Two eucalypt clines were examined using morphological, ecophysiological and molecular analyses. The species complexes examined were an ironbark complex (Eucalyptus melanophloia x E. whitei) and a box complex (E. brownii x E. populnea). Both of these complexes demonstrate continuous morphological variation across their clines. The origin of these morphological clines has previously been interpreted as the product of secondary contact between allopatric species. In this study, an analysis of morphological variation across the clines did not identify an increase in trait variance in the intermediate populations, which suggests that previous theories concerning the origin of these clines may not be valid. Genetic structuring in nuclear and chloroplast DNA was examined across the clines to investigate whether the morphological clines were the product of secondary contact between two independent evolutionary lineages, or whether the clines represent a single evolutionary lineage that has undergone primary differentiation. The microsatellite analyses indicated that there was little genetic structuring across either cline, and that there were only low levels of population differentiation. The lack of hierarchical structuring in the distribution of nuclear genetic variation suggests that these clines are unlikely to be the product of recent gene flow between two formerly allopatric species/populations. A nested clade analysis of the JLA+ region of the cpDNA provides additional evidence to reject the null hypothesis that the morphospecies classifications represent distinct evolutionary lineages. Instead the analyses indicate that each cline represents a single cohesion species and a single evolutionary lineage. The phylogeographic distribution of cpDNA haplotypes is likely to have resulted from restricted seed mediated gene flow with isolation by distance. A more cogent explanation for the clines, based on the genetic data, is that they have arisen through the process of continuous morphological diversification that has been promoted by a directional selection gradient. Drought experiments were conducted in the glasshouse to investigate whether differences in physiological performance under water stress helps to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline. Under increasing water stress, the morphotypes showed differences in their ability to maintain water status and photosynthetic rates, yet there was no obvious pattern to these differences across the cline. Physiological differences are therefore inadequate to explain the maintenance of the ironbark cline and highlight the compensatory role that morphological variation may play in alleviating water stress. The value of adopting the cohesion species concept and a hypothesis-testing framework to assess species status is demonstrated in this study. This framework provided a statistical approach to distinguish independent evolutionary lineages from interspecific populations and provides evidence to refute the current species status of the species complexes studied. Eucalypt classification is predominantly based on morphology, which results in taxonomic classification that may not reflect genealogical relationships. This is due to the disparity between morphological and phylogenetic relationships. I therefore suggest that current presumptions regarding the prevalence and importance of hybridisation within the genus may reflect taxonomic classification. An accurate assessment of the prevalence and importance of hybridisation requires species classification to be based on genealogical relationships.

Cette thèse a pour but d'étudier quelques applications des fonctions à variation bornée et des ensembles de périmètre fini. Nous nous intéressons en particulier à des applications en traitement d'images et en géométrie de dimension finie et infinie. Nous étudions tout d'abord une méthode dite Primale-Duale proposée par Appleton et Talbot pour la résolution de nombreux problèmes en traitement d'images. Nous réinterprétons cette méthode sous un oeil nouveau, ce qui aide à mieux la comprendre mathématiquement. Ceci permet par exemple de démontrer sa convergence et d'établir de nouvelles estimations a posteriori qui sont d'une grande importance pratique. Nous considérons ensuite le problème de courbure moyenne prescrite en milieu périodique. A l'aide de la théorie des ensembles de périmètre fini, nous démontrons l'existence de solutions approchées compactes de ce problème. Nous étudions également le comportement asymptotique de ces solutions lorsque leur volume tend vers l'infini. Les deux dernières parties de la thèse sont consacrées à l'étude de problèmes géométriques dans les espaces de Wiener. Nous étudions d'une part les liens entre symétrisations, semi-continuité et inégalités isopérimétriques ce qui permet d'obtenir un résultat d'approximation et de relaxation pour le périmètre dans ces espaces de dimension infinie. Nous démontrons d'autre part la convexité des solutions de certains problèmes variationnels dans ces espaces, en développant au passage l'étude de la semi-continuité et de la relaxation dans ce contexte.

<p>Eutrophication, which is the most important degradation in water bodies, has been traced to the imposed loading of nutrients. Of interest is the fact that the process is often accompanied with undesirable effects, one of which is primarily the increased algae production at the surface and accumulation of biomass at the bottom and the secondary responses, which include a., change in species composition b. change in the biogeochemical cycle c. shift in the seasonal pattern and magnitude variability.</p><p>The biogeochemical cycle in response to hydrodynamic alterations may occur internally; however external loading often fosters the process over large spatial scales. In the quest of validating the above statement, we hypothesized that there is no difference in the mean concentration of nutrients in the Gulf of Bothnia from the overall mean concentration.</p><p>The analysis was done with a probability mapping method, in which all stations were grouped into a lattice. The cells are constructed using a grid system, i.e. x and y axis (longitude and latitude). Basically the method statistically tested for variables deviating from the over mean concentration. The variables analyzed are DIN, DSi, DIP and DIN: DSi.</p><p>Results of the analysis showed significant spatial variations in the nutrient distribution in the Gulf of Bothnia; such differences were observed in the coastal to the deep zones of the Gulf.</p>

<p>The paper begins with a short survey of monotone functions. The functions of bounded variation are introduced and some basic properties of these functions are given. Finally the jump function of a function of bounded variation is defined.</p>

<p>Laborativ matematik har under flera år varit ett viktigt inslag i min matematikundervisning. När jag skulle göra en undersökning passade det bra att titta på vilka faktorer som påverkar inlärningen med hjälp av laborationer. Vi fick fram faktorerna genom en diskussion i fokusgrupp. Dessa faktorer viktades och betygsattes både allmänt för laborationer och efter en laboration vi utförde i klassen. Det jag kan se utifrån elevernas betygsättning och viktning är att de tycker att samarbetet i gruppen och respekten för individens egna tankar är det viktigaste. Eleverna tyckte att det var viktigt att få jobba självständigt i gruppen utan lärarstyrning. När eleverna fick olika styrning på genomförandet av laborationen kunde de upptäcka olika saker som de sedan delade med sig till varandra.</p>

This thesis describes the natural variation and influence of aspen harvesting on stream chemical concentration and flow-weighted export from catchments typical of the Western Boreal Plain, Alberta, Canada. The catchment stream discharge and stream chemical concentrations presented are taken from a subset of a five-year paired catchment (2005-2010) HEAD2 NSERC-CRD study. Nutrients, major anions, major cations and two minor ions were monitored from second-order streams draining a 18.3 sq km reference catchment (R1) and compared to a 9.9 sq km experimental catchment (H1) for two years of pre-harvesting (2005-2006) and two years of sequential harvesting (2007-2008). Preliminary analyses showed that non-harvest high flows had a total average instantaneous export greater than 10 times that of low flows. In addition, summer storms and beaver dam breakages had stream export equivalent to or greater than spring melt. Intensive upland aspen harvesting showed no significant differences in major cation and anion export post-harvest with the exception of increased sulfate. / Ecology

Among most of the LEED registered and LEED certified health-care facilities, there is a credit variation between the LEED pilot checklist and the final checklist. The credit variation between the LEED pilot and final checklists implies failure in achieving the pre-defined green objectives. Most of the credits were given up due to financial reasons. Although most of the credits in the LEED credit list emerge as design issues, accomplishing a LEED rating is primarily the owner??s responsibility. In order to minimize the variation between the LEED pilot checklist and LEED approved checklist, the owner needs to conduct significant project planning. The owner should integrate the LEED objectives early in the project and should include the cost of the LEED process in the capital budget. Since there are limited LEED certified health-care projects, adoption of the systems approach for planning and developing a green health-care facility using the IDEF0 method is recommended. The IDEF0 method can produce an outcome array which represents the matrix of all possible circumstances. This will give the owner and the project team the ability to better forecast cost and schedule decisions, even when there is a lack of historical data relating to green health-care projects. The approach will be beneficial in analyzing the various outcomes, cost, and feasibility of projects in terms of integrating LEED objectives early on. This could minimize the credit variation, as well as cost and schedule overruns during the project execution stage. Adequately defining the full development process upfront is vital to the overall success of any project, especially for green buildings, since they are a developing trend in the construction industry.

Laborativ matematik har under flera år varit ett viktigt inslag i min matematikundervisning. När jag skulle göra en undersökning passade det bra att titta på vilka faktorer som påverkar inlärningen med hjälp av laborationer. Vi fick fram faktorerna genom en diskussion i fokusgrupp. Dessa faktorer viktades och betygsattes både allmänt för laborationer och efter en laboration vi utförde i klassen. Det jag kan se utifrån elevernas betygsättning och viktning är att de tycker att samarbetet i gruppen och respekten för individens egna tankar är det viktigaste. Eleverna tyckte att det var viktigt att få jobba självständigt i gruppen utan lärarstyrning. När eleverna fick olika styrning på genomförandet av laborationen kunde de upptäcka olika saker som de sedan delade med sig till varandra.

The paper begins with a short survey of monotone functions. The functions of bounded variation are introduced and some basic properties of these functions are given. Finally the jump function of a function of bounded variation is defined.

The aim of this article is to analyse the aspects that teachers intend to focus on in teaching mathematics and the students' needs, i.e. what is critical for student learning. The article develops an argument for the importance of identifying the “critical aspects” as a basis for the teachers to promote student learning of Mathematics from preschool to upper secondary school. The article concludes that what teachers believe that students need to be offered concerning a specific content of Mathematics does not correspond to students' needs. Gaps between the intended and the enacted object of learning show that both the way the object of learning is offered and the way this is communicated in a teaching situation could be improved.