Orientadores: Maria Patrícia Traina Chacon Mikahil, Cleiton Augusto Libardi / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação Física / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-22T01:21:18Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Nogueira_FelipeRomanoDamas_M.pdf: 943593 bytes, checksum: c667da2717da006967d54b083f202d8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: Esta dissertação é composta de uma introdução e um artigo científico original intitulado "Comparison in responses to maximal eccentric exercise between elbow flexors and knee extensors of older adults" aceito para publicação em revista especializada da área. O exercício excêntrico (EE) máximo resulta em significativo dano muscular principalmente em indivíduos não habituados a este tipo de exercício. A magnitude do dano muscular é menor quando o EE é realizado com os músculos extensores do joelho do que quando realizado com os flexores do cotovelo em jovens, provavelmente graças a um efeito protetor nos membros inferiores conferido por maior exposição dos extensores do joelho às contrações excêntricas das atividades de vida diária. No entanto, ainda não se sabe se este também é o caso para indivíduos idosos. É possível que a diferença de dano muscular entre flexores do cotovelo e extensores do joelho seja menor para idosos, uma vez que atividades diárias possam estar reduzidas ou mesmo devido às alterações neuromusculares com o envelhecimento o que promoveria menor adaptabilidade às atividades de vida diária. Desta forma, o presente estudo testou a hipótese que a suscetibilidade ao dano muscular seria similar entre flexores do cotovelo e extensores do joelho para indivíduos idosos. Oito voluntários idosos (61,6 ± 1,8 anos) realizaram 5 séries de 6 contrações excêntricas máximas à velocidade de 90º·s-1 com os flexores do cotovelo (amplitude de movimento: 80-20º) e extensores do joelho (30-90º) utilizando membros não dominantes em ordem randomizada com duas semanas de pausa entre as sessões. Foram medidos os torques voluntários máximos isométricos e concêntricos, ângulo ótimo, amplitude de movimento, dor muscular analisada por escala analógica visual e atividade de creatina quinase (CK) imediatamente após (exceto a CK), e 24, 48, 72 e 96 horas após o EE. As mudanças normalizadas nas variáveis dependentes após o protocolo foram comparadas entre flexores do cotovelo e extensores do joelho utilizando-se do modelo misto de análise, seguido do teste post-hoc de Tukey, quando apropriado. Os resultados indicaram que somente o torque voluntário máximo isométrico e a amplitude de movimento demonstraram significantes efeitos de grupo (p < 0,05) para a comparação entre flexores do cotovelo e extensores do joelho. Adicionalmente, não foi encontrada interação grupo vs. tempo (p > 0,05) para nenhuma das variáveis dependentes comparando entre flexores do cotovelo e extensores do joelho dos idosos. Estes resultados sugerem que os extensores do joelho de idosos são relativamente tão suscetíveis ao dano muscular quanto os flexores de cotovelo, ou, ao menos, a diferença entre membros é pequena para os idosos / Abstract: This dissertation is composed of an introduction and an original article entitled "Comparison in responses to maximal eccentric exercise between elbow flexors and knee extensors of older adults" accepted to publication on a specialized journal. Unaccustomed eccentric exercise induces significant muscle damage. The magnitude of muscle damage is greater for the elbow flexors (EF) compared to the knee extensors (KE) following eccentric contractions (ECC) for young subjects, probably due to a protective effect of the lower limb muscles conferred by greater exposure of KE to ECC performed in daily activities. However, it is not known if it is also the case for old subjects. It is possible that the difference in muscle damage between EF and KE is smaller for old individuals, since daily activities can be reduced or even due to neuromuscular disorders with aging what could promote lower adaptability to activities of daily living. Therefore, the present study compared between elbow flexors (EF) and knee extensors (KE) for their susceptibility to eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage in older adults to test the hypothesis that muscle damage would be similar between EF and KE of this population. Eight old (61.6 ± 1.8 years) participants performed 5 sets of 6 maximal isokinetic (90º·s-1) eccentric contractions (ECC) of the EF (range of motion: 80-20º) and KE (30-90º) with the non-dominant limb in a randomised, counterbalanced order with 2 weeks between bouts. Maximal voluntary isometric (MVC-ISO) and concentric contraction torque, optimum angle, range of motion (ROM), muscle soreness and serum creatine kinase (CK) activity were measured before, immediately after (except CK), and 24, 48, 72 and 96 hours following ECC. Normalized changes in the variables following ECC were compared between EF and KE by a mixed model analysis. The results showed that only MVC-ISO and ROM demonstrated significant group effects (p < 0.05) for the comparison between EF and KE. Additionally, no significant group vs. time interaction (p > 0.05) was found for the older adults between EF and KE for the changes in any of the dependent variables. These results suggest that the KE of older adults are relatively as susceptible to muscle damage as their EF, or at the very least, the difference between EF and KE are small for older adults / Mestrado / Atividade Fisica Adaptada / Mestre em Educação Física

Human motor control is a complex process involving both central and peripheral components of the nervous system. Type Ia afferent input contributes to both motor unit recruitment and firing frequency, however, whether maximal force production is dependent on this input is unclear. Therefore, chapter 2 examined maximal and explosive force production of the knee extensors following prolonged infrapatellar tendon vibration; designed to attenuate the efficacy of the homonymous Ia afferent-α-motoneuron pathway. Despite a marked decrease in H-reflex amplitude, indicating an attenuated efficacy of the Ia afferent-α-motoneuron pathway, both maximal and explosive force production were unaffected after vibration. This suggested that maximal and explosive isometric quadriceps force production was not dependent upon Ia afferent input to the homonymous motor unit pool. Voluntary movements are linked with various modulations in ongoing neural oscillations within the supraspinal sensorimotor system. Despite considerable interest in the oscillatory responses to movements per se, the influence of the motor parameters that define these movements is poorly understood. Subsequently, chapters 3 and 4 investigated how the motor parameters of voluntary contractions modulated the oscillatory amplitude. Chapter 3 recorded electroencephalography from the leg area of the primary sensorimotor cortex in order to investigate the oscillatory responses to isometric unilateral contractions of the knee-extensors at four torque levels (15, 30, 45 and 60% max.). An increase in movement-related gamma (30-50 Hz) activity was observed with increments in knee-extension torque, whereas oscillatory power within the delta (0.5-3 Hz), theta (3-7 Hz), alpha (7-13 Hz) and beta (13-30 Hz) bands were unaffected. Chapter 4 examined the link between the motor parameters of voluntary contraction and modulations in beta (15-30 Hz) oscillations; specifically, movement-related beta decrease (MRBD) and post-movement beta rebound (PMBR). Magnetoencephalography (MEG) was recorded during isometric ramp and constant-force wrist-flexor contractions at distinct rates of force development (10.4, 28.9 and 86.7% max./s) and force output (5, 15, 35 and 60%max.), respectively. MRBD was unaffected by RFD or force output, whereas systematic modulation of PMBR by both contraction force and RFD was identified for the first time. Specifically, increments in isometric contraction force increased PMBR amplitude, and increments in RFD increased PMBR amplitude but decreased PMBR duration. Physical fatigue arises not only from peripheral processes within the active skeletal muscles but also from supraspinal mechanisms within the brain. However, exactly how cortical activity is modulated during fatigue has received a paucity of attention. Chapter 5 investigated whether oscillatory activity within the primary sensorimotor cortex was modulated when contractions were performed in a state of physical fatigue. MEG was recorded during submaximal isometric contractions of the wrist-flexors performed both before and after a fatiguing series of isometric wrist-flexions or a time matched control intervention. Physical fatigue offset the attenuation in MRBD observed during the control trial, whereas PMBR was increased when submaximal contractions were performed in a fatigued state.

Please read the abstract in the section 00front of this document / Dissertation (M Eng (Structural Engineering))--University of Pretoria, 2006. / Civil Engineering / unrestricted

Plastic shrinkage cracks, although not inherently structurally debilitating, expose the reinforcement in low-volume reinforced concrete roads to deleterious substances, which may reduce its effectiveness leading ultimately to structural failure. In un-reinforced low-volume concrete road these cracks appear unsightly and cause the road user an unpleasant riding experience. Many researchers believe that plastic shrinkage crack development remains a concern to the concrete industry, occurring in particularly large–area pours such as low-volume concrete roads, and therefore requires further research to understand their formation and minimization. This study reports findings on the effectiveness of oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibres to control plastic shrinkage cracks, and the effect the addition of ultra-fine material has on the formation and/or propagation of these cracks. Findings indicate that low volume dosages (2 kg/m³), of oxyfluorinated polypropylene fibre significantly reduced the formation of plastic shrinkage cracks under test conditions. Furthermore, that the addition of ultra-fine material in excess of 63 kg/m³ increased the formation and/or development of plastic shrinkage cracks.

Les résines composites à base de polymères diméthacrylates sont des biomatériaux fréquemment employés en dentisterie où la matrice est synthétisée in vivo par photopolymérisation en chaîne radicalaire. En Odontologie Conservatrice, la contraction volumique dont cette matrice est le siège au cours de sa synthèse est un inconvénient majeur. Elle est, en effet, à l’origine de contraintes physiques souvent néfastes et mal contrôlées dès lors que le matériau, collé aux murs cavitaires, est élaboré en milieu confiné. Aucune étude n'a permis à ce jour d’analyser de manière approfondie ce phénomène de contraintes de contraction au regard des conditions opératoires de la synthèse de la matrice. Le but de ce travail est donc d'isoler la problématique des contraintes internes en orientant exclusivement l’étude vers l'analyse de la matrice. En élaborant des prototypes à base de Bis-GMA et d’UEDMA et après caractérisation de certaines propriétés physico-chimiques, rhéologiques et thermodynamiques des mélanges de ces comonomères et des copolymères résultants, ce travail a permis de contribuer à une meilleure compréhension de la phénoménologie de la relaxation viscoélastique qui gouverne la dissipation des contraintes de contraction / Composite materials containing polymers are biomaterials frequently employed in dentistry where the matrix is synthesized in vivo by photocured radical chain. In Operative Dentistry, the resulting shrinkage strain produced during the synthesis of this matrix is a major disadvantage. It is, indeed, at the origin of often harmful and badly controlled physical stresses since the material, stuck to the cavity walls, is elaborated in confined surroundings. No study to date allowed analyzing thoroughly this phenomenon of contraction taking into consideration the operating conditions of the synthesis of the matrix. The goal of this work is thus to exclusively isolate the set of problems of the internal stresses by directing the study towards the matrix analysis. By elaborating prototypes based on Bis-GMA and UEDMA and after characterization of certain physicochemical, rheological and thermodynamic properties of mixtures of these comonomers and of the resulting copolymers, this work made it possible to contribute to a better understanding of the phenomenology of the viscoelastic relaxation which governs the dissipation of the shrinkage stress

Banach's contraction principle is probably one of the most important theorems in fixed point theory. It has been used to develop much of the rest of fixed point theory. Another key result in the field is a theorem due to Browder, Göhde, and Kirk involving Hilbert spaces and nonexpansive mappings. Several applications of Banach's contraction principle are made. Some of these applications involve obtaining new metrics on a space, forcing a continuous map to have a fixed point, and using conditions on the boundary of a closed ball in a Banach space to obtain a fixed point. Finally, a development of the theorem due to Browder et al. is given with Hilbert spaces replaced by uniformly convex Banach spaces.

The chicken ductus arteriosi (DA) are two embryonic blood vessels that shunt blood away from the non-ventilated lungs and towards the body and chorioallantoic membrane. I show that prostaglandins have a diminished role in maintaining chicken DA patency and nitric oxide inhibits oxygen induced contraction of the day 19 proximal DA in a time dependent manner. The pathways governing oxygen induced contraction in the chicken DA are similar to those found in mammals and include contributions from ROS, Kv channels, L-type Ca2+ channels, and the Rho kinase pathway. Longer exposure to high oxygen generates increased oxygen induced constriction of the day 19 DA that may be mediated through the Rho kinase pathway.

Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a influência de diferentes estágios de severidade da neuropatia diabética na velocidade de condução das fibras musculares estimada em quatro músculos do membro inferior durante contrações isométricas, utilizando-se eletromiografia de superfície. Oitenta e cinco adultos foram estudados: 16 indivíduos não diabéticos e 69 diabéticos classificados em quatro estágios de neuropatia definidos por um sistema fuzzy: ausente (n=26), leve (n=21), moderada (n=11) e grave (n=11). As velocidades de condução médias das fibras musculares do tibial anterior, gastrocnêmico medial, vasto lateral e bíceps femoral foram avaliadas utilizando uma matriz linear de eletrodos de superfície e foram comparadas entre os grupos estudados por meio de ANOVAs (p < 0,05). As velocidades de condução diminuíram significativamente no grupo com neuropatia moderada para o vasto lateral em relação aos outros grupos (18 a 21% de decréscimo), e foram menores em todos os grupos com diabetes para o tibial anterior em relação ao grupo controle (15 a 20% de decréscimo). Não só a localização anatômica distal do músculo afetou a velocidade de condução, mas também a proporção do tipo de fibras musculares, uma vez que o tibial anterior, com maior proporção de fibras do tipo I, estava com sua velocidade de condução alterada já no grupo ausente, enquanto o vasto lateral, com maior proporção de fibras do tipo II, estava com sua velocidade de condução alterada em estágios mais tardios da doença. De forma geral, os músculos do membro inferior têm diferentes suscetibilidades aos efeitos do diabetes mellitus e da neuropatia e mostram uma redução da velocidade de condução conforme a neuropatia progride / This study aimed at investigating the influence of different stages of diabetic neuropathy in the muscle fiber conduction velocities estimated in four lower limb mucles during isometric maximal voluntary contraction using surface electromyography. Eighty-five adults were studied: 16 non-diabetic individuals and 69 diabetic patients classified into four neuropathy stages, defined by a fuzzy system: absent (n=26), mild (n=21), moderate (n=11) and severe (n=11). Average muscle fiber conduction velocities of gastrocnemius medialis, tibialis anterior, vastus lateralis and biceps femoris were assessed using linear array electrodes, and the studied groups were compared by ANOVAs (p < 0.05). Conduction velocities were significantly decreased in the moderate neuropathy group for the vastus lateralis compared to other groups (from 18 to 21% decrease), and were decreased in all diabetic groups for the tibialis anterior (from 15 to 20% from control group). Not only the distal anatomical localization of the muscle affects the conduction velocity, but also the proportion of muscle fiber type, where the tibialis anterior, with greater type I fiber proportion, is affected already at the absent group while the vastus lateralis with greater type II fiber proportion is affected in later stages of the disease. Generally, the muscles of the lower limb have different responsiveness to the effects of diabetes mellitus and neuropathy and show a reduction in the conduction velocity as the neuropathy progresses

Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-01T17:57:34Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 larissa_marques_cunha_cabral.pdf: 1240575 bytes, checksum: 527cd5d555a68768c684554d8e1cccd1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-06-09 / The work involved studying the behavior and adjustment of dosage diagram of concrete with respect to static and dynamic elastic modulus. Furthermore, it compares the models of the static elastic modulus based on the compressive strength, German, European, American and Brazilian ABNT NBR 6118 (2014) prediction - Design of Concrete Structures: procedure. Two concrete were produced with different consistency; plastic and other fluid (selfcompacting). Three traits were developed for each consistency, totaling six traits. These dosages were as varying the water / cement and cement consumption; the rebate was kept constant. A comparative analysis of the experimental results with those predicted by some standards was carried out to evaluate the level of accuracy of the same. ACI 318 (2014) was the standard that had their closest results compared to NBR 6118 (2014). Have the Eurocode and DIN 1045 standards -2 showed similar results. And the standard fib CEB - 2010, showed overestimated values in relation to other standards. Thus, we can say that the determination of elasticity of the concrete module proved consistent with the materials and dosages used. However, it is very sensitive to the composition of the trace variable, even when kept the materials. The compressive strength is one of the variables that affect the results. However, it also has great influence to change the nature of the coarse aggregate and the relative folder / coarse aggregate, for example. The dynamic ultrasonic waves through the module was also measured and compared with the static module, showing a rapid and non-destructive option to evaluate the modulus of elasticity of the concrete. / O trabalho em questão estuda o comportamento e adequação do diagrama de dosagem do concreto com relação ao módulo de elasticidade estático e dinâmico. Além disso, compara os modelos de previsão do módulo de elasticidade estático baseados na resistência à compressão das normas americana, alemã, européia, fib e a brasileira ABNT NBR 6118 (2014) - Projeto de Estruturas de Concreto: procedimento. Foram produzidos dois concretos com consistências distintas; uma plástica e outra flúida (auto adensável). Foram desenvolvidos três traços para cada consistência, totalizando assim seis traços. Essas dosagens tiveram como variáveis a relação água/cimento e o consumo de cimento; o abatimento foi mantido constante. Uma análise comparativa entre os resultados experimentais com os valores previstos por algumas normas foi realizada, avaliando o nível de precisão das mesmas. A ACI 318 (2014) foi a norma que teve seus resultados mais próximos em relação a NBR 6118 (2014). Já as normas EUROCODE 2 (2004) e DIN 1045 apresentaram resultados semelhantes. E a norma fib CEB 2010, apresentou valores superestimados em relação às demais normas. Assim, é possível afirmar que a determinação do módulo de elasticidade do concreto se mostrou coerente com os materiais e dosagens utilizadas. Contudo, é uma variável muito sensível à composição do traço, mesmo quando mantidos os materiais. A resistência à compressão é uma das variáveis que interfere nos resultados. Entretanto, tem também grande influência a variação da natureza dos agregados graúdos e a relação pasta/agregado graúdo, por exemplo. O módulo dinâmico através de ondas ultrassônicas, também foi medido e comparado com o módulo estático, mostrando-se uma opção rápida e não destrutiva de avaliar o módulo de elasticidade do concreto.

O complexo troponina-tropomiosina regula a contração muscular esquelética e cardíaca. A ligação do cálcio nos sítios regulatórios localizados no domínio N-terminal da troponina C (TnC) induz uma mudança conformacional que remove a ação inibitória da troponina I (TnI) e inicia a contração muscular. Nós usamos fragmentos recombinantes da TnI e uma série de mutantes da TnC para estudar as interações estruturais e regulatórias das diferentes regiões da TnI com os domínios da TnC, TnT e actina-tropomiosina. Nossos resultados indicam que a TnI é organizada em regiões que apresentam funções estruturais e regulatórias e que se ligam de modo antiparalelo com os correspondentes domínios estruturais e regulatórios da TnC. Estudos funcionais mostram que a região inibitória (aminoácidos 103-116) em combinação com a região C-terminal da TnI (TnI103-182) pode regular a atividade ATPásica da acto-miosina de maneira dependente de Ca2+. A regulação não é observada com a região inibitória em combinação com a região N-terminal (TnI116) Estudos de ligação mostram que a região N-terminal da TnI (TnI1-98) interage com o domínio C-terminal da TnC na presença e na ausência de Ca2+ e também interage com a TnT. A região inibitória/C-terminal da TnI (TnI103-182) interage com o domínio N-terminal da TnC de maneira dependente de Ca2+. Baseados nestes resultados, propomos um modelo para a mudança conformacional induzida pelo Ca2+. Neste modelo, a região N-terminal da TnI está ligada fortemente com o domínio C-terminal da TnC na presença ou na ausência de Ca2+. As regiões inibitórias e C-terminal da TnI ligam-se à actina-tropomiosina na ausência de Ca2+ e nos domínios N-terminal e C-terminal da TnC na presença de Ca2+. / The troponin-tropomyosin complex regulates skeletal and cardiac muscle contraction. Calcium binding to the regulatory sites in the N-terminal domain of troponin C (TnC). induces a conformational change which removes the inhibitory action of troponin I (TnI) and initiates muscular contraction. We used recombinant TnI fragments and a series of TnC mutants to study the structural and regulatory interactions between different TnI regions and the domains of TnC, TnT and actin-tropomyosin. Our results indicate that TnI is organized into regions with distinct structural and regulatory functions which bind, in an antiparallel manner, with the corresponding structural and regulatory domains of TnC. Functional studies show that a fragment containing the inhibitory and C-terminal regions of TnI (TnIl03-182) can regulate the actomyosin ATPase in a Ca2+- dependent manner. Regulation was not observed with a fragment containing the N-terminal and inhibitory regions (TnIl-116). Binding studies show that the N-terminal region of TnI (TnI1-98) interacts with the C-terminal domain of TnC in the presence of Ca2+ or Mg2+. The inhibitory/C-terminal region of TnI (TnI103-182) binds to the N-terminal domain of TnC in a Ca2+-dependent manner. Based on these results, we propose a model for the Ca2+ -induced conformational change. In this model the N-terminal region of TnI is bound strongly to the C-terminal domain of TnC in the presence or absence of Ca2+. The inhibitory and C-terminal regions of TnI bind to actin-tropomyosin in the absence of Ca2+ and to tne N- and C-terminal domains of TnC in the presence of Ca2+.