One of the challenges of the mobile industry is to cope with the growth of mobile traffic demand expected for the next years, primarily driven by the increasing usage of mobile video services. Indeed, the existence of increasingly powerful terminals is encouraging the consumption of high-quality video content. Usually, video services are identified with linear Television (TV) and scheduled broadcast (point-to-multipoint (p-t-m)) distribution. However, the consumption of video content over mobile networks is different from traditional fixed TV because contents are mainly consumed on-demand with unicast point-to-point (p-t-p) connections. Then, the convergence of linear TV and on-demand content delivery represents a challenge that requires a combined broadcast/unicast transmission model. This dissertation addresses the use of broadcasting technologies for the provision of mobile multimedia services in Fourth Generation (4G) mobile broadband networks and beyond. Specifically, the dissertation focuses on the broadcast technology included in 4G Long Term Evolution (LTE) and LTE Advanced (LTE-A) networks, known as Enhanced Multicast Broadcast Multimedia Services (eMBMS). It analyses the benefits of the eMBMS physical layer aspects regarding Multimedia Broadcast Multicast Services over a Single Frequency Network (MBSFN) deployments and identifies the current limitations of eMBMS at physical layer by comparing with the broadcast technology of the other 4G mobile system, the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) 802.16m standard. Those limitations are the use of a dedicated carrier and Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) techniques for broadcast transmissions. Our investigations employ a complete simulation platform including link-level and system-level simulations to evaluate the performance of broadcast transmissions in these real technologies. The research on eMBMS services is aimed at finding the optimum delivery of streaming and file download services focusing on the Radio Resource Management (RRM) problem and trade-off between Physical layer – Forward Error Correction (PHY-FEC) and Application Layer - Forward Error Correction (AL-FEC). Concerning streaming services, results show that the use of AL-FEC increases the coverage level and, then, the maximum service data rate. The gain due to AL-FEC is greater in scenarios with high mobility users, although, this gain is limited if low zapping times are desired. Regarding file delivery services, this dissertation analyses the duration of the transmission required to guarantee the correct file reception and the reduction in the mean throughput of unicast users with different delivery modes. They are the unicast delivery, the eMBMS delivery and a hybrid approach, which combines a first eMBMS delivery with a postdelivery error repair phase with unicast transmissions. Our results show that the hybrid delivery is the most efficient configuration in terms of file download time, although it further reduces unicast performance. / Calabuig Gaspar, J. (2015). Broadcasting in 4G mobile broadband networks and its evolution towards 5G [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/48561 / TESIS

This thesis identifies and addresses two barriers to the adoption of Long Term Evolution (LTE) Device-to-Device (D2D) communication enabled smart grid applications in out of core network coverage regions. The first barrier is the lack of accessible simulation software for engineers to develop and test the feasibility of their D2D LTE enabled smart grid application designs. The second barrier is the lack of a distributed resource allocation algorithm for LTE D2D communications that has been tailored to the needs of smart grid applications. A solution was proposed to the first barrier in the form of a simulator constructed in Matlab/Simulink used to simulate power systems and the underlying communication system, i.e., D2D communication protocol stack of Long Term Evolution (LTE). The simulator is built using Matlab's LTE System Toolbox, SimEvents, and Simscape Power Systems in addition to an in-house developed interface software to facilitate D2D communications in smart grid applications. To test the simulator, a simple fault location, isolation, and restoration (FLISR) application was implemented using the simulator to show that the LTE message timing is consistent with the relay signaling in the power system. A solution was proposed to the second barrier in the form of a multi-agent Q-learning based resource allocation algorithm that allows Long Term Evolution (LTE) enabled device-to-device (D2D) communication agents to generate orthogonal transmission schedules outside of network coverage. This algorithm reduces packet drop rates (PDR) in distributed D2D communication networks to meet the quality of service requirements of microgrid communications. The PDR and latency performance of the proposed algorithm was compared to the existing random self-allocation mechanism introduced under the Third Generation Partnership Project's LTE Release 12. The proposed algorithm outperformed the LTE algorithm for all tested scenarios, demonstrating 20-40% absolute reductions in PDR and 10-20 ms reductions in latency for all microgrid applications.

This master thesis investigates the possibility of locating LTE base stations, known as eNodeBs, using signal measurements collected by routers on trains. Four existing algorithms for transmitter localization are adopted: the centroid, strongest signal, Monte Carlo path loss simulation and power difference of arrival (PDoA) methods. An improved version of Monte Carlo path loss simulation called logloss fitting is proposed. Furthermore, a novel localization method called sector fitting is presented, which operates solely on the cell identity and geographical distribution of the measurements. The methods are evaluated for a set of manually located eNodeBs, and the results are compared to other external systems that can be used to locate eNodeBs. It is found that the novel sector fitting algorithm is able to considerably improve the accuracy of the logloss fitting and PDoA methods, but weighted centroid is overall the most accurate of the considered methods, providing a median error of approximately 1 km. The Google Geolocation API and Mozilla Location Service still provides estimates that are generally closer to the true location than any of the considered methods. However, for a subset of eNodeBs where measurements from all sectors are available, the novel sector fitting algorithm combined with logloss fitting outperforms the external systems. Therefore, a hybrid approach is suggested, where sector fitting combined with logloss fitting or weighted centroid is used to locate eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors, while Google Geolocation API or Mozilla Location Service is used to locate the remaining eNodeBs. It is concluded that while the localization performance for those eNodeBs that have measurements from all sectors is relatively good, further improvements to the overall results can likely be obtained in future work by considering environmental factors, the angular losses introduced by directional antennas, and the effects of downlink power control.

[ES] La tecnologia en fases de paquets es va convertir en dècades enrere en la indústria del radar. Avui en dia, la matriu de fases o la formació de bigues s'està convertint en una necessitat per a la comunicació digital. L'explotació d'un sistema de transmissió de feixos ajudarà a reduir el consum total d'energia de les estacions base i dels equips d'usuaris. També permetrà al servei oferir dades molt més elevades i millorar la qualitat del servei. La investigació sobre la comunicació digital i la comunicació requereix una antena i un maquinari compatible. El maquinari hauria de ser capaç de gestionar diferents escenaris i enfocaments per a problemes de comunicació mòbil. Hi ha diversos sistemes utilitzats per a la investigació de la formació de bigues, especialment per a la comunicació mòbil. Aquests sistemes pateixen de diverses deficiències. Són cares d'implementar, no adaptatives i fixades a una arquitectura relacionada amb determinat algorisme de generació de feixos o amb un nombre d'elements d'array fix. En aquesta tesi es proposa un nou sistema de matrius per fases. Aquest sistema es podria explotar per a la investigació en problemes de comunicació mòbil o radar. Està compost per una xarxa d'antenes planes de 8x1, canals de conversió de RF a banda base i processador de banda base. Es fa una estimació de la transformació de fases i de la DOA en mostres digitals de banda base. Això proporciona al sistema dinàmica quant als algorismes provats. Amb aquesta finalitat, es fan servir juntes SDR àgils per adquirir senyals de la matriu d'antenes i convertir-les en fluxos de dades digitals. Els fluxos de dades es processen després en un processador de banda base basat en FPGA. A més de ser baixos en costos i assequibles per part de petits instituts d'investigació i investigacions independents, el sistema es pot ajustar per portar més elements de matriu d'antenes. La matriu monopola plana de 8x1 està dissenyada, simulada i mesurada. Es combinen i descriuen les característiques d'impedància i de radiació. Els SDR s'introdueixen i es calibren per al funcionament de diversos elements i s'introdueixen els mètodes de calibratge per incerteses de fase i amplitud. El rendiment global del sistema es prova mitjançant diferents algorismes de formulació de feixos i algorismes de direcció d'estimació d'arribada. Els resultats de la mesura mostren que el sistema és fiable. S'aconsegueix un model de beamformació amb bona resolució i un rebuig elevat de la interferència. La estimació de la direcció d'arribada és precisa. / [CA] La tecnología de matriz en fase hizo una rotación en la industria del radar hace décadas. Hoy en día, la matriz en fase, o formación de haz, se está convirtiendo en una necesidad para la comunicación digital. La explotación de la formación de haz ayudaría a reducir el consumo de energía general de las estaciones base y el equipo del usuario. También permitirá que el servicio brinde datos mucho más altos y mejore la calidad del servicio. La investigación sobre la formación y comunicación de haces digitales requiere un conjunto de antenas y hardware compatible. El hardware debe ser capaz de manejar diferentes escenarios y enfoques para problemas de comunicación móvil. Hay varios sistemas utilizados para la investigación de conformación de haz, especialmente para la comunicación móvil. Estos sistemas sufren de varias deficiencias. Son costosos de implementar, no adaptativos y fijos a una arquitectura relacionada con cierto algoritmo de conformación de haz o con un número de elementos de arreglo fijo. En esta tesis, se propone un nuevo sistema matricial por fases. Este sistema podría ser explotado para la investigación en comunicaciones móviles o problemas de radar. Está compuesto por un conjunto de antenas planas de 8x1, canales de conversión de RF a banda base y procesador de banda base. La formación de haz y la estimación de DOA se realizan en muestras digitales de banda base. Esto proporciona al sistema dinamismo con respecto a los algoritmos probados. Para ese propósito, las tarjetas SDR ágiles se utilizan para adquirir señales de la red de antenas y convertirlas en flujos de datos digitales. Los flujos de datos se procesan en un procesador de banda base basado en FPGA. Además de ser de bajo costo y asequible para los pequeños institutos de investigación e investigaciones independientes, el sistema se puede ajustar para llevar más elementos de la red de antenas. El conjunto monopolo plano 8x1 está diseñado, simulado y medido. La correspondencia de impedancia y las características de radiación se representan y describen. Los SDR se introducen y se calibran para la operación de elementos múltiples y se introducen los métodos de calibración para las incertidumbres de fase y amplitud. El rendimiento general del sistema se prueba mediante diferentes algoritmos de conformación de haz y algoritmos de estimación de la dirección de llegada. Los resultados de las mediciones muestran que el sistema es confiable. Se logra una conformación de haz con buena resolución y alto rechazo de interferencia. Dirección de estimación de la llegada es precisa. / [EN] Phased array technology made a turnover in radar industry decades ago. Nowadays, phased array, or beamforming, is becoming a necessity for digital communication. Exploiting beamforming would help in reducing the overall power consumption of base stations and user equipment. It will also enables the service to provide much higher datarates and enhance the quality of service. Research on digital beamforming and communication requires antenna array and compatible hardware. The hardware should be capable of handling different scenarios and approaches for mobile communication problems. There are several systems used for beamforming research especially for mobile communication. These systems suffer from several deficiencies. They are either expensive to implement, not adaptive and fixed to an architecture related to certain beamforming algorithm or with fixed array elements number. In this thesis, a new phased array system is proposed. This system could be exploited for research in mobile communication or radar problems. It is composed of 8x1 planar antenna array, RF to baseband conversion channels and base band processor. Beamforming and DOA estimation is done on base band digital samples. This provides the system with dynamicity regarding tested algorithms. For that purpose, agile SDR boards are used to acquire signals from antenna array and convert them to digital data streams. Data streams are then processed in an FPGA based base band processor. In addition to being low in cost and affordable by small research institutes and freelancing researches, the system can be adjusted to carry more antenna array elements. The 8x1 planar monopole array is designed, simulated and measured. Impedance matching and radiation characteristics are plotted and described. SDRs are introduced and calibrated for multi-element operation and calibration method for phase and amplitude uncertainties are introduced. Overall system performance is tested by different beamforming algorithms and direction of arrival estimation algorithms. Measurement results show that the system is reliable. Beamforming with good resolution and high interference rejection is achieved. Direction of arrival estimation is accurate. / Haroun, MH. (2019). 8×1 Antenna Array System for Uplink Beamforming in LTE-A and 5G NR [Tesis doctoral no publicada]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/129852 / TESIS

This diploma thesis deals with the study and measurement of coexistence scenarios that can occur between the LTE and LoRa systems in the unlicensed ISM band 2.4 GHz. A common radio frequency band in which LTE and LoRa systems can coexist is defined. An appropriate laboratory measurement is proposed and realized, allowing automatized measurement of the defined coexistence scenarios. For this purpose, a personal computer, professional measurement equipment and software MATLAB are utilized. Functionality of the proposed concept is verified by extensive measurements. The obtained results are graphically shown and discussed in detail.

Cíl disertační práce leží v oblasti modelování a vyhodnocení bezdrátových komunikačních systémů s dvojrozměrným rozprostíráním signálu a jejich klíčových parametrů v závislosti na vybraných vlastnostech moderního bezdrátového komunikačního řetězce. Výzkumné metody použité v této práci spočívají především ve vývoji softwarového simulátoru pro prostředí Matlab, s jehož pomocí, a s využitím statistického přístupu, jsou navržené algoritmy ověřeny. Dále je použit simulátor fyzické vrstvy dle 3rd Generation Partnership Project Long Term Evolution (3GPP LTE), vyvinutý na Technické univerzitě ve Vídni. Tento představuje ideální platformu pro implementaci metody dvojrozměrného (2D) rozprostírání a její vyhodnocení s přihlédnutím k současným bezdrátovým komunikačním systémům. Zjištění prezentovaná v této práci představují především ověření účinnosti systému nazvaného jako Variable Spreading Factor - Orthogonal Code Frequency Division Multiplex (VSF-OFCDM), který využívá principu 2D rozprostírání signálu a zjištění, že VSF-OFCDM systém překonává systémy využívající Orthogonal Division Frequency Multiplex (OFDM), nebo Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA). Dále byla navržena metoda 2D rozprostírání signálu v systému LTE, kde se též potvrdila její účinnost. Díky účinnějšímu potlačení vlivu rychlé variace přenosového kanálu v závislosti na frekvenci a čase, dosahuje systém VSF-OFCDM znatelně vyšší datové prostupnosti.

Key tasks of this work are to create the simulation of a wireless network in ns-3 and to stream a video over this network by using MPEG-DASH technology. It describes the tools and methods how to encode a video according to MPEG-DASH. It is explained what is needed to run video server, which uses MPEG-DASH technology to stream videos. Then, it is described how a simulation of wired and wireless WiFi and LTE networks is created. The simulation starts a server and shows how it works, how many nodes can be used and chooses suitable segment duration.

Master‘s thesis discusses about the issues of LTE-Advanced networks. The paper is divided into 4 parts. At the beginning describes some differences which are other then are mentioned in previous 2G and 3G networks. Next chapter focuses on the physical layer LTE. It describes the structure of transmission frames, channels and functions of transmission signals. It also describes briefly the function of HARQ process, turbo encoder and rate matcher. The penultimate chapter focuses on the design of the LTE-Advanced duplex simulator. The last chapter summarizes the results of the created round-trip simulator in the Matlab environment.

Diploma thesis is focused on an analysis of radio conditions of indoor LTE-A mobile networks. Measurements of the Huawei LTE-A radio access network were performed using the R&S TSMW spectral analyser. Results have been processed and discussed. The practical part of diploma thesis also consists of a development of a program for processing the data sets obtained from R&S TSMW spectral analyzer.

The master thesis is focused on control procedures in EPS-IMS networks. Firstly the thesis describes systems IMS and EPS. The second part of thesis includes the theory of control procedures in EPS such as cell acquisition, random access procedure, identification of subscriber, authentication of subscriber, security procedures, tracking area procedure, default bearer creation, implementation of CSFB procedure and detach procedure. Processes related to subsystem IMS such as registration to IMS, bearer creation for IMS signalling and voice service VoLTE are the next part of thesis. The next main topic is the VoLTE implementation problematic and VoLTE cooperation with diverse terminals. There is also explained the principle of Circuit Switched Fallback for realization voice services in EPS without VoLTE service. All procedures mentioned above except of procedures which are related to IMS were captured and analyzed using software Wireshark and QualiPoc. The final part of the thesis is lab task creation based of the analyzed messages.