Thesis (M.S.)--Rochester Institute of Technology, 2009. / Typescript. Includes bibliographical references (leaves 37-38).

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Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:33:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2011-03-28Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:03:58Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 melo_agr_dr_jabo.pdf: 408916 bytes, checksum: 3c5ff18a2b660a408a03403500819531 (MD5) / A leishmaniose visceral canina (LVC) é uma zoonose causada pelo agente Leishmania infantum. O cão se destaca por seu importante papel na cadeia epidemiológica da doença, porquanto é o principal reservatório urbano da infecção, cuja transmissão é dependente de populações de Lutzomyia longipalpis. A enfermidade é multissistêmica e de patogenia complexa, envolvendo diferentes mecanismos imunológicos. A despeito do grande número de estudos sobre a patogenia e lesões que ocorrem na leishmaniose visceral canina, a fisiopatologia da lesão ocular ainda permanece obscura. O objetivo deste estudo foi detectar a presença de células inflamatórias e de formas amastigotas de L. Infantum pela imuno-histoquímica em olhos de cães experimentalmente infectados via ocular tópica. Constituiu-se um grupo inoculado (GI) composto por sete cães, que receberam a instilação de cultura de Leishmania infantum por via conjuntival, e um grupo controle (GC) composto por três cães, nos quais a instilação tópica foi realizada com solução salina. Após 60 dias, os tecidos oculares foram analisados utilizando-se as técnicas de coloração em Hematoxilina e Eosina (HE) e a reação de imuno-histoquímica pela streptoavidina-peroxidase. A análise histopatológica revelou uma resposta inflamatória com predomínio de plasmócitos e linfócitos, perivasculite, congestão vascular e hiperplasia das células caliciformes em conjuntiva. As glândulas lacrimais da terceira pálpebra apresentaram infiltrado inflamatório com atrofia focal e desorganização do estroma. Formas amastigotas de L. infantum foram observadas através da detecção imuno-histoquímica em 100% das amostras do grupo infectado / Canine visceral leishmaniasis (CVL) is an infection caused by Leishmania infantum agent. The dog stands out for its important role in the epidemiology of the disease, since it is the main urban reservoir of infection, whose transmission is dependent on populations of Lutzomyia longipalpis. The disease is multisystemic and complex pathogenesis, involving different immunological mechanisms. Despite the large number of studies regarding the pathogenesis and lesions that occur in canine leishmaniasis, the pathophysiology of a ocular lesion still remains obscure. The goal of this study was to evaluate the inflammatory cells and immunohistochemical detection of L. infantum in eyes from dogs experimentally infected by topical ocular infection. Constituted an inoculated group (IG), composed of seven dogs that received instillation of culture of Leishmania infantum by conjunctival route, and a control group (CG) composed of three dogs, in which the topical instillation was performed with saline. After 60 days, the ocular tissues were analyzed using the techniques of staining in hematoxylin and eosin (HE) and immunohistochemical reaction for streptoavidin-peroxidase. Histopathological analysis revealed an inflammatory response characterized by the presence of plasma cells, lymphocytes, congestion, perivasculitis and hyperplasia of the goblet cells in conjuctiva. In the lachrymal gland of the third eyelid were observed inflammatory response with focal atrophy and stromal disorganization. Amastigotes forms of L. infantum were observed by immunohistochemical detection in 100% of samples from infected group

Orientador: Carlos Emílio Levy / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências Médicas / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T20:01:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Costa_LoredanaNilkenesGomesda_M.pdf: 992653 bytes, checksum: 83629306da3a0966f33f472399264f04 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: INTRODUÇÃO: As leishmanioses são um conjunto de doenças parasitárias causadas por mais de vinte espécies de tripanossomatídeos do gênero Leishmania. Afetam animais (silvestres e domésticos) e o homem. No Brasil é uma doença com diversos agentes, reservatórios e vetores que apresenta diferentes padrões de transmissão e um conhecimento ainda limitado sobre alguns aspectos epidemiológicos, o que a torna de difícil controle. OBJETIVO: Utilizar a técnica de PCR para fins diagnósticos de Leishmaniose, tanto de amostras clínicas humanas (Campinas), como de amostras caninas procedentes das cidades de Campinas/SP e Teresina/PI. MÉTODOS: Foram encaminhadas ao Laboratório de Parasitologia do Hospital de Clínicas da Unicamp, 120 amostras humanas e 195 amostras caninas. A PCR foi realizada utilizando primers específicos para o gênero Leishmania ssp. e para as espécies L. (L.) infantum chagasi e L. (V.) braziliensis. RESULTADOS: Das 120 amostras humanas, 80 eram suspeitas de leishmaniose (43 obtidas de medula óssea e 37 de biópsias e/ou raspado de lesão tegumentar). Destas, 15 foram positivas na pesquisa direta e apenas 9 foram positivas na cultura e 20 apresentaram PCR positivo para gênero. Foram utilizadas 40 amostras como controle, sendo todas negativas para o PCR. As 15 amostras que foram positivas na pesquisa direta apresentaram positividade na PCR, sendo 7 identificadas como L. (L.) infantum chagasi, 7 L. (V.) braziliensis e 1 positiva apenas para o gênero Leishmania, esta sendo procedente de amostra de punção de medula óssea. A PCR realizada nas amostras caninas, quando comparada ao teste de triagem mostrou diferença de sensibilidade do método nas duas cidades de estudo, sendo que em Campinas foi observada maior sensibilidade da PCR (88,24%) [p=0,0455] quando comparada a casuística de Teresina (14,71%) [p<0.0001]. Na comparação da PCR com o teste confirmatório foram encontrados resultados discordantes entre as técnicas de PCR e Elisa (p=0.0027 para Campinas e p<0.0001 para Teresina) para os valores de sensibilidade (Campinas=100%/Teresina=21,74%), especificidade (Campinas=30,77% / Teresina=100%), VPP (Campinas=68,97% / Teresina=100%) e VPN (Campinas=100% / Teresina=37,94%). DISCUSSÃO E CONCLUSÃO: Para o diagnostico de LV e LT em humanos a PCR mostrou excelente concordância com os testes padrão ouro, com elevada sensibilidade e especificidade. Foi possível comprovar a ausência de reações cruzadas dos primers utilizados com outros parasitos filogeneticamente próximos. A PCR apresenta-se como uma ferramenta de considerável valor para a identificação das espécies envolvidas nas infecções em cães e humanos. No diagnóstico da leishmaniose visceral canina em cidades com perfil epidemiológico como Campinas onde o surto parece ser mais recente, o desempenho da PCR mostra-se muito útil na detecção de cães infectados. Nesta população o teste de triagem se mostrou mais sensível e específico que o teste confirmatório, tendo como referência a detecção do DNA do parasito pela PCR. No caso de Teresina, com provável padrão de doença canina endêmica de longa duração a PCR não se mostrou útil para diagnóstico, exceto para detecção de poucos cães com provável parasitemia ativa ou antigenemia / Abstract: BACKGROUND: Leishmaniasis is a group of parasitic diseases caused by over twenty species of trypanosomes of the genus Leishmania. Affect animals (wild and domestic) and man. In Brazil is a disease with many agents, reservoirs and vectors presenting different patterns of transmission and there is still limited knowledge on some epidemiological aspects, which makes it difficult to control. OBJECTIVE: Using PCR for leishmaniasis diagnostic purposes, from human clinical samples (Campinas) and canine samples coming from the cities of Campinas/SP and Teresina/PI . METHODS: In the Laboratory of Parasitology of the Hospital de Clinicas Unicamp, 120 human samples and 195 canine samples were processed. PCR was performed using primers specific for the genus Leishmania ssp. and for L. (L.) infantum chagasi and L. (V.) braziliensis species. RESULTS: Among the 120 human samples, 80 were suspected of leishmaniasis (obtained 43 from bone marrow biopsies and 37 from cutaneous lesion scrapings). Of these 80 samples, only 15 were positive on direct testing, 9 were positive in culture and 20 were positive for PCR for Leishmania genus. As control were used 40 samples, all negative for PCR. The 15 samples that were positive in the direct examination were also positive in PCR , 7 identified as L. (L.) infantum chagasi, 7 L. (V.) braziliensis and only 1 positive for genus Leishmania and negative for L. (L.) i. chagasi or L. (V.) braziliensis coming from a sample of bone marrow aspiration. The PCR performed in canine samples compared to the screening test showed difference in sensitivity in both cities. In Campinas was obtained higher sensitivity of PCR (88.24 %) [p = 0.0455] when compared with the series in Teresina (14.71 %) [p<0.0001]. When compared PCR with the confirmatory testing, discordant results were found between PCR and ELISA (p=0.0027 for Campinas and p<0.0001 for Teresina) for values of sensitivity (100 %=Campinas/Teresina = 21.74 % ), specificity (Campinas = 30.77 %/Teresina = 100 %), PPV (Campinas = 68.97 %/Teresina = 100 %) and VPN (Campinas = 100 %/ Teresina = 37.94 %). DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSION: PCR showed excellent agreement with the gold standard test for the diagnosis of human VL and TL with high sensitivity and specificity. It was possible to prove the absence of cross-reactivity of the primers with other phylogenetically close parasites. PCR is presented as a tool of considerable value to identify the species involved in infections in dogs and humans. In the diagnosis of canine visceral leishmaniasis in cities with epidemiological profile like Campinas, where the outbreak appears to be more recent, the performance of PCR proved to be very useful for the detection of infected dogs. In this population the screening test was more sensitive and specific than the confirmatory test, with the detection of the parasite DNA by PCR as reference. In the case of Teresina, with the probable pattern of endemic canine long-term illness, PCR was not useful for diagnosis, except for detection of few dogs with probable active parasitemia and antigenemia / Mestrado / Saude da Criança e do Adolescente / Mestra em Ciências

Describe las características demográficas, clínicas y epidemiológicas de la población afectada por Leishmaniasis cutánea durante el 2012 al 2015 en una población de Iquitos. Además, identifica la especie de Leishmania más común en la población estudiada mediante kDNA y RT PCR. / Tesis

There are currently no ideal treatments or acceptable vaccines for cutaneous leishmaniasis, a worldwide health problem caused by infection with a number of species of the dimorphic protozoa Leishmania. Therefore, there is an urgent need to search for simple, safe, effective, and affordable treatments. Imiquimod is an immune-response modifying agent. Recently, 5% imiquimod cream (Aldara(TM)) received approval by the Food and Drug Administration in the United States and is currently available for the treatment of external genital and perianal warts caused by human papillomavirus infection. The antiviral activity of this drug is mediated through stimulation of cytokine release from many cell types including macrophages resulting in a local immune response at the site of application. Moreover, imiquimod has been shown to enhance cell-mediated immune responses (CMIR). Since imiquimod activates macrophages, the exclusive host cells of Leishmania, and stimulates CMIR which are required for host defence against Leishmania, we have investigated the potential of using imiquimod and its related compound, S-28463, as agents for treating leishmaniasis. It is demonstrated within that imiquimod and S-28463 effectively stimulated leishmanicidal activity both in vitro in macrophages and in vivo in a mouse model. These compounds also stimulated signal transduction associated with the induction of nitric oxide synthesis in macrophages. Imiquimod and S-28463 induced leishmanicidal activity in macrophages in the absence of any other cell types. We have demonstrated that S-28463 generated macrophage leishmanicidal activity by inducing genes involved in macrophage activation and inflammatory responses. Finally, we have also performed an analysis on the influence of L. donovani on macrophage gene expression using a cDNA array analysis, a similar methodology to study the effect of S-28463 on macrophage gene expression. Intramacrophage infection with L. donovani was shown to cause general

Publicación a texto completo no autorizada por el autor / Evalúa la eficacia de la mefloquina en una región endémica de leismaniasis cutánea por Leishmania (Viannia) braziliensis, considerando que esta droga, de administración oral, eficaz en el tratamiento de la malaria, con vida media prolongada y efectos colaterales poco frecuentes podría ser menos tóxica y de administración más fácil al ser comparada con los antimoniales pentavalentes. En Corte de Pedra, poblado ubicado en el litoral sur del Estado de Bahia en Brasil, se administró tratamiento, aleatoriamente a diez pacientes portadores de lesiones leishmaniásicas. Ellos fueron subdivididos en dos grupos de cinco pacientes. El primer grupo recibió mefloquina por vía oral a la dosis de 250 mg/día, durante seis días. Luego de un intervalo de tres semanas se repitió el mismo esquema. El segundo grupo recibió antimoniato de meglumina (Glucantime®) diariamente, por vía endovenosa, en la dosis de 20 mg/kg por 20 días. En el grupo tratado con mefloquina solo un paciente cicatrizó la lesión después de, inclusive el segundo ciclo. En este grupo, un paciente con cuatro lesiones presentó una nueva lesión durante el primer ciclo de tratamiento. La evolución de los otros tres fue lenta y luego de nueve semanas ninguno de ellos había presentado cicatrización de la lesión entretanto que permanecían con gran infiltración y signos evidentes de actividad. El otro grupo, tratado con Glucantime® presentó evidente mejoría en el mismo período de tiempo. No hubo evidencia clínica de mejoría en los pacientes con leishmaniasis cutánea tratados con mefloquina. / Trabajo de investigación

Determina la actividad anti-Leishmania de tres chalconas de origen sintético contra parásitos de Leishmania infantum, causantes de leishmaniosis visceral. La identidad de las chalconas fue confirmada a través de espectros RMN de protón y fueron etiquetadas como “chalcona 40”, “chalcona 4β” y “chalcona 4γ”. Se desarrollaron tres modelos de evaluación in vitro los cuales emplearon promastigotes procíclicos, amastigotes axénicos y amastigotes intramacrofágicos. Adicionalmente se evaluó la citotoxicidad de los compuestos utilizando macrófagos peritoneales de ratón BALB/C y la línea celular “Raw Cell”. Las tres chalconas fueron poco activas y selectivas contra los promastigotes, sin embargo, para los amastigotes axénicos la actividad y selectividad fue mayor, observándose en la chalcona 43 un IC50 de 2,6 μM, una citotoxicidad (CC50) de 421,4 μM y un índice de selectividad (IS) de 162, IS= CC50/IC50). En el modelo de amastigotes intrarmacrofágicos se observó la mayor actividad en la chalcona 42 (11,1 μM) con una moderada actividad citotóxica (70,7 μM) presentando una selectividad similar a la chalcona 43 de 7. Se concluye que las chalconas 42 y 43 son los compuestos más activos del estudio contra los amastigotes axénicos e intramacrofágicos de L. infantum. / Tesis

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Visceral leishmaniasis is a potentially lethal disease. It is clinically presented by viscerotropic dissemination to internal organs. The agents causing the disease are all grouped within the L. donovani "complex" (Lainson and Shaw, 1987). Many issues in the taxonomy within this complex are still controversial, such as the agents causing visceral leishmaniasis in Sudan and the validity and the identity of L. "archibaldi". The agents causing VL in Sudan are at present defined on the basis of an isoenzyme classification as Leishmania donovani, L. infantum and L. "archibaldi". L. "archibaldi" only differs from L. donovan; in the mobility of one enzyme (GOT). The presence of all three species in Sudan has been contested by many authors who suggested grouping the zymodemes belonging to these two taxa in a single group L. donovan; sensu lato (Ashford et al. 1992). In this study we have obtained the sequence of the chitinase gene of 37 stocks of these parasites from the Sudan and elsewhere to construct a phylogenetic tree. A panel of microsatellite markers suitable for classifying these species was also developed. Two strategies were used to develop the panel of microsatellites. Firstly, the Leishmania major genome sequence was used to identify microsatellite markers. Twenty-seven independent microsatellite loci were identified by BLAST search of the L. major genome. 13 out of 27 primers designed against the L. major sequences also amplified a single product of approximately the expected size from L. donovani. These 13 microsatellites were tested for variation in a panel of the L. donovan; "complex". Only two out of 13'loci that were polymorphic in L. major were also polymorphic in L. donovani. Almost all microsatellite peR products were significantly smaller in all the test strains than they were in L. major. Therefore, the use of the L. major genome sequence to identify microsatellite loci is unlikely to be an efficient method of identifying microsatellite loci in other Leishmania strains. Secondly, forty microsatellites were identified in L. donovani by an enrichment method (http://WWW.liv.ac.uk/-kempsj/genomics.htmI.).Primers for twenty of these amplified a single sharp band from L. donovani DNA and were found to be polymorphic between L. donovani stocks. Phylogenetic trees were constructed using microsatellite data. Both chitinase and microsatellite phylogenies showed that stocks of all three species isolated from Sudan form a single monophyletic group within the Leishmania donovani, / L. infantum clade. We conclude that L. "archibaldi" is not a valid species and the definitions of L. donovani and L. infantum may have to be revised in the light of this data.