Date: 19th, June, 2008 Level: Master Thesis EFO 705, 15 credits Authors: Sixing Guo China guosixing@hotmail.com Pasapoo Upathamwaranon Thailand pasapoo@hotmail.com Title: The Internationalization Process of Toyota in Europe: From the Perspectives of Entry Mode and Network Structure   Tutor: Leif Linnskog Research Problem: In European market, what entry mode did Toyota select? Why did they select those entry modes? And how did they manage their internal and external network structure during the entry mode evolution process?    Purpose: We describe and explain how Toyota conquered the European market from the perspective of entry mode and network. And we also intend to provide some useful information to the companies that want to gain experience before entering into the European market.   Method: We design this thesis as a case study about the entry mode of Toyota in the European market. In order to get an in-depth understanding of the research problem, the qualitative research approach is chosen. During the analysis part, all the information is derived from the secondary documents, such as website, articles and so on. Conclusion: After the analysis the process of Toyota developed in the European market, we found that after careful consideration about both internal and external factors, Toyota usually prefers to conquer a new market with a relevant low risk entry mode, such as exporting or licensing, in the beginning. Then, with the increase of their experience as well as the growth of network, they began to change to a higher risk level entry mode, like joint venture or wholly owned subsidiaries. During the evolution process, in order to provide an effective way of interaction between headquarters and subsidiaries, Toyota’s structure changed from time to time. Keywords: Internationalization, Entry mode, Toyota, Network structure

Microstrip structures became very attractive with the development of cost-effective dielectric materials. Among several techniques suitable to the analysis of such structures, the discrete mode matching method (DMM) is a full-wave approach that allows a fast solution to Helmholz equation. Combined with a full-wave equivalent circuit, the DMM allows fast and accurate analysis of microstrips lines on multilayered substrates.   The knowledge of properties like dispersion and electromagnetic fields is essential in the implementation of such transmission lines. For this objective a MATLAB computer code was developed based on the discrete mode matching method (DMM) to perform this analysis.   The principal parameter for the analysis is the utilization of different dielectric profiles with the aim of a reduction in the dispersion in comparison with one-layer cylindrical microstrip line, showing a reduction of almost 50%. The analysis also includes current density distribution and electromagnetic fields representation. Finally, the data is compared with Ansoft HFSS to validate the results. / The German Aerospace Center has rights over the thesis work

A new resistive Geodesic Acoustic Mode (GAM) theory is developed by two-fluids analysis and resistive gyro-kinetic formulation in this thesis. An analytical expression is obtained for the resistive GAM frequency. This theory suggests a large collision frequency will prohibit the parallel current in tokamak, which establishes the cross-field charge neutrality condition ∇·J⊥= 0 for the existence of GAM at the edge plasma of tokamak. Therefore, the resistive GAM theory provides a more plausible explanation to edge GAM phenomena. Various probe arrays are designed and installed in the STOR-M tokamak to search for the poloidal GAM phenomena. A series of experiments were conducted in the L-mode and RMP discharges. The FFT and wavelet analyses indicate the existence of GAM phenomena in STOR-M, and the observed GAM frequencies match the theoretical predication using the resistive GAM model.

Most scientists believe that in the good times the peasant had the opportunity to follow fashion. Virestad parish does not follow fashion. My purpose is to try to understand something of the mechanism that made Virestad do so: that I will do by analyzing the results in relation to the concept of status. My main source is estate inventories. Here I examine the status markers and differences in what they invested in clothes and jewelry in relation to the estate's proceeds. The lower the balance, the more percentage they need to put on clothes. As for silver, it is not possible to draw these conclusions. Those who spent more than 100 daler also have a balance of 700 daler or more. Finer and more clothing also afford more jewelry. Men and women spends the same amount in clothing and jewelry. Several parameters measures the status in clothing. 1. Materials is important. 2. The amount of material is significant. 3. Some clothes are of high value. 4. The numbers of clothes have meaning. 5. Color has meaning. 6. Old clothes have a lower value. That Virestad parish would have stagnated in fashion because of bad times and lack of money is not true. I believe that most of the peasants had more than enough to afford to replace their clothes to the more modern. Here are other mechanisms that retain a more old-fashioned dress. Status is one. In the estate inventories you can clearly see the differents of status markers.

Lindex has a strong fashion position and is one of northern Europe's leading fashion retailers. Unfortunately their logotype no longer measures up to the fashion level that is required. Surveys and interviews have been conducted with employees at Lindex, disscusing their logotype. I have come to the conclusion that what is needed from Lindex side is strict guidlines for the employees to follow so that all information from Lindex to their customers is made with a great touch of fashion to it and in a coherent way.

Purpose - The aim of this paper is to increase the understanding of foreign market entry among SMEs. The model of a French established company entering the Scandinavian market supports this research. Theoretical Framework - The entry modes, the Small and Medium-sized Enterprises (SMEs), the standardization or adaptation dilemma of the products are presented. The entry modes are crucial to analyze the way corporations choose to enter a foreign country. As the case study used is a French SME, it is necessary to include their advantages and disadvantages. Standardization or adaptation are related to the chosen entry mode and the chosen market. Methodology - Theory supported by a case study: the French company Krampouz entering and expanding the Scandinavian market of cooking equipment. A number of business research methods are used in this thesis, such as a semi-structured interview with the company itself, a self-completion questionnaire with potential retailers and a secondary data analysis. Empirical Investigation - The information collected about Krampouz through the interview and the secondary data are split into the company background and its export strategy. Then the relevant data from the Scandinavian retailers are included. Finally information about the Single European Market and the International Commercial Terms (Incoterms) are combined to narrow down the trends of export. Findings - Entering the Scandinavian market as an European SME has to be pursued through exporting. Direct export appears to be the most relevant method to make business for SMEs in Scandinavia. Paper type - research paper: bachelor thesis

CSR har växt fram i samband med att ansvarslöst företagande uppmärksammat och allmänhetens medvetenhet kring sociala frågor ökat. En del småföretag i textilindustrin har positionerat sig som etiska och miljövänliga. Ledarna i dessa småföretag har styrt företagen utifrån värderingar som är kopplade till deras personliga värderingar. Syftet med studien är att belysa hur små modeföretag som implementerat CSR i konkurrensstrategin hanterar problemen som uppstår vid ledarens avgång. För studien har en kvalitativ undersökning valts. I studien intervjuas grundarna för tre modeföretag; Dem Collective, Righteous Fashion samt Bergman Sweden AB.  Slutsatsen är att småföretagen har en företagsfilosofi som grundar sig på mänskliga rättigheter och miljöetik. Företagsledarna för respektive företag är intresserade av att värderingarna ska fortleva i företaget. Företagen ställer krav på att den efterträdande ledaren engagerar sig i etiska frågor och arbeta proaktivt med CSR strategier, en ledarstil som matchar den transformativa ledaren. De anställda engageras, utbildas och delar företagets värderingar . Det är genom att engagera de anställda i företagets vision och värderingar som de kan sträva efter att upprätthålla företaget värderingar även i när ledaren inte är i kvar i företaget. / CSR has emerged in connection with the attention of irresponsible business enterprise and increased public awareness of social issues.  Some small companies in the textile industry have positioned themselves as ethical and environmentally friendly. The leaders in these small companies have driven the company based on their own values. The purpose of this study is to illustrate how small fashion companies that implement CSR as a competitive strategy deal with the problems that arise due to the leaders’ resignation.  For this study a qualitative study has been selected.  The study includes interviews with founders of three fashion companies; Dem Collective, Righteous Fashion and Bergman’s Sweden AB. This study concludes that the small companies have a corporate philosophy based on human rights and environmental ethics. The leaders of each company are interested in keeping the values in the company even after leaving the company. The companies demand that the next leader is committed to ethical issues and works proactively with CSR strategies, a leadership style that matches the transformational leader. The employees are engaged, trained and share the company values.  Engaging the employees in the company’s vision and values leads to the employees striving to maintain the company values even when the leader is not present in the company.

Vad gömmer sig bakom alla de produkter som vi finner ute i butikerna? Eller v c ni gömmer sig bakom alla dessa produkter? Varför måste vi köpa, köpa, köpa, utan urskillningsförmåga och ibland helt utan vare sig vett eller tanke på vilka konsekvenser vår köpmani får för andra människor i andra delar av världen, men kanske framför allt för oss själva. Jorden är och förblir rund... I mitt examensarbete, bestående av uppsats, interaktiv gestaltning och performance vill jag belysa och uppmärksamma hur det ser ut inom textilindustrin idag. Mötet mellan dessa två världar är ett ekorrhjul som går snabbare och snabbare. Genom att uppmärksamma förhållandena vill jag övertala betraktaren till att tänka efter. Den konstnärliga gestaltningen av examensarbetet behandlar textilindustrins smutsiga baksida och börjar i "fabriken". Där tillverkas tumavtryck på löpande band av siden. Genom att smutsa ner dig själv och skriva på det Textila Uppropet - Get D irty for Human R ights! är du aktivt med och förändrar framtidsutsikterna inom textilindustrin. Första delen av uppsatsen behandlar de tankar och ideer, mina och andras, som följt mig som jobbar med de textila materialen. Personligen räknar jag även läder, skinn och päls till dessa då dessa material används till beklädnad och skor. Den behandlar även förhållanden inom industrin, mänskliga rättigheter, miljö och hållbar utveckling. Andra delen av uppsatsen behandlar min gestaltnings process. Tankar, ord och bild blir till en helhet, där verket via mina händer får stå i centrum. Verket kommer sedan att fulländas under Vårutställningen 2011 med hjälp av besökarna. Hela projektet bygger på att jag vill kunna använda de textila materialen även i framtiden, utan dåligt samvete och utan att vara tvungen att befatta mig med konstiga konstgjorda material som bara bidrar till människors försämrade hälsa och miljöförstöring, både i första och andra ledet (vid tillverkning och som avfall) det är dags att tänka framåt! Vår gemensamma framtid kan vara bättre för alla!

This thesis concerns polarization mode dispersion (PMD) in optical fiber communications. Specifically, we study fiber birefringence, PMD stochastic properties, PMD mitigation and the interaction of fiber birefringence and fiber nonlinearity. Fiber birefringence is the physical origin of polarization mode dispersion. Current models of birefringence in optical fibers assume that the birefringence vector varies randomly either in orientation with a fixed magnitude or simultaneously in both magnitude and direction. These models are applicable only to certain birefringence profiles. For a broader range of birefringence profiles, we propose and investigate four general models in which the stochastically varying amplitude is restricted to a limited range. In addition, mathematical algorithms are introduced for the numerical implementation of these models. To investigate polarization mode dispersion, we first apply these models to single mode fibers. In particular, two existing models and our four more general models are employed for the evolution of optical fiber birefringence with longitudinal distance to analyze, both theoretically and numerically, the behavior of the polarization mode dispersion. We find that while the probability distribution function of the differential group delay (DGD) varies along the fiber length as in existing models, the dependence of the mean DGD on fiber length differs noticeably from earlier predictions. Fiber spinning reduces polarization mode dispersion effects in optical fibers. Since relatively few studies have been performed of the dependence of the reduction factor on the strength of random background birefringence fluctuations, we here apply a general birefringence model to sinusoidal spun fibers. We find that while, as expected, the phase matching condition is not affected by random perturbations, the degree of PMD reduction as well as the probability distribution function of the DGD are both influenced by the random components of the birefringence. Together with other researchers, I have also examined a series of experimentally realizable procedures to compensate for PMD in optical fiber systems. This work demonstrates that a symmetric ordering of compensator elements combined with Taylor and Chebyshev approximations to the transfer matrix for the light polarization in optical fibers can significantly widen the compensation bandwidth. In the last part of the thesis, we applied the Manakov-PMD equation and a general model of fiber birefringence to investigate pulse distortion induced by the interaction of fiber birefringence and fiber nonlinearity. We find that the effect of nonlinearity on the pulse distortion differs markedly with the birefringence profile.

The inferred mode protocol uses contextual reasoning and local mediators to eliminate the need to access specic modes to perform draw, select, move and delete operations in a sketch interface. This thesis describe an observational experiment to understand the learn- ability, user preference and frequency of use of mode inferencing in a sketch appli- cation. Novel methodology is presented to study both quantitative and long term qualitative facets of mode inferencing. The experiment demonstrated that participants instructed in the in- terface features enjoyed fluid transitions between modes. As well, interaction techniques were not self-revealing: Participants who were not instructed in interaction techniques took longer to learn about inferred mode features and were more negative about the interaction techniques. Over multiple sketching sessions, as users develop expertise with the system, they combine inferred mode techniques to speed interaction, and frequently make use of scratch space on the display to retrain themselves and to tune their behaviors. Lastly, post- task interviews outline impediments to discoverability and how performance is affected by negative perceptions around computational intelligence. The results of this work inform the design of sketch interface techniques that incorporate noncommand features.