenges of this lighting technology and have brought the electron to photon conversion efficiency close to unity. However, currently only 20% to 30% of the photons can typically be extracted from OLED structures, as total internal reflection traps the major amount of the generated light inside the devices. This work focuses on the optimization of the optical properties of top-emitting OLEDs, in which the emission is directed away from the substrate. In this case, opaque materials, e.g. a metal foil or a display backplane can be used as substrate as well. Even though top-emitting OLEDs are often preferred for applications such as displays, two main challenges remain: the application of light extraction structures and the deposition of highly transparent materials as top electrode, without harming the organic layers below. Both issues are addressed in this work. First, top-emitting OLEDs are deposited on top of periodically corrugated light outcoupling structures, in order to extract internally trapped light modes by Bragg scattering and to investigate the basic scattering mechanisms in these devices. It is shown for the first time that the electrical performance is maintained in corrugated top-emitting OLEDs deposited on top of light extraction structures. Furthermore, as no adverse effects to the internal quantum efficiency have been observed, the additional emission from previously trapped light modes directly increases the device efficiency. It has been proven that the spectral emission of corrugated OLEDs is determined by the interference of all light modes inside the air light-cone, including the observation of destructive interference and anti-crossing phenomena. The formation of a coherently coupled mode pair of the initial radiative cavity mode and a Bragg scattered mode has been first observed, when grating structures with an aspect ratio > 0.2 are applied. There, the radiative cavity mode partially vanishes. The observation and analysis of such new emission phenomena in corrugated top-emitting OLEDs has been essential in obtaining a detailed insight on fundamental scattering processes as well as for the optimization and control of the spectral emission by light extraction structures. Second, the adverse impact of using only moderately transparent silver electrodes in white top-emitting OLEDs has been compensated improving the metal film morphology, as the organic materials often prevent a replacement by state-of-the-art electrodes, like Indium-tin-oxide (ITO). A high surface energy Au wetting layer, also in combination with MoO3, deposited underneath the Ag leads to smooth, homogeneous, and closed films. This allows to decrease the silver thickness from the state-of-the-art 15 nm to 3 nm, which has the advantage of increasing the transmittance significantly while maintaining a high conductivity. Thereby, a transmittance comparable to the ITO benchmark has been reached in the wavelength regime of the emitters. White top-emitting OLEDs using the wetting layer electrodes outperform state-of-the art top-emitting devices with neat Ag top electrodes, by improving the angular colorstability, the color rendering, and the device efficiency, further reaching sightly improved characteristics compared to references with ITO bottom electrode. The enormous potential of wetting layer metal electrodes in improving the performance of OLEDs has been further validated in inverted top-emitting devices, which are preferred for display applications, as well as transparent OLEDs, in which the brittle ITO electrode is replaced by a wetting layer electrode. Combining both concepts, wetting layer electrodes and light extraction structures, allows for the optimization of the grating-OLED system. The impact of destructive mode interference has been reduced and thus the efficiency increased by a decrease of the top electrode thickness, which would have not been achieved without a wetting layer. The optimization of corrugated white top-emitting OLEDs with a top electrode of only 2 nm gold and 7 nm silver on top of a grating with depth of 150 nm and period of 0.8 µm have yielded a reliable device performance and increased efficiency by a factor of 1.85 compared to a planar reference (5.0% to 9.1% EQE at 1000 cd/m2). This enhancement is comparable to common light extraction structures, such as half-sphere lenses or microlens foils, which are typically restricted to bottom-emitting devices. Overall, the deposition of top-emitting OLEDs on top of light extraction structures finally allow for an efficient extraction of internally trapped light modes from these devices, while maintaining a high device yield. Finally, the investigations have resulted in a significant efficiency improvement of top-emitting OLEDs and the compensation of drawbacks (optimization of the white light emission and the extraction of internal light modes) in comparison to the bottom-emitting devices. The investigated concepts are beneficial for OLEDs in general, since the replacement of the brittle ITO electrodes and the fabrication of roll-to-roll processing compatible light extraction structures are also desirable for bottom-emitting, or transparent OLEDs.

Abstract That greenhouse gas (GHG) emission causes ¡§Global Warming¡¨ is a human common problem today in the earth. The GHG emission will gradually promote our weather temperature and change which we must pay for a lot. For example, the warming temperature will dissolve icebergs, that it will elevate the sea level. Also, our land area will decrease. If climate zones were shifted, it would be possible to initiate some animals migrate. In the worse case, our living space will be squeezed and some special diseases will be spread out¡Ketc. In view of environmental protection awareness in every country, we must face the problem and crisis which comes from ¡§Global Warming¡¨ and ¡§Heating Pollution¡¨. In June of 1992, there was a meeting in Rio of Brazil. All representatives who comes from 153 different countries sign an agreement ¡V the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). They try to stabilize greenhouse gas concentrations at a level that would prevent dangerous interference with the climate and environmental system. To achieve this goal, the Kyoto Protocol was adopted on COP3 in December 1997 to place legally binding limits on GHG emissions. This Protocol norms 38 countries and European Union. In June 2007, the Group of Eight (G8) have reached a consensus and expect in year 2050, CO2 emissions can be reduced to the half of current emissions. We can see that, every country is vigorous to look for alternative energy that eliminates the environment destroyed and saves the earth resources. For example, Solar Energy, Water Energy, Wind Energy, Biomass Energy, Ocean Energy and Geothermal Energy¡Ketc. Those are gradually developed and applied in our daily life. My research is focus on the LED applications based on the substitution of traditional lighting. Actually, LED has all advantage of the energy saving, eco-lighting and economy of scale. How to use this alternative lighting is of great urgency and the major topic in light source manufacturers. For example, if America can replace their 55% white heat bulbs and 55% fluorescent lamps by LED before 2010, they can save 35 billion US dollars every year. For Japan, if they replace 100% white heat bulbs, they can save one to two of Nuclear Power Plants. Also, they can save above 100 million of gasoline every year. As to Taiwan official estimation, we can save 11 billion electricity degrees every year when we replace 25% white heat bulbs and 100% fluorescent lamps. That electric power is approximate to save one Nuclear Power Plant and 50 million of gasoline every year. According to the data above, the population of LED will give us a lot of eco-benefits. My report leans on researching and treating LED. Then, I take one step ahead to demonstrate how important it is to apply LED on our human light source and the effects of earth environment. Keywords: Greenhouse Gas (GHG) Global Warming United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) Kyoto Protocol Biomass Energy LED - Light Emitting Diode (display)

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This diploma thesis describes the design of the illumination system for a Coherence--Controlled Holographic Microscope (CCHM). The theoretical part mentions the history of microscopy, the principle of holography and individual types of interference microscopy. To get closer to the topic, individual light sources and an overview of current illumination systems are mentioned. The diploma thesis also describes the procedure of designing a fiber-optic illumination module for microscopy from optical design through design of construction to the last step, which is assembly and testing of the module.