Charles Univerzity in Prague Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Králové Department of Pharmaceutical Technology Candidate: Veronika Müllnerová Consultant: Doc. RNDr. Milan Dittrich, CSc. Title of thesis: Impact of molecular weight and the grade of branching of aliphatic oligoesters on their hydrolytic degradation Theoretical part of the thesis deals with behavior, properties and applications of biodegradable polyesters, mainly copolymers of lactic and glycolic acid (PLGA). This part concerns degradation, erosion and release mechanism. Furthermore, it describes properties that influence the drug release kinetics from systems based on PLGA. The final section of theoretical part is focused on the in situ forming implants, whose carrier of active substance is biodegradable polyester. The experimental part analyzes the influence of different pH of the medium within physiologically common boundaries and also the influence of ionic force on the degree of swelling and polymer erosion. These degradation parameters have been studied on three potential polyester carriers of active substances - PLGA, M3 (terpolymer of lactic and glycolic acid with mannit) and T3 (terpolymer of lactic and glycolic acid with tripentaerythritol). Polymer bodies were kept in temperature of 37řC inside phosphate-citrate buffers with...

Medical praescriptions in the Czech Republic Author: Petra Pečivová Tutor: RNDr. Jana Kotlářová, Ph.D. Department of social and Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy in Hradec Kralove, Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic Aim of diploma thesis: Was detailed analyze of the medical prescriptions in the Czech Republic, their requirements, and manipulation with that. Prescriptions for medicines (LP) were analyzed in detail, their elements and handling were also described in detail, e-prescription, and current issues were discussed, eg. forgery of prescriptions or cross- border patient pharmaceutical care. Methods: Legislation of the Czech Republic were the starting basis as at 31 5th 2014 legislation were obtained from the website of the official institutions. From there comes the economic data, augmented by specific examples of smaller public pharmacies. Publications and magazines for pharmacists and health professionals were part of the sources, as well as similar websites. Knowledge at work, including discussion is also based on the author's own experience working in a pharmacy. Results: Medical prescriptions for medicines were distributed to recipes and order forms, vouchers and orders for medical devices were described only a bit. Each of the prescriptions were explained in detail....

La leishmaniose à Leishmania infantum est une zoonose transmise de mammifère à mammifère par la piqûre d'un insecte vecteur, le phlébotome femelle. S'il est classiquement décrit la leishmaniose viscérale avec la triade classique fièvre, pâleur et splénomégalie, de nombreuses formes cliniques peuvent être associées à ce parasite. Le portage asymptomatique est la forme la plus fréquente et la plus répandue dans l'Ancien Monde ou le Nouveau Monde. Entre la leishmaniose viscérale et le portage asymptomatique, plusieurs formes cliniques sont présentes. Ainsi certains sujets vont exprimer la leishmaniose sous forme d'adénopathies isolées. Ces formes sont intermédiaires entre une expression pauci symptomatique et une leishmaniose viscérale larvée. Alors que L. infantum n'est pas classiquement retrouvé dans des formes muqueuses, des cas ont été récemment décrits. Ces formes muqueuses isolées ne sont pas rares puisque sur les 3 CHU Marseille, Montpellier et Nice, entre 1997 et 2009, 10 cas de leishmaniose muqueuse à L. infantum ont été diagnostiquées principalement chez des sujets immunodéprimés. Il est important de faire le diagnostic de ces formes cliniques particulières puisqu'elles ont pour diagnostic différentiel des néoplasies (lymphome pour la première et néoplasie de la sphère ORL pour la seconde). Afin d'appréhender le rôle du parasite dans l'expression clinique, il a été réalisé le typage par les microsatellites de neuf souches isolées de sujets porteurs asymptomatiques. Il s'avère que ces neuf souches sont très peu polymorphes et que sept d'entre elles possèdent un génotype unique. / Leishmaniasis due to Leishmania infantum is a zoonotic disease transmitted from mammal to mammal through the bite of an insect vector the sandfly female. Beside the classical triad of visceral leishmaniasis symptoms: fever, pallor and splenomegaly, many clinical forms could be associated with this parasite infection. Asymptomatic carriage of L. infantum is the most common and the most widespread in the Old World and New World. Many other clinical forms are present and some subjects will develop only isolated lymphadenopathy. These forms are intermediate between pauci symptomatic and visceral leishmaniasis forms. Whereas L. infantum is not typically associated with mucosal forms, several cases have been described. Indeed, in the 3 academic hospitals of Marseille, Montpellier and Nice from 1997 to 2009, 10 cases were revealed mainly in immunocompromised patients. To understand the role of parasite in clinical expression, nine strains isolated from asymptomatic carriers were genotyped using microsatellite. The nine strains have few polymorphisms and seven of them are identical with a unique genotype. In addition, those strains are very different from strains of HIV-positive subjects. If the strains genetic appears to have a role in the clinical expression of the disease, the environment in which individuals live in endemic areas is associated with an excess of risk to develop visceral leishmaniasis. While in Marseille, cases of visceral leishmaniasis occur in an urban environment, they take place in Nice in a rural environment, as it is classically described. To investigate differences between parasite strains form Nice and Marseille studies with microsatellites are ongoing.

The topic of this thesis is the international sales contract and its formation under the United Nations Convention on Contracts for the International Sale of Goods (CISG or the Vienna Convention). The Vienna Convention is the most significant and widely used legal instrument governing the international sales contract. The aim of this thesis is to highlight interesting aspects of the contract, carry out a deeper analysis of the regulation contained in the Vienna Convention, and to point out and clarify problematic areas. The thesis is composed of two major parts, with the first part essential to the understanding of the second. The first part deals with the basic provisions of the Vienna Convention. It briefly describes its creation, then its sphere of application. Within this part the term "international sales contract" is defined and distinguished from its domestic counterpart and also from the contract for services. The term "goods" is discussed in the context of this regulation. It then deals with the consequences of freedom of contract, the issue of gaps in the regulation and their filling and the interpretation of the regulation. Finally it discusses the question of trade usages, when the CISG differentiates between the usages and practices established between the parties on the one hand and...

- Flexible forms of working hours This diploma thesis, in a broader context, represents the issue of flexible forms of working hours. Flexibility of working time is an important part of flexibility of labour law and also of flexibility of the whole labour market. Regulation and practical use of flexible forms of working hours are current issues and the aim of this thesis is to provide comprehensive but clear explanation of these issues. As theoretical bases, the thesis includes parts focused on selected legal principles, international and national regulation of working time and the concept of flexibility. The main part of the thesis is divided into three sections, of which the first one deals with the practical use of flexible forms of working hours, the second one presents particular forms of working hours which are regulated in the Labour Code and the third one is devoted to flexible forms of working time, regulation of which the Labour Code does not include.

Dans le contexte du traitement du kératocône, une formulation contenant de la riboflavine, un principe actif hydrosoluble, deux tensio-actifs (le poloxamère 407 et la monooléine) et de l'eau a été préparée par un processus d'homogénéisation. Un plan factoriel fractionnaire a été utilisé pour estimer les effets principaux et les interactions de cinq paramètres sur deux réponses pertinentes, à savoir la taille des particules et l'efficacité d'encapsulation. Les cinq paramètres étudiés étaient la température des deux phases, la durée de l'émulsification, la présence du chauffage pendant l'homogénéisation, le nombre de cycles et la pression. Il a ainsi été montré que les paramètres les plus influents sont la présence du chauffage pendant l'homogénéisation et la pression qui ont conduit à l'obtention de nanoparticules d'une taille moyenne de 145 nm et une efficacité d'encapsulation moyenne de 46%. La détermination des paramètres optimaux du procédé de fabrication a conduit à l'optimisation de la formulation par le biais de plans d'expériences. L'influence combinée de trois composants a été étudiée dans une partie du diagramme de phase. Ainsi, douze formules décrivant l'espace de conception ont été préparées. Les résultats obtenus par diffraction des rayons X aux petits angles et par cryo-microscopie électronique en transmission ont mis en évidence la présence de nano-objets de structure éponge et/ou hexagonale inverse. Le pourcentage de chacun des composants a été déterminé pour obtenir à la fois une grande efficacité d'encapsulation et une petite taille de particules. Deux formulations très proches dans le diagramme de phase ternaire, ont répondu à ces exigences. / In the context of the keratoconus treatment, a formulation containing riboflavin a water-soluble drug, two surfactants (poloxamer 407 and mono acyl glycerol) and water was optimized and prepared by emulsification and a homogenization process. A fractional factorial design was applied to estimate the main effects and interaction effects of five parameters on two relevant responses, namely particle size and encapsulation efficiency. The five parameters studied were the temperature of the two phases, the duration of emulsification, the presence of heating during homogenization, the number of passes and pressure. It has been shown that the most influent parameters are the presence of heating during the homogenization and the pressure that led to the production of nanoparticles with an average size of 145 nm and an average encapsulation efficiency of 46 %. The determination of the optimal parameters of the process led to an optimization of the formulation by using experimental design. The combined influence of three factor variables (or components) of the formulation that are water, monoolein and poloxamer 407 were, studied. In this way, twelve formulas describing the design space were prepared. Results obtained using SAXS and cryo-TEM evidenced the presence of nano-objects with either sponge or hexagonal inverted structure. In the zone of interest, the percentage of each component was determined to obtain both high encapsulation efficiency and small size of particles. Two formulations are very close in the ternary phase diagram, and have responded to these requirements.

This thesis focuses on cooperation among municipalities in the Czech Republic, on total description of this issue and on evaluation of the forms of the cooperation. The thesis relates especially to small municipalities which can acquire additional financial resources by establishing cooperation and therefore initiate socio-economic development of the region and economies of scale. Diploma thesis is divided into three parts. The first and the second part make up the theoretical part of this thesis. The first chapter characterizes the position and the competency of municipalities in the Czech Republic, clears up the historical context of high number of Czech municipalities, describes current municipal size-structure and then goes over to main theme of this thesis -- cooperation among municipalities in the Czech Republic. The second chapter introduces all possible forms of the cooperation, both inter-municipal and also between municipalities and other local subjects. The third chapter is the practical one and there are two different forms of cooperation analyzed and their activities evaluated. Concretely, I have chosen a voluntary group of municipalities named Region Zlínsko and Local action group named Místní akční skupina Ploština. Both of the cooperative groups are situated in the region of Zlín and their members are (with only some exceptions) small municipalities.

This work deals with creating a business plan for establishing a company. The first section (theoretical) outlines the conditions under which a person may operate a business in the Czech Republic. This is followed by a practical section, which is aimed at describing a specific business plan for establishing a company in the services sector.

Dans l'échange verbal entre plusieurs personnes, des termes en particulier sont souvent employés pour s'adresser à autrui : il s'agit des termes d'adresse. Ces termes peuvent être considérés comme créateurs de liens entre le langage et la société par le fait qu'ils fournissent des informations non sans intérêt sur la relation unissant les interlocuteurs. Il existe divers moyens de communiquer et de traduire une certaine forme de politesse, de familiarité, de distance, d'affection, de haine, etc., dont ces termes font partie. En plus de leur valeur sémantique, ils possèdent une valeur sociale et culturelle non négligeable.Les huit romans retenus dans cette étude, écrits par quatre grands écrivains de l'époque victorienne (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot et Anthony Trollope), offrent au lecteur curieux un aperçu privilégié de la deuxième moitié du XIXème siècle. Outre l'aspect littéraire, les thèmes abordés en relation avec les événements de l'époque intéresseront le lecteur historien et le mode de vie et les mœurs décrits fourniront de précieux détails au lecteur sociologue, tous ces aspects étant également facilement accessibles au lecteur ordinaire. Cet examen synchronique des termes d'adresse permet, non seulement de montrer la pluralité des termes pouvant être utilisés en adresse directe, mais aussi de souligner l'importance des facteurs linguistiques, paralinguistiques et extra-linguistiques dans toute étude de cette nature. / In verbal exchange between several speakers, a particular category of linguistic sign is frequently used when naming the participants: these are known as terms of address. Insofar as they provide information about the nature of the relation that unite the members of the group, these terms can be regarded as a means of creating links between language and society. They are also among the main contributors to the various systems implemented in the expression and communication of courtesy, familiarity, distance, affection, loathing, etc. Apart from their semantic value, they are of an indubitable socio-cultural interest.The eight novels, written by four major Victorian authors (Charlotte Brontë, Charles Dickens, George Eliot and Anthony Trollope) that have been chosen for this study, provide, for the curious reader, a precious insight into the second half of the nineteenth century. Of great appeal to the lay reader, the themes developed in their historical context – apart from the purely literary aspect – cannot fail to interest the social historian and the customs and conventions described contain precious data for the sociologist. This synchronic study of terms of address, not only reveals the plurality of the terms that are available in verbal exchange, but also underlines the importance of the linguistic, paralinguistic and extra-linguistic factors that should be taken into account in any study of this nature.

Esta pesquisa surgiu da problemática de verificar o modo de conexão das paisagens não-ocidentais a partir das formas comunicativas do habitar Krahô. Busquei investigar a conexão de paisagens, em ambientes não-digitais e digitais. A pesquisa não está organizada na relação linear sujeito-objeto. Todos os exercícios de campo envolveram a participação de vários grupos na percepção dos dados e desse modo é uma narrativa reticular. Parto dos pressupostos que os Krahô, em rede digital, se conectam com uma diversidade cosmológica, que escapava das dicotomias impositivas do ocidente. Ao tarefar suas paisagens, os Krahô deixam rastros, que podem ser percebidos. Suas imagens revelam modos distintos de habitar e narrar o mundo. Percebo ainda que os elementos Krahô passam pela transubstanciação sem perder a essência primeira. Os objetivos teóricos buscaram contribuir para a elaboração de uma teoria reticular da comunicação, que compreenda as redes de redes, a partir de uma experiência junto à comunidade Krahô. / This research arose from the problematic of verifying the connection mode of the non- Western landscapes from the communicative forms of inhabiting Krahô. I sought to investigate the connection of landscapes, in non-digital and digital environments. Research is not organized in the linear subject-object relationship. All the field exercises involved the participation of several groups in the perception of the data and in this way it is a reticular narrative. I start from the assumptions that the Krahô, in digital network, connect with a cosmological diversity, that escaped of the tax dichotomies of the West. In performing their landscapes, the Krahô leave traces, which can be perceived. His images reveal different ways of dwelling and narrating the world. I also realize that the Krahô elements undergo transubstantiation without losing the first essence. The theoretical objectives sought to contribute to the elaboration of a network theory of communication, which includes network networks, based on an experience with the Krahô community.