Diss.--Philosophische Fakultät--München--Lugwig-Maximilians Universität, 1995. / Bibliogr. p. 162-167.

Th. doct-ing.--Paris 11, Orsay, 1978. N°: 357.

Canada’s federal prison population has been rising for the past 10 years. This is perplexing given Canada’s national official crime rate has been declining since the 1970’s. One possible explanation for the rising prison population could be related to the restrictive measures imposed on parole policies during the last forty years. This thesis intends to analyze the recent parliamentary discourses surrounding recent legislative changes brought to parole by the conservative government. In doing so, a document analysis is conducted on the Parliamentary debates pertaining to section 6 and section 7 of Bill C-10 as well as the content of the amendments within section 6 and section 7 of Bill C-10. The purpose of the document analysis is to analyze the themes within these documents and determine whether or not these themes represent a potential change in the punitive approach towards parole. Given that a more punitive approach could have negative impacts on certain offenders and on society in general, this thesis aims to better understand the discourses and values of the Parliamentary debate participants’ changes to the legislation and the potential impacts these restrictions may have for Canada’s federal prison population.

Supervision of offenders in the community remains a critical component of the correctional processes in the United States. With almost six million offenders under correctional supervision in the community, there has been relatively little attention and few resources devoted to the style and quality of supervision received by these offenders. As a result of the lack of research regarding the style of probation and parole supervision, there is a need to identify and quantify styles of casework and surveillance supervision. This article describes a research project that identifies the key functions of parole and probation officers, reports self- and peer-rating on a casework to surveillance continuum, and establishes an instrument that can be used to create baseline information regarding how probation and parole officers spend their time, and whether the functions officers perform are casework, surveillance, or a balance of the two.

Magister Artium (Development Studies) - MA(DVS) / In this study, I explore recidivism, an ‘uncontrollable phenomenon’ in South Africa, within the context of rising crime and repeat offenders. Research has shown that the political economy of South Africa, inequality, persistent poverty within previously marginalised communities, high school drop-out rates among other factors, creates a breeding ground for criminal activity amongst adolescents, resulting in high convictions and prison sentences in the Western Cape. It is within this context that this study investigated recidivism and reasons for recurring trends, where first time offenders are more likely to return to prison after being released. Specifically, the study investigates why young men from Hanover Park are more likely to be repeat offenders and continuously incarcerated.

No description available.

No description available.

No description available.

Percevoir la parole dans le bruit devient difficile en vieillissant. La nature de ces difficultés est incertaine, mais le déclin lié à l’âge de la structure de la voie dorsale de la parole pourrait être un facteur contributif. La pratique du chant choral pourrait aider à ralentir le vieillissement de la voie dorsale de la parole, mais les effets du chant choral sont peu connus. Les objectifs de ce mémoire étaient d’investiguer la relation entre le déclin structurel de la voie dorsale et les difficultés de perception de la parole, et d’identifier comment la pratique du chant choral modifie cette relation. Dans le cadre de ce mémoire, 44 chanteurs et 41 non-chanteurs jeunes et âgés ont complété une séance d’imagerie par résonance magnétique, ainsi que des évaluations cognitives et auditives. Un sous groupe a effectué une tâche de discrimination de syllabes dans le bruit. Dans une première étude, des avantages comportementaux ont été observés pour des chanteurs âgés avec certaines caractéristiques liées à leur pratique, ce qui suggère que le chant bénéficie à la perception de la parole seulement dans certaines conditions. Ces avantages ont été associés à la structure corticale de régions de la voie dorsale de la parole. Dans une deuxième étude, le déclin structurel de segments fronto-temporaux du faisceau arqué, qui constitue l’un des principaux faisceaux de matière blanche de la voie dorsale de la parole, a été associé aux difficultés de perception de la parole. De plus, des différences dans la structure du faisceau arqué ont été identifiées entre les groupes, mais ces différences n’étaient pas associées à la perception de la parole. En somme, ce mémoire apporte de nouvelles connaissances sur la nature des difficultés de perception de la parole, les effets du chant choral sur cette capacité ainsi que les mécanismes neurobiologiques sous-tendant ces effets. / Perceiving speech in noise becomes difficult in aging. The causes of these difficulties are mixed, but age-related decline of the dorsal speech stream may be a contributing factor. The practice of choral singing may help slow brain aging, but the effects of choral singing are not well known. The objectives of this master’s thesis were to investigate the relationship between the structural decline of the dorsal speech stream and difficulties in speech perception, and to identify how this relationship is modified by the practice of choral singing. 44 singers and 41 non-singers, young and old, completed a magnetic resonance imaging session, as well as cognitive and auditory assessments. A subgroup completed a syllable discrimination in noise task. In the first study, behavioural benefits were observed for older singers with certain characteristics related to their practice, suggesting that choral singing has the potential to benefit speech perception only under certain conditions. These benefits were particularly associated with the structure of regions of the dorsal speech stream. In a second study, the decline in the structure of several frontotemporal segments of the arcuate fasciculus,one of the main white matter fasciculi constituting the dorsal speech stream, was associated with the decline in speech perception. In addition, differences in structural asymmetry of the arcuate fasciculus were identified between groups, but these differences were not related to speech perception. In sum,these studies clarify the origin of speech perception difficulties in noise, the effects of choral singing on this ability, and the mechanisms underlying these effects.

La problématique traitée dans le cadre de cette thèse est celle du liage perceptif en parole, ce qui amène à l'étude des principes de l'analyse de scène de parole (en analogie avec l'analyse de scène auditive). La littérature sur la perception de la parole met en évidence que ces principes sont en partie différents de ceux de l'analyse de scène auditive. Notre objectif dans cette thèse est de mieux caractériser ces principes « spécifiques à la parole ». Le paradigme que nous utilisons est celui de l'Effet de Transformation Verbale. À travers une série d'expériences comportementales et une étude en EEG intracrânienne, nous suggérons que cette organisation est basée sur des principes multisensoriels et perceptuo-moteurs. Nous mettons en œuvre quelques uns de ces mécanismes au sein du modèle psycholinguistique TRACE. Du point de vue théorique, les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de cette thèse s'inscrivent dans PACT (Théorie de la Perception pour le Contrôle de l'Action).