Práce přináší ucelený pohled na problematiku privátních značek. Poukazuje na trendy v oblasti maloobchodních značek ve světě a Evropě, podrobně analyzuje nabídku a vývoj privátních značek na českém trhu. Hodnotí tyto značky z hlediska objemu prodejů, výrobkových kategorií, jakostních a cenových pater, strategií obchodníků a prodejních kanálů s důrazem na diskontní prodejny. Je uveden přehled nabídky privátních značek největších maloobchodních společností působících na českém trhu. Dále se práce věnuje spotřebitelskému chování a pohledu českých zákazníků na privátní značky. Na základě průzkumů zákaznického chování jsou popsány současné postoje, zkušenosti, očekávání a celkový přístup zákazníků k vlastním značkám, jsou zkoumány motivy nákupu a frekvence nákupu, názory na kvalitu, cenu, šíři nabídky, obaly vlastních značek, propagaci apod. V poslední části práce jsou vyhodnocena dvě dotazníková šetření zaměřená na privátní značky provedená v letech 2005 a 2008 v řetězcích Ahold a Tesco.

Thesis advisor: David B. Miele / Institutional efforts to address attainment gaps in higher education have traditionally centered on deficit-oriented discourses that frame Black and Hispanic students, low-income students, and first-generation college students as ‘at-risk’ and ‘underprepared’. Given the extensive amount of evidence documenting the adverse consequences of labeling and stigmatization, relying on negative descriptors to characterize marginalized students may be detrimental to their motivation and persistence in college—and may inadvertently exacerbate disparities in graduation rates between these students and students from more privileged backgrounds. A total of three online studies were conducted for this dissertation, which explores the deficit-oriented labeling experiences of low-income, first-generation Black and Hispanic college students (LIFG; n= 256) and their non-low-income, continuing-generation White peers (NLIFG; n= 317). In Studies 1 and 2, participants were asked to respond to a series of prompts designed to examine the extent to which deficit-oriented labels were applied to them, the contexts in which this occurred, and the motivational and affective consequences they experienced as a result. In Studies 1 and 3, hypothetical scenarios were used to probe participants’ interpretations of both deficit-oriented and alternative labels (i.e., first-generation student), as well as the perceived consequences of being characterized by these descriptors. Study 3 also explored potential stereotype threat effects that might result from being characterized by a deficit-oriented label. Specifically, participants were randomly assigned to recall an experience in which they were labeled as an at-risk or first-year student, and then asked to complete an analytical task. Students’ academic mindsets, stereotype vulnerability, and racial identity beliefs were also explored as potential moderators for within and between-group differences in Studies 2 and 3. Results showed that relative to NLIFG students, LIFG students were significantly more likely to report being labeled by deficit-oriented descriptors. The frequency of these labeling experiences was also significantly associated with negative academic self-perceptions, sense of belonging, and affect, for both LIFG and NLIFG students. Across both sample groups, participants generally indicated that these labels were most often communicated to them by instructors and advisors. Responses to the hypothetical scenarios indicated that LIFG students were more nuanced in their interpretations of different labels, but there were no sample group differences in the extent to which participants expected these labeling experiences to negatively affect hypothetical students. There was no evidence of stereotype threat effects on subsequent performance, but this result may have been due to limitations associated with the manipulation task. Lastly, there was evidence to suggest that endorsing stronger academic growth mindsets may mitigate the negative effects of these stigmatizing experiences. The implications of these findings and recommendations for future work are also discussed. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2019. / Submitted to: Boston College. Lynch School of Education. / Discipline: Counseling, Developmental and Educational Psychology.

This diploma theses is about the study of the effect of individual components of printing compositions intended for material printing of identificaton codes, read by X-ray fluorescence. Two printing technologies were used – screen printing and pad printing. The composition of the print compositions has been optimized in term of visual recognition, print repeatability, a dry matter content providing an X-ray fluorescence signal, as well as optimization of the material print process leading to the creation of invisible identification tags for archive documents.

The Master’s thesis deals with study printing and optimization of a chemical labels with a code readable by XRF technique. The study is focusing on the identifiability of components in chemical code through data analysis in the Origin program environment and reproducibility of the analysis. The responses of the XRF signal on real samples of historical documents were studied and possible interfering elements were identified. Based on these analyses, a recommendation was formulated for the method of evaluating the obtained data, code analysis and also for the composition of the printing formulation.

<div>This dissertation expands on the economics of labeling products with credence quality attributes. Specifically, it aims at incorporating recent discussions in the food markets regarding 1) consumers' difficulty of perceiving the exact quality that labels try to communicate and 2) imperfect competition on quality and price between firms providing these labeled products. These items are important because consumers and firms have to navigate a market environment in which there exist many quality labels competing for consumers' preferences (e.g., nonGMO, USDA organic, Bioengineered label, local) with many of these labels offering different grades of quality (e.g., 100\% organic, organic, made with organic ingredients). While more quality label may match consumers' heterogeneous preferences, they may cause confusion and misperception among buyers, ultimately impacting efficiency and distribution of surplus in the market. More quality labels also may impact firms' decisions as firms can select themselves into different poles of the quality spectrum and avoid price competition by doing so. Finally, governmental policies that aim at educating consumers or provide them with more options (e.g., informational-based policies, graded USDA organic certification program) can have unintended consequences under an environment in which there exist market failures related to information or competition.</div><div><br></div><div>My goal is to evaluate this complex environment in three interconnected studies. The first study is an applied theory paper in which I show how curbing consumers' misperception about quality in a market of labeled credence attributes may decrease welfare if firms imperfectly compete in quality and prices. I show that this is true if consumers' misperception offers incentives for firms to either expand the size of the market or increase the average quality of products offered. The second essay empirically tests these insights in controlled laboratory experiments in which subjects act as sellers that compete along quality and price dimensions. I show that the insights of the theory paper hold particularly when consumers overvalue a high-quality product that holds a large market share. Finally, in the last study of this dissertation, I show that the rank-order of the USDA organic certification program may not hold in all markets, as consumers may not have a high willingness to pay for 100\% organic products. In the study, I show that consumers in the market of organic ground coffee market could be better off if USDA ditched the quality grade \textbf{100\% organic} of its program. Doing so would also benefit the most profitable firms in the market and increase welfare.</div><div><br></div><div>This dissertation shows that label programs and food policies that tackle quality in credence attributes must be designed with two main market characteristics in sight. The first is how well consumers understand the information in labels. The second is what is the degree of competition in the market and how firms can use the certification program to extract further rents from consumers.</div><div><br></div>

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Purpose – This study aims to compare existing certification schemes to the legislation in Sweden to see which measures the best are to ensure the sustainability of Swedish wool when using it as a raw material. Design/methodology/approach - The study follows a qualitative research approach. The comparative analysis research design was chosen as the data analysis method. Data is collected from desktop research and interviews with experts in wool, farmers, and companies working with Swedish wool and certification schemes. Findings - Regarding Swedish animal welfare legislation covers more than the wool certifications. It is suggested to have a certificate for foreign wool as it might not have as strong animal welfare law. The consumer should be educated about animal welfare, social rights, and environmental regulations in Sweden for the legislation to be enough to prove the sustainability of Swedish wool. Research limitations/implications - This study does not include a detailed description of all the existing global wool certifications as not all are relevant in the context of the Swedish market. Only some Swedish legislation about animal welfare and farming practices is included. This research excludes the barriers of the existing Swedish wool SC and the process from raw material to fabric. Practical implications - Swedish wool industry and market can acknowledge the opportunities and barriers connected to the sustainability of wool and consider the right tool to support that. The comparative analysis describes the inputs and challenges of the Swedish legislation and three wool certifications for companies and farmers to decide what is best for them. The study revealed essential aspects for the Swedish wool industry on how they can grow to utilise more wool and have sustainable growth. Originality/value – A comparison between certifications and legislation in Sweden has not been conducted before. It is essential to see the differences and similarities between them to support the growth of the Swedish wool industry. Certifications can bring critical knowledge of the quality and sustainability of the wool. Swedish animal welfare regulations and laws are extensive and more comprehensive than other countries.

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Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 2002. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 121 p. : ill. (some col.). Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references (p. 113-115).