A puberdade é um processo biológico complexo do desenvolvimento sexual que tem início no final da infância e se caracteriza pela maturação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal, pelo desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários, aceleração do crescimento e finalmente pela capacidade reprodutiva. Nos últimos anos, o peptídeo kisspeptina e seu receptor KISS1R têm sido fortemente envolvidos na regulação da secreção pulsátil do GnRH hipotalâmico e, portanto, com o início da puberdade humana. Mutações nos genes KISS1R e KISS1 foram identificadas em crianças brasileiras com puberdade precoce central (PPC). Estudos em famílias e em irmãs gêmeas estimaram que 50-70% da variação na idade de menarca pode ser hereditária, porém, até pouco tempo atrás, não se tinha conhecimento de variantes genéticas comuns que influenciassem no tempo de puberdade. Recentemente, quatro estudos independentes de associação ampla do genoma estabeleceram que marcadores genéticos próximos ou dentro do gene LIN28B estavam relacionados com a idade da menarca em mulheres normais. Além disso, mutações recessivas no gene lin28 levaram ao desenvolvimento precoce no C. elegans. Camundongos que superexpressam Lin28a apresentaram um retardo no desenvolvimento sexual. Com base nesses achados, investigamos a presença de variantes conhecidas ou novas nos genes KISS1, KISS1R e LIN28B em um grupo de crianças portadoras de PPC idiopática com o intuito de estabelecermos a prevalência dessas mutações na etiologia do desenvolvimento sexual prematuro em humanos. Cento e sete crianças com PPC (101 meninas e 6 meninos) foram selecionados, incluindo casos esporádicos e familiares. A população controle consistiu de 200 indivíduos adultos com história de desenvolvimento puberal normal em idade apropriada. A região promotora e os três exons do gene KISS1, os cinco exons do gene K1SS1R e os quatro exons do gene LIN28B foram amplificados e submetidos à sequenciamento automático. Uma variante em homozigose no gene KISS1, descrita anteriormente por pesquisadores do nosso laboratório, p.H90D, foi identificada em mais três crianças não relacionadas, portadoras de PPC idiopática. Essa variante está localizada no exon 3 do KISS1, levando a substituição de uma histidina por um ácido aspártico na posição 90 da kisspeptina-1 (p.H90D), correspondendo à região amino-terminal da kisspeptina-54 e estava ausente em 200 controles brasileiros. Estudos prévios in vitro com a variante p.H90D não revelaram alterações na capacidade de ligação ou ativação do KISS1R e na resistência a degradação. As mutações ativadoras p.R386P do KISS1R e p.P74S da kisspeptina, previamente descritas em puberdade precoce central, não foram identificadas no estudo atual. Uma nova e rara variante em heterozigose no gene LIN28B, p.H199R, foi identificada em uma menina brasileira com PPC idiopática. Essa variante está localizada no exon 4 do LIN28B, levando a substituição de uma histidina conservada por uma arginina na posição 199 da proteína (p.H199R) e estava ausente em 200 controles brasileiros. O pai da paciente, que apresentou desenvolvimento puberal normal, era portador da mesma variante em heterozigose. Estudos in vitro revelaram que a variante p.H199R não afeta a função de LIN28B na regulação da expressão do miRNA let-7. Outra variante alélica no gene LIN28B foi identificada numa menina com PPC. Essa variante estava localizada no íntron 2 do gene e uma análise computacional demonstrou que ela não altera o sítio de splicing no RNA maduro. Em conclusão, observamos que mutações nos genes KISS1 e KISS1R têm uma baixa prevalência em crianças com puberdade precoce central idiopática. Descrevemos uma nova e rara variante no gene LIN28B (p.H199R) numa menina com puberdade precoce central e os estudos funcionais do LIN28B selvagem ou contendo a variante p.H199R sugeriram que essa variante não está relacionada ao fenótipo de puberdade precoce / Puberty is a complex biological process of sexual development that begins in the late childhood and it is characterized by the maturation of the hipothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, secondary sexual characteristics development, growth acceleration and acquisition of the reproductive capacity. Over the last years, the kisspeptin peptide and its receptor KISS1R have been envolved in the regulation of the pulsatile hipothalamic GnRH secretion and consequently with the beginning of the puberty human. Researchers from our laboratory identified mutations in the KISS1R and KISS1 genes in Brazilian children with central precocious puberty (CPP). Studies performed in families and twins estimated that 50%-70% of the variation in the menarce age can be hereditary, however, until last years, we did not have knowledgment of the influence of commun genetic variants in the puberty time. Recently, four independent Genome-Wide Association Studies established that genetic markers near or inside of LIN28B gene were related with the menarce age in normal women. Furthermore, recessive mutations in the LIN28B gene caused a precocious develpment in C. elegans. Interestingly, mouse that overexpress Lin28a exhibited a sexual development delay. Accordingly with these datas investigated the presence of known or new variants in the KISS1, KISS1R and LIN28B genes in a larger cohort of children with CPP to establish the prevalence of these mutations in the etiology of premature sexual development in humans. 107 children with CPP (101 girls and 6 boys) were selected, including sporadic and familial cases. The control population consisted of 200 adults with normal pubertal development. The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 gene, five exons of KISS1R and four exons of LIN28B were amplified and automatically sequenced. A homozygous variant previously described by researchers from our laboratory in the KISS1 gene, p.H90D, was identified in more 3 no related children with CPP idiophatic. This variant is located in exon 3 of KISS1, resulting in substitution of a histidine to an aspartic acid at position 90 of kisspeptin-1 (p.H90D), in the amino-terminal region of the protein-54 and was absent in 200 Brazilian controls. Previous studies in vitro with the p.H90D variant did not show alterations in the binding or activation capacity and in the resistance to degradation. The activating mutations p.R386P of the KISS1R and p.P74S of the kisspeptin, previously described in central precocious puberty, were not identified in the present study. A new and rare heterozygous variant in the LIN28B gene, p.H199R, was identified in a Brazilian girl with CPP idiophatic. This variant is located in exon 4 of the LIN28B, resulting in substitution of a histidine to an arginine at position 199 of protein (p.H199R) and was absent in 200 Brazilian controls. Her father, which had normal pubertal development, carried the same heterozygous variant. Studies in vitro revealed p.H199R did not affect the function of Lin28B in the regulation of let-7 miRNA expression. Another allelic variant in the LIN28B gene was identified in a girl with CPP. This variant was located in intron 2 of the gene and an in silico analysis showed that it does not change the splicing site in mature RNA. In conclusion, we observed that mutations in the KISS1 and KISS1R genes have a low prevalence in children with idiopathic central precocious puberty. We described a new and rare variant in LIN28B gene (p.H199R) in a girl with central precocious puberty and functional studies of the wild LIN28B or containing p.H199R variant suggested that p.H199R variant of the LIN28B is not related to the precocious puberty phenotype

A puberdade é um processo biológico complexo do desenvolvimento sexual que tem início no final da infância e se caracteriza pela maturação do eixo hipotálamo-hipófise-gonadal, pelo desenvolvimento dos caracteres sexuais secundários, aceleração do crescimento e finalmente pela capacidade reprodutiva. Nos últimos anos, o peptídeo kisspeptina e seu receptor KISS1R têm sido fortemente envolvidos na regulação da secreção pulsátil do GnRH hipotalâmico e, portanto, com o início da puberdade humana. Mutações nos genes KISS1R e KISS1 foram identificadas em crianças brasileiras com puberdade precoce central (PPC). Estudos em famílias e em irmãs gêmeas estimaram que 50-70% da variação na idade de menarca pode ser hereditária, porém, até pouco tempo atrás, não se tinha conhecimento de variantes genéticas comuns que influenciassem no tempo de puberdade. Recentemente, quatro estudos independentes de associação ampla do genoma estabeleceram que marcadores genéticos próximos ou dentro do gene LIN28B estavam relacionados com a idade da menarca em mulheres normais. Além disso, mutações recessivas no gene lin28 levaram ao desenvolvimento precoce no C. elegans. Camundongos que superexpressam Lin28a apresentaram um retardo no desenvolvimento sexual. Com base nesses achados, investigamos a presença de variantes conhecidas ou novas nos genes KISS1, KISS1R e LIN28B em um grupo de crianças portadoras de PPC idiopática com o intuito de estabelecermos a prevalência dessas mutações na etiologia do desenvolvimento sexual prematuro em humanos. Cento e sete crianças com PPC (101 meninas e 6 meninos) foram selecionados, incluindo casos esporádicos e familiares. A população controle consistiu de 200 indivíduos adultos com história de desenvolvimento puberal normal em idade apropriada. A região promotora e os três exons do gene KISS1, os cinco exons do gene K1SS1R e os quatro exons do gene LIN28B foram amplificados e submetidos à sequenciamento automático. Uma variante em homozigose no gene KISS1, descrita anteriormente por pesquisadores do nosso laboratório, p.H90D, foi identificada em mais três crianças não relacionadas, portadoras de PPC idiopática. Essa variante está localizada no exon 3 do KISS1, levando a substituição de uma histidina por um ácido aspártico na posição 90 da kisspeptina-1 (p.H90D), correspondendo à região amino-terminal da kisspeptina-54 e estava ausente em 200 controles brasileiros. Estudos prévios in vitro com a variante p.H90D não revelaram alterações na capacidade de ligação ou ativação do KISS1R e na resistência a degradação. As mutações ativadoras p.R386P do KISS1R e p.P74S da kisspeptina, previamente descritas em puberdade precoce central, não foram identificadas no estudo atual. Uma nova e rara variante em heterozigose no gene LIN28B, p.H199R, foi identificada em uma menina brasileira com PPC idiopática. Essa variante está localizada no exon 4 do LIN28B, levando a substituição de uma histidina conservada por uma arginina na posição 199 da proteína (p.H199R) e estava ausente em 200 controles brasileiros. O pai da paciente, que apresentou desenvolvimento puberal normal, era portador da mesma variante em heterozigose. Estudos in vitro revelaram que a variante p.H199R não afeta a função de LIN28B na regulação da expressão do miRNA let-7. Outra variante alélica no gene LIN28B foi identificada numa menina com PPC. Essa variante estava localizada no íntron 2 do gene e uma análise computacional demonstrou que ela não altera o sítio de splicing no RNA maduro. Em conclusão, observamos que mutações nos genes KISS1 e KISS1R têm uma baixa prevalência em crianças com puberdade precoce central idiopática. Descrevemos uma nova e rara variante no gene LIN28B (p.H199R) numa menina com puberdade precoce central e os estudos funcionais do LIN28B selvagem ou contendo a variante p.H199R sugeriram que essa variante não está relacionada ao fenótipo de puberdade precoce / Puberty is a complex biological process of sexual development that begins in the late childhood and it is characterized by the maturation of the hipothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis, secondary sexual characteristics development, growth acceleration and acquisition of the reproductive capacity. Over the last years, the kisspeptin peptide and its receptor KISS1R have been envolved in the regulation of the pulsatile hipothalamic GnRH secretion and consequently with the beginning of the puberty human. Researchers from our laboratory identified mutations in the KISS1R and KISS1 genes in Brazilian children with central precocious puberty (CPP). Studies performed in families and twins estimated that 50%-70% of the variation in the menarce age can be hereditary, however, until last years, we did not have knowledgment of the influence of commun genetic variants in the puberty time. Recently, four independent Genome-Wide Association Studies established that genetic markers near or inside of LIN28B gene were related with the menarce age in normal women. Furthermore, recessive mutations in the LIN28B gene caused a precocious develpment in C. elegans. Interestingly, mouse that overexpress Lin28a exhibited a sexual development delay. Accordingly with these datas investigated the presence of known or new variants in the KISS1, KISS1R and LIN28B genes in a larger cohort of children with CPP to establish the prevalence of these mutations in the etiology of premature sexual development in humans. 107 children with CPP (101 girls and 6 boys) were selected, including sporadic and familial cases. The control population consisted of 200 adults with normal pubertal development. The promoter region and the three exons of KISS1 gene, five exons of KISS1R and four exons of LIN28B were amplified and automatically sequenced. A homozygous variant previously described by researchers from our laboratory in the KISS1 gene, p.H90D, was identified in more 3 no related children with CPP idiophatic. This variant is located in exon 3 of KISS1, resulting in substitution of a histidine to an aspartic acid at position 90 of kisspeptin-1 (p.H90D), in the amino-terminal region of the protein-54 and was absent in 200 Brazilian controls. Previous studies in vitro with the p.H90D variant did not show alterations in the binding or activation capacity and in the resistance to degradation. The activating mutations p.R386P of the KISS1R and p.P74S of the kisspeptin, previously described in central precocious puberty, were not identified in the present study. A new and rare heterozygous variant in the LIN28B gene, p.H199R, was identified in a Brazilian girl with CPP idiophatic. This variant is located in exon 4 of the LIN28B, resulting in substitution of a histidine to an arginine at position 199 of protein (p.H199R) and was absent in 200 Brazilian controls. Her father, which had normal pubertal development, carried the same heterozygous variant. Studies in vitro revealed p.H199R did not affect the function of Lin28B in the regulation of let-7 miRNA expression. Another allelic variant in the LIN28B gene was identified in a girl with CPP. This variant was located in intron 2 of the gene and an in silico analysis showed that it does not change the splicing site in mature RNA. In conclusion, we observed that mutations in the KISS1 and KISS1R genes have a low prevalence in children with idiopathic central precocious puberty. We described a new and rare variant in LIN28B gene (p.H199R) in a girl with central precocious puberty and functional studies of the wild LIN28B or containing p.H199R variant suggested that p.H199R variant of the LIN28B is not related to the precocious puberty phenotype

Le Myélome Multiple (MM) est une hémopathie maligne caractérisée par la prolifération de plasmocytes tumoraux médullaires. MYC occupe un rôle central dans l'oncogenèse du MM car son activation est responsable de la progression du stade précurseur de MGUS en MM symptomatique. Dans ce travail, nous rapportons que l’expression de LIN28B est corrélée à celle de MYC et est associée à un mauvais pronostic dans le MM. Nous montrons que l'axe LIN28B/let-7 module l'expression de l’ARNm de MYC, lui-même cible de let-7. De plus, la perturbation de l'axe LIN28B/let-7 induit une régulation la prolifération des lignées cellulaires de MM in vitro et in vivo. L'analyse par séquençage d’ARN de modèles de KO par utilisation de la technologie CRISPR a montré que l'axe LIN28B/let-7 régule les voies de signalisation de MYC et du cycle cellulaire dans MM. Nous avons de plus établi une preuve de principe thérapeutique de la possibilité de cibler MYC par l’emploi de LNA-GapmeR contenant une séquence analogue à let-7b. Dans un modèle de xénogreffe murin, nous montrons que des niveaux élevés d'expression de let-7, par administration de LNA-GapmeR let-7b, répriment la croissance tumorale en régulant l’expression de MYC. Ces résultats révèlent un nouveau mécanisme de ciblage thérapeutique de MYC via l'axe LIN28B/let-7 dans MM. Nous nous sommes ensuite intéressés à évaluer de nouvelles formes de biomarqueurs moléculaires dans le MM par étude des miARN contenus dans les exosomes circulants. Nous avons examiné le rôle pronostique des miARN exosomaux dans une cohorte de 156 échantillons de patients uniformément traités pour un MM au diagnostic. Après analyse du profil de miARN exosomaux par séquençage de nouvelle génération, nous avons utilisé technique de qRT-PCR pour étudier la corrélation entre le niveau d’expression de 22 miARN et la survie sans progression (SSP) et la survie globale (SG). Deux miARN, à savoir let-7b et miR-18a, étaient significativement associés à la SSP et SG en analyse univariée, et étaient statistiquement significatifs après ajustement pour le système international de stratification du risque (ISS) et les marqueurs cytogénétique en analyse multivariée. Nos résultats confirment le niveau d’expression des miARN let-7b et miR-18a au sein des exosomes circulants permettent d’améliorer la stratification du risque chez les patients atteints de MM. Enfin, pour mieux comprendre le programme oncogénique piloté par MYC, nous avons étudié l’efficacité thérapeutique d’une librairie de petites sur des lignées cellulaires avec une forte expression de MYC, dans le MM. Les résultats ont permis d’identifier les rocaglates, une famille de composés inhibant l’initiation de la traduction, comme étant les plus actifs. L’étude du profil transcriptionnel par séquençage de l’ARN de lignées cellulaires de MM traitées par CMLD010509 ou DMSO a révélé l’activation d’un programme de transcription et l’inhibition d’un programme traductionnel, caractéristique de l’inactivation de HSF1 secondaire à l’inhibition de la traduction. Le profile traductionnel était étudié par spectrométrie de masse quantitative, permettant d’identifier un ensemble de protéines, tels que MYC, MDM2, CCND1, MAF et MCL-1, spécifiquement affectées par l’inhibition de la traduction liée au composé CMLD010509 dans le MM. Nous avons confirmé l’efficacité thérapeutique des rocaglates dans plusieurs modèles murins de MM. Ces résultats démontrent la possibilité de cibler le programme de traduction oncogénique lié à MYC dans MM. / MYC is a major oncogenic driver of Multiple Myeloma (MM) and yet almost no therapeutic agents exist that target MYC in MM. Here we report that the let-7 biogenesis inhibitor LIN28B correlates with MYC expression in MM and is associated with adverse outcome. We also demonstrate that the LIN28B/let-7 axis modulates the expression of MYC, itself a let-7 target. Further, perturbation of the axis regulates the proliferation of MM cells in vivo in a xenograft tumor model. RNA-sequencing and gene set enrichment analyses of CRISPR-engineered cells suggested that the LIN28/let-7 axis regulates MYC and cell cycle pathways in MM. We provide proof of principle for therapeutic regulation of MYC through let-7 with an LNA-GapmeR (locked nucleic acid-GapmeR) containing a let-7b mimic in vivo, demonstrating that high levels of let-7 expression repress tumor growth by regulating MYC expression. These findings reveal a novel mechanism of therapeutic targeting of MYC through the LIN28B/let-7 axis in MM. We next sought to establish new biomarkers in MM, enable to capture the molecular alterations of the disease. For this purpose, we examined the prognostic significance of circulating exosomal microRNAs (miRNAs) in a cohort of 156 patients with newly diagnosed MM, uniformly treated and followed. Circulating exosomal miRNAs were isolated and used to perform small RNA sequencing analysis on 10 samples and a qRT-PCR array on 156 samples. We studied the relationship between miRNA levels and patient outcomes including progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). We identified miRNAs as the most predominant small RNAs present in exosomes isolated from the serum of MM patients and healthy controls by small RNA sequencing of circulating exosomes and used a qRT-PCR assay to measure the expression of 22 exosomal miRNAs. Two of them, namely let-7b and miR-18a, were significantly associated with both PFS and OS in the univariate analysis, and were still statistically significant after adjusting for the International Staging System (ISS), and adverse cytogenetics in the multivariate analysis. Our findings support the use of circulating exosomal let-7b and miR-18a improves the identification of patients with newly diagnosed MM with poor outcomes. Finally, to better understand the oncogenic program driven by MYC and investigate its potential as a therapeutic target, we screened a chemically diverse small molecule library for anti-MM activity in cell lines with high expression of MYC. The most potent hits identified were rocaglate-scaffold inhibitors of translation initiation. Expression profiling of MM cells revealed reversion of the oncogenic MYC-driven transcriptional program by CMLD010509, the most promising rocaglate. Proteome-wide, reversion correlated with selective depletion of short-lived proteins that are key to MM growth and survival, most notably MYC, MDM2, CCND1, MAF, and MCL-1. The efficacy of CMLD010509 in several mouse models of MM confirmed the therapeutic relevance of these findings in vivo and supports the feasibility of targeting the oncogenic MYC-driven translation program in MM with rocaglates.

γδ T cells are unconventional T cells that that can recognize infected and transformed cells via their γẟ TCR, thus promoting different immune responses. In addition, several studies showed that γδ T cells are important in the protection against different pathogens in early life, such as human cytomegalovirus (CMV). The diversity of the γδ TCR repertoire is mainly generated in the complementarity determining region 3 (CDR3) where V(D)J recombination takes place. One of the main players in the junctional diversity is the terminal-deoxynucleotidyl-transferase (TdT) enzyme responsible for the random template-independent nucleotide addition at the junction of the joining gene segments.In the mouse model it is established that during development, especially before birth, innate γδ T cell subsets are generated in waves and their generation depends on the type of hematopoietic stem and precursor cells (HSPC). These γδ T cells express a semi-invariant γδ TCR and can acquire a functional program already in the thymus. In human, in contrast, the idea of γδ T cells as innate-like lymphocytes is questioned by recent works showing that the γδ TCR repertoire of human pediatric thymuses and of term-delivery cord blood is highly diverse. Here, by analyzing in detail human fetal and post-natal thymi, we observed striking differences between fetal and post-natal γδ thymocytes at the γδ TCR repertoire and functional level. In contrast to post-natal γδ thymocytes, fetal γδ thymocytes were functionally programmed, expressed low levels of TdT and were highly enriched for invariant/public CMV-reactive CDR3 sequences (TRGV8-TRJP1-CATWDTTGWFKIF, TRDV2-TRDD3-CACDTGGY, and TRDV1-TRDD3-CALGELGD). The rearrangements of these invariant sequences were driven by short-homology repeats at the end of the involved gene segments, as it was observed in the mouse. In addition, we investigated the role of HSPC in the generation of this invariant γδ thymocytes by using an in vitro T cell development system and we showed that only fetal HSPC could generate γδ T cells enriched for the same specific features that were found in the ex-vivo fetal γδ thymocytes. Moreover, we showed that the RNA-binding protein Lin28b, highly expressed in fetal γδ T cells, reprogrammed the term delivery HSPC towards the generation of γδ T cells resembling to their fetal counterpart.In conclusion, we show that the human fetal thymus generates, in a HSPC- and Lin28b-dependent manner, innate invariant γδ T cells with programmed effector functions that might provide protection to the fetus during congenital infections, such as against CMV. / Doctorat en Sciences biomédicales et pharmaceutiques (Pharmacie) / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

Neuroblastoma (NB) is a very heterogeneous tumour derived from undifferentiated cells of the neural crest. It is the most common extracranial solid tumour in children, characterised by a large variability of the clinical outcome. The clinically aggressive form of the disease, the high-risk neuroblastoma, affects about 50% of patients, which, unfortunately, despite the intensity of therapies, have a survival rate of less than 50%. Although the introduction of two new therapeutic solutions based on the use of 13-cis-retinoic acid and the immunotherapy with a chimeric monoclonal antibody against the GD2 ganglioside, 20% of patients affected by the high-risk disease are still entirely refractory to treatments, and 60% will relapse. In this panorama, identifying new strategies specific for critical NB targets is endowed with great potential to improve the survival rate and long-term quality of life and reduce the elevated toxicity of current treatments. LIN28B is an RNA binding protein extensively overexpressed in NB. Its exogenous expression in mouse sympatho-adrenergic lineage is able to reproduce the human disease, underlying the importance of LIN28B in NB pathogenesis. LIN28B prevents the maturation of let-7 miRNA family members, an important group of tumour suppressors that induce differentiation and, at the same time, decrease cell proliferation. We hypothesised that interfering with the LIN28B/let-7 miRNA interaction could lead to an increase in let-7 miRNA levels and, consequently, to a decrease in cell proliferation and an induction of cell differentiation, ultimately reducing NB aggressiveness. First, we created NB cell lines with stable LIN28B down-regulation, and we observed an expected increase in let-7 miRNA levels. We then verified if the rise in the let-7 miRNAs could induce the cells' differentiation by analysing a panel of stemness and differentiation markers such as SOX2, SOX9 and β-III-tubulin, detecting a decrease in the stemness markers and an increase in the differentiation-related markers. Following a high-throughput screening, performed and validated with two orthogonal biochemical techniques, the Alpha screen and the REMSA, we identified molecule A as the molecule with the best inhibitory activity on the LIN28B/let-7 miRNA interaction. After the biochemical validation, we proceeded to assess molecule A activity in vitro on NB cell lines. Molecule A resulted to be very unstable in cell culture conditions, therefore we decided to include the molecule in PLGA-PEG nanoparticles to preserve its stability in solution and improve its activity. Upon encapsulation, we observed a substantial increase in molecule A effects, leading to a strong increment in mature let-7 miRNAs and a consequent inhibition of cellular growth. Finally, we tested if the let-7 miRNAs increment caused by molecule A treatment was sufficient to induce NB cells differentiation, as observed with stable LIN28B-downregulation. We detected an increase in differentiation marker levels suggesting that the treatment with Molecule A nanoparticles is able to lead to the induction of neuronal differentiation processes in NB cells. Although these last results need to be confirmed with further experiments, they clearly show that the LIN28B/let-7 miRNA axis represents a good therapeutic target and that molecule A and/or other molecules able to interfere with this interaction deserve further preclinical and clinical evaluation.

The genes that regulate pubertal timing in the general population are not well understood. Recently, genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that genetic variants near LIN28B associate with variation in pubertal timing in humans. To investigate where within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis Lin28b, and its homologue Lin28a, regulate pubertal timing, expression of these genes was assessed across the pubertal transition. The finding that Lin28a/b expression decreases only in the ovary suggests that the Lin28 pathway may exert its regulatory effects with respect to puberty in the ovary. Another aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of estrogen on Lin28b expression in immortalized GnRH neuronal cells, but the data remains equivocal and detailed future studies are needed to make definitive conclusions. The ovarian expression data lay the foundation for further studies using conditional knockout mice to verify the importance of the tissue and age specific developmental pattern that was identified.

The genes that regulate pubertal timing in the general population are not well understood. Recently, genome-wide association studies have demonstrated that genetic variants near LIN28B associate with variation in pubertal timing in humans. To investigate where within the hypothalamic-pituitary-ovarian (HPO) axis Lin28b, and its homologue Lin28a, regulate pubertal timing, expression of these genes was assessed across the pubertal transition. The finding that Lin28a/b expression decreases only in the ovary suggests that the Lin28 pathway may exert its regulatory effects with respect to puberty in the ovary. Another aim of this thesis was to examine the effect of estrogen on Lin28b expression in immortalized GnRH neuronal cells, but the data remains equivocal and detailed future studies are needed to make definitive conclusions. The ovarian expression data lay the foundation for further studies using conditional knockout mice to verify the importance of the tissue and age specific developmental pattern that was identified.