Measurement of elastic properties (thermal expansion and magnetostriction) under (multi)extreme conditions is a difficult task. In the vicinity of the room temperature or above it an abundance of methods is available, with decreasing temperature and adding magnetic field and/or hydrostatic pressure their number is limited. Dilatometric cells (either planparaller or tilted plate design) provide superior sensitivity in low temperatures and applied magnetic fields, however, cannot be used in hydrostatic cell. Common choice for the measurement of thermal expansion under hydrostatic pressure are methods based on strain-gauges, with mediocre sensitivity and more importantly a difficult or even impossible usage at very low temperatures (T ≲ 3 K). Measurement of magnetic properties (especially magnetization) under (multi)extreme conditions is also a difficult task. In the vicinity of temperature 2 K and above it an abundance of methods is available, with decreasing temperature and adding magnetic field and/or hydrostatic pressure their number is limited. VSM system provides great sensitivity, but can not be used under 2 K and hydrostatic pressure. MPMS aparature provides pressure up to 9 GPa (diamond pressure cell), but still we can not apply lower temperatures than 2 K. Our aim is to develop a simple yet sensitive...

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<p> The possibility of isomeric nuclear spin states existing among the ammonium ions at low temperatures has been investigated for some twenty ammonium salts. Measurements have been made of the proton absorption signals at 4.2°K, and the temperature dependences, where previously unavailable, of the spin-lattice relaxation time.</p> <p> Some of the salts exhibit the normal rigid lattice spectra and second moments characteristic of distinguishable protons, but most exhibit some degree of line narrowing at 4.2°K. The data shows that thermally activated reorientations are effectively frozen out at this temperature and cannot be responsible for such narrowing.</p> <p> It is concluded that the narrow spectra, although indicative of indistinguishability among the protons, are not attributable solely to spin isomerism, but are being modified by a further mechanism, probably tunneling of the ammonium ion through the crystal field barrier.</p> / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

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Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The convection heat transfer coefficient between an infinite, horizontal surface and the natural environment is determined experimentally. It is shown that, during daytime, heat is transferred due to natural and forced convection, while during nighttime heat is transferred due to conduction and forced convection. Equations that correlate the daytime and nighttime convective heat transfer coefficients respectively, are presented. The results are compared with values obtained by other investigators. The equations for the convection heat transfer coefficient are then used to predict the surface temperature and the temperature at depth of asphalt pavement samples using a simulation model. It is found that there is good agreement between the measured and the predicted asphalt pavement sample temperatures. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die konveksie warmteoordrags-koëffisiënt tuseen 'n oneindige, horisontale oppervlak en die natuurlike omgewing is eksperimenteel bepaal. Daar word getoon dat warmte, tydens die dag, oorgedra word deur natuurlike en geforseerde konveksie, terwyl warmte tydens die nag oorgedra word deur geleiding en geforseerde konveksie. Die resultate word vergelyk met die resultate van ander navorsers. Vergelykings wat die konveksie warmteoordrags-koëffisiënt gedurende die dag en nag onderskeidelik korreleer word voorgestel. Die vergelykings vir die konveksie warmteoordrags-koëffisiënt word dan gebruik in 'n simulasiemodel om die oppervlaktemperatuur en die temperatuur onder die oppervlakte van asfalt-padoppervlakmonsters te voorspel.

L'objectif de cette thèse est de caractériser la résistance thermique de contact au niveau de deux interfaces bien distinctes. La première est une interface physique entre le Silicium(111) et l'Hélium-4 superfluide. La résistance thermique de contact est alors mesurée expérimentalement pour des températures allant 0.3K à 2.0K et en variant la pression depuis la pression de vapeur saturante jusqu'à la pression de solidification de l'Hélium-4 (i.e. 25bars). L'analyse des résultats expérimentaux par le modèle d'Adamenko et Fuks montre la prédominance de la nano-rugosité de surface dans la transmission de la chaleur à l'interface entre ces deux matériaux. Lors de la solidification de l'Hélium-4, une transition du premier ordre dans la résistance thermique est mise en évidence. La deuxième interface étudiée est une forte constriction créée par une jonction de taille micrométrique entre deux membranes suspendues. Sans discontinuité de matériaux, les simulations numériques Monte-Carlo montrent la présence d'une résistance thermique de contact entre la membrane et l'entrée de la jonction dans le régime de diffusion des phonons les parois du système. Les simulations permettent alors d'explorer les effets des dimensions de la jonction ainsi que de la rugosité de surface des micro-structures bidimensionnelles et tridimensionnelles. / This thesis aims at characterizing the thermal contact resistance at two interfaces of different nature. The first is a physical interface between Silicon(111) and superfluid Helium-4. The thermal contact resistance is evaluated experimentally for temperatures between 0.3K and 2.0K while varying pressure from the saturated vapor pressure to the Helium-4 solidification pressure (i.e. 25bars). Experimental results, analysed with Adamenko and Fuks model, show that nanoscale surface roughness governs heat transmission at this interface. Furthermore, a first order transition in the thermal contact resistance is revealed due to Helium-4 solidification. The second studied interface is an abrupt constriction created by a micro-junction between two suspended membranes. Even though there is no material discontinuity, Monte-Carlo numerical simulations show the existence of a thermal contact resistance between the membrane and the entrance of the junction. Using simulations we explore the effects of geometry and nanoscale surface roughness in bidimensional and tridimensional micro-structure.

xvi, 176 p. : ill. (some col.) / The research presented in this dissertation aims to contribute to the field of atom optics via the implementation and demonstration of an all-optical one-way barrier for 87 Rb atoms--a novel tool for controlling atomic motion. This barrier--a type of atomic turnstile--transmits atoms traveling in one direction but hinders their passage in the other direction. We create the barrier with two laser beams, generating its unidirectional behavior by exploiting the two hyperfine ground states of 87 Rb. In particular, we judiciously choose the frequency of one beam to present a potential well to atoms in one ground state (the transmitting state) and a potential barrier to atoms in the other state (the reflecting state). The second beam optically pumps the atoms from the transmitting state to the reflecting state. A significant component of the experimental work presented here involves generating ultra-cold rubidium atoms for demonstrating the one-way barrier. To this end, we have designed and constructed a sophisticated 87 Rb cooling and trapping apparatus. This apparatus comprises an extensive ultra-high vacuum system, four home-built, frequency-stabilized diode laser systems, a high-power Yb:fiber laser, a multitude of supporting optics, and substantial timing and control electronics. This system allows us to cool and trap rubidium atoms at a temperature of about 30 μK. The results presented in this dissertation are summarized as follows. We successfully implemented a one-way barrier for neutral atoms and demonstrated its asymmetric nature. We used this new tool to compress the phase-space volume of an atomic sample and examined its significance as a physical realization of Maxwell's demon. We also demonstrated the robustness of the barrier's functionality to variations in several important experimental parameters. Lastly, we demonstrated the barrier's ability to cool an atomic sample, substantiating its potential application as a new cooling tool. This dissertation includes previously published coauthored material. / Committee in charge: Dr. Hailin Wang, Chair; Dr. Daniel A. Steck, Research Advisor; Dr. Jens U. Nockel; Dr. David M. Strom; Dr. Jeffrey A. Cina

BARBOZA, Felipe Moreira. Espectroscopia Raman na L-valina deuterada a baixas temperaturas. 2012. 75 f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Física) - Programa de Pós-Graduação em Física, Departamento de Física, Centro de Ciências, Universidade Federal do Ceará, Fortaleza, 2012. / Submitted by Edvander Pires (edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-23T21:25:11Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fmbarboza.pdf: 1400454 bytes, checksum: d614be224b439b279076ca7546ca4c23 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Edvander Pires(edvanderpires@gmail.com) on 2015-04-29T17:45:05Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fmbarboza.pdf: 1400454 bytes, checksum: d614be224b439b279076ca7546ca4c23 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-29T17:45:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2012_dis_fmbarboza.pdf: 1400454 bytes, checksum: d614be224b439b279076ca7546ca4c23 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Deuteration allows the identification of several species of vibrations, through the comparison of vibrational spectra of the deutered and hydrogeneted samples. In this work we base studied the vibrational properties of L-valine-d8 (99,8 % atom % D) through the Raman spectroscopy technique. At first, the assignment of all Raman active vibratonal mades of L-valine was revisited, and a comparison with a previous work was done. In particular, several bands associated to stretching of NH_3^+ and stretching of CH3, among others, which are observed in the interval 2000 – 2400 cm-1 were assigned. In the second part of the work, again using Raman spectroscopy, it was studied the vibrational modes of the crystal in the temperature range 100 – 300 K. It is known from literature that hydrogenated L-valine undergoes a phase transition at about 110 K. It also known that in deuterated crystals hydrogen bands - through Ubbehlode effect – tend to be less strange and, as a consequence, a comparative analyses between the deuterated and hydrogenated samples is very important. In a previous work on L-alanine it was observed that deutaration induces a new phase at low temperatures. In the investigation on L-valine, at least in the temperature range studied, it was not possible to note any change in the Raman spectra which could be associated to a structural phase transition. Both in the external modes region any great change is verified. As a consequence, we can infer that L-valine-d8 is stable between 100 and 300 K. A discussion about the difference behaviors at low temperatures of L-valine and L-alanine (both deuterated and hydrogenated) is also furnished in the present work. / A deuteração de uma determinada amostra permite fazer a identificação de vários tipos de vibrações, comparando-se o espectro vibracional com o de uma amostra hidrogenada. Neste trabalho estudou-se o comportamento vibracional da L-valina-d8 (99,8 átomo % D) através da técnica de espectroscopia Raman. Inicialmente revisitou-se o assinalamento de todos os modos vibracionais ativos no Raman, comparando-se com um estudo previamente realizado. Em particular foram identificadas diversas bandas associadas a vibrações do tipo estiramento do NH3+ e estiramento do CH3, entre outros, que são observadas na região entre 2000 e 2400 cm-1. Na segunda parte do trabalho foi realizado um estudo via espalhamento Raman dos modos vibracionais do cristal no intervalo de temperatura entre 100 e 300 K. Sabe-se da literatura que a L-valina hidrogenada apresenta uma transição de fase em torno de 110 K. Uma vez que nos cristais deuterados as ligações de hidrogênio via o efeito Uhbehlode tendem a ser mais fracas, uma análise comparativa entre as amostras hidrogenada e deuterada se faz necessário. Em particular, num estudo realizado na L-alanina descobriu-se que a deuteração induz a formação de uma nova fase em baixas temperaturas. No caso da L-valina, pelo menos no intervalo de temperatura investigado, não foi possível observar nenhuma mudança nos espectros Raman que pudessem ser associadas a uma transição de fase estrutural. De fato, tanto na região dos modos externos, quanto na região dos modos internos nenhuma grande modificação é verificada. Isso implica que a estrutura da L-valina-d8 é estável no intervalo de 100-300 K. Uma discussão acerca da diferença do comportamento a baixas temperaturas dos cristais de L-valina e de L-alanina nas formas hidrogenadas e deuteradas é também fornecida no presente trabalho.

Dans cette thèse, nous étudions des systèmes nano-électro-mécaniques (NEMS) en conditions cryogéniques (de 30 mK à 30 K) sensibles à des conditions de fluctuations ou de désordre. Les phénomènes fondamentaux étudiés sont omniprésents dans la physique des NEMS, et pour certains vont même au-delà avec des analogies vers d’autres disciplines de la physique, comme les transitions de phase ou la RMN.Dans la première partie de cette thèse, nous nous intéressons ainsi au bruit d'amplitude du NEMS, fournissant un exemple de mouvement Brownien dans un potentiel de confinement. Du fait de la non-linéarité géométrique intrinsèque au système, l'anharmonicité du potentiel transduit le mouvement Brownien de chaque mode mécanique en fluctuations des fréquences propres de résonance. Ainsi, nous observons expérimentalement un phénomène de diffusion spectrale, se traduisant par un élargissement et un décalage de la raie de résonance non-triviaux rendant compte de la compétition entre la diffusion de la phase de la réponse du mode due à la transduction, et les mécanismes de relaxation du mode fluctuant. Une approche par intégrale de chemin de la diffusion capture l'effet analytiquement. Un tel mécanisme altère la résonance d'un mode mécanique sans influer sur les échanges d'énergie avec le bain thermodynamique du mode. En outre, l'introduction d'une forte excitation sinusoïdale agit en retour sur les fluctuations hors équilibre via la non-linéarité, ralentissant la dynamique du système et comprimant ses fluctuations pour certains points critiques de l'espace des paramètres, près du ou dans le régime de la réponse bistable permise par la non-linéarité. Enfin, des expériences-modèles ont été réalisées afin de comprendre en détail la décohérence mécanique classique à l’aide d’un bruit en fréquence extrinsèque, réalisé à l’aide d’une grille couplée au NEMS.La deuxième partie de cette thèse explore plus en détail certains mécanismes microscopiques de relaxation d'énergie ou du bruit en fréquence interne d’un mode mécanique, encore partiellement incompris pour les NEMS. Nous considérons d’abord le cas d’une contribution extérieure, mais universelle, qui a pour origine le transfert d’impulsion entre le NEMS et le gaz présent dans la cellule expérimentale, ici l’hélium 4. Dans la limite des faibles densités, la théorie cinétique décrit la dissipation dans le gaz ballistique. De façon inattendue, nous observons aux plus basses pressions atteignables une déviation à la théorie. Nous montrons pour plusieurs températures et plusieurs échantillons que cette déviation s’échelonne avec le rapport entre le libre parcours moyen des atomes dans le gaz et la hauteur du NEMS vis-à-vis du fond de l’échantillon. Ce résultat est justifié par un modèle phénoménologique prenant en compte la réflexion diffusive des atomes du gaz sur le mur du fond, qui présente à petite échelle une structure désordonnée. Cette réflexion résulte en une déviation à la Maxwellienne près du fond, et donc en l’établissement d’un gradient de densité du gaz sur une longueur de l’ordre du libre parcours moyen, qui renormalise le taux de relaxation d’énergie mécanique. Ainsi, le NEMS agit comme une sonde non-invasive d’un milieu hors équilibre du fait de ses très petites dimensions transverses. Enfin, nous mesurons la dissipation intrinsèque du NEMS jusqu’à 30 milliKelvin. Nous mettons en évidence le rôle des excitations de basse énergie couplées à la déformation du NEMS dans la relaxation d’énergie mécanique. Ces excitations, permises par la structure désordonnée des matériaux constitutifs du NEMS, sont modélisées comme des atomes se déplaçant par effet tunnel entre deux positions équivalentes du réseau atomique (TLS). Nous obtenons également le bruit en fréquence intrinsèque en développant une nouvelle technique de mesure utilisant la non-linéarité du NEMS. L’étude poussée nous permet de lier phénoménologiquement les deux phénomènes. / In this thesis we address cryogenic nano-electro-mechanical systems (NEMS) from 30 mK to 30 K sensitive to conditions involving fluctuations or disorder. The fundamental aspects studied are ubiquitous in NEMS physics, and for some of them go beyond, with possible analogies with phase transitions or NMR.In the first part of this work we focus on the NEMS position noise, which is a good example of Brownian motion within a confinement potential. Owing to the system’s intrinsic geometric nonlinearity, the potential anharmonicity translates each mode’s Brownian motion into fluctuations of the structure’s resonance eigenfrequencies. As a result we observe experimentally a spectral diffusion phenomenon that manifests through a linewidth broadening and a frequency shift of the resonance line: they account non-trivially for the competition between the probed mode’s response’s phase diffusion due to the transduction mechanism and the fluctuating modes relaxation mechanisms. A path integral approach to diffusion encompasses analytically the effect. Such a mechanism alters a mechanical mode’s resonance without changing energy transfers to the mode’s thermal bath. Furthermore, adding a strong sinusoidal excitation acts back on the out-of-equilibrium fluctuations through the nonlinearity: the system dynamics is slowed down, with its fluctuations squeezed, in peculiar points of the parameters space, near or within the non-linearity induced bistable regime. Finally, model experiments are realized so as to understand classical mechanical decoherence, through the use of an extrinsic frequency noise, artificially crafted thanks to a gate electrode coupled to the NEMS.In a second part, some microscopic mechanisms leading to mechanical damping and internal frequency noise of a mechanical mode are investigated, as they are still elusive to date for NEMS. We first consider the case of an external but universal source of damping, which originates from the momentum transfer between the NEMS and the gas flowing in the experimental cell, here Helium 4. In the rarefied limit, dissipation in a ballistic gas is well described by kinetic theory. Yet, unexpectedly, we observe at our lowest pressures a discrepancy between our measurements and theory. We show for several temperatures and samples that this deviation scales with the ratio between the gas atoms mean free path and the gap between the NEMS and the sample’s bottom trench. This result is modelled phenomenologically as arising from diffusive scattering of gas atoms at the bottom’s wall, which at small lengthscales has a disordered landscape. Diffusive scattering results in a deviation to the Maxwellian distribution, leading to a gas density gradient in the vicinity of the wall, established over a distance comparable with the mean free path, and which renormalizes the mechanical energy relaxation rate. Therefore, the NEMS acts as a non-invasive probe in a nonequilibrium medium due to its small cross-section. Finally, we investigate the NEMS intrinsic dissipation down to 30 milliKelvin. We highlight the role of low-energy excitations coupled to the NEMS deformation in damping mechanisms. These excitations, allowed by the disordered structure of the NEMS constitutive materials, are modelled as atoms tunneling between two equivalent positions of the atomic lattice (also referred to as TLS). Using a new technique which relies on the NEMS non-linearity, we measure the intrinsic frequency noise, and we show that it can be linked phenomenologically to the damping due to the TLS.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-03-26T13:51:56Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 texto completo.pdf: 462563 bytes, checksum: 8c4d15a05d7b212d40f89724706d1c9a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-09-19 / Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / Considering that the acid tolerance is an important virulence factor related to survival at low pH of gastric barrier of foodborne pathogens and the expressive increasing of prevalence of Salmonella serovar Enteritidis in recent years as etiologic agent of human salmonelosis, this work aimed to evaluate the effect of acid and storage under low temperatures on Salmonella serovar Enteritidis. The growth of S. Enteritidis CCS3 isolated of swine carcass and S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 at Trypticasein and Soya Broth (TSB) with pH values between 3.5 and 7.2 and the survival in the same media with pH values between 1.5 and 3.5 were investigated. The tolerance to simulated gastric fluid (SGF) of these cells previously sublethal acid treatment pH 4.0, 4.5 and 5.0 inoculated in pork maintained storage by 7 days at 4 ± 1°C and by 84 days at freezing temperature (-18°C ± 1) was also evaluated. S. Enteritidis CCS3 presented higher values of specific growth rate in acidified TSB and this culture had longer time survival in pH < 3,5 than S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076. The storage in pork by seven days at 4 ± 1°C did not effect the populations of S. Enteritidis studied. After 84 days of cold storage, the media of population reductions of S. Enteritidis CCS3 and ATCC 13076 were 0.8 and 1.5 log cycle, respectively. The previous acid treatment did not enhance the survival of both cultures at low temperatures. After low temperature storage, the cells of S. Enteritidis CCS3 were tolerant until three hours SFG exposure. Instead, cells of S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 lost culturability after 10 minutes of SFG challenge. S. Enteritidis CCS3 cells submitted to acid treatment at pH 4.0 showed are more tolerant to 180 minutes SFG exposure (15% of population reduction) than cells submitted to other acid treatments (pH 4.5 and 5.0) and cells of control (without acid treatment) with 30% of population reduction. / Considerando que a tolerância ao ácido é um importante fator de virulência relacionado à sobrevivência ao baixo pH da secreção gástrica em patógenos veiculados por alimentos e o expressivo aumento da prevalência de Salmonella sorovar Enteritidis nos últimos anos, como agente etiológico de salmonelose humana, este trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito de ácido e da estocagem sob temperaturas baixas em Salmonella sorovar Enteritidis. O crescimento de S. Enteritidis CCS3, isolada de carcaça suína, e S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 foi determinado em Caldo Tripticaseína e Soja (TSB) com valores de pH que variaram de 3,5 a 7,2. A sobrevivência foi avaliada no mesmo meio com pH entre 1,5 e 3,5. A tolerância ao Fluido Gástrico Simulado (FGS) dessas bactérias previamente submetidas a tratamento ácido subletal em pH 4,0; 4,5 e 5,0 inoculadas em carne suína estocada por sete dias a 4 ± 1°C e por 84 dias sob congelamento a -18 ± 1°C foi também avaliada. S. Enteritidis CCS3 apresentou valores maiores de velocidade específica de crescimento em TSB acidificado e sobreviveu por mais tempo em pH inferior a 3,5 do que S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076. A estocagem em carne suína por sete dias a 4 ± 1°C não afetou as populações de S. Enteritidis investigadas. Após 84 dias de congelamento, as reduções médias das populações de S. Enteritidis CCS3 e ATCC 13076 foram de 0,8 e 1,5 ciclos logarítmicos, respectivamente. O tratamento ácido aplicado previamente não teve efeito sobre a sobrevivência das duas culturas sob baixas temperaturas. Após a estocagem sob temperaturas baixas, as células de S. Enteritidis CCS3 apresentaram tolerância à exposição ao FGS por até três horas. Contrariamente, células de S. Enteritidis ATCC 13076 perderam a culturabilidade após 10 minutos de desafio ao FGS. Células de S. Enteritidis CCS3 submetidas a tratamento ácido prévio em pH 4,0 mostraram-se mais tolerantes à exposição por 180 minutos ao FGS (redução de 15%) que células submetidas aos tratamentos ácidos em pH 4,5 e 5,0 e células do tratamento controle (sem tratamento ácido) com redução de 30% da população.