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A monograph is presented of Hypenia in the plant family Labiatae. Hypenia was formerly a genus but in this study it is treated as 23 species in six sections of the genus Eriope. 22 of the 23 species treated in this study occupy relatively restricted ranges in the savannas of the central Brazilian plateau and neighbouring parts of the Serra do Espinaco in eastern Brazil. The remaining species occurs in dry scrubland in north-eastern Brazil with a disjunction to savanna in northern Venezuela. The previous classification and taxonomic history of Hypenia are outlined followed by a discussion of morphology and cytology in the group. Observations were made on pollination biology of selected species. Cladistic investigations were conducted using morphological characters and the ITS region of the nuclear genome. The morphological and molecular analyses were then combined in a single analysis. The cladistic analyses indicated that Hypenia was a paraphyletic genus and that generic boundaries between Hypenia and Eriope needed to be reconsidered. The classification of Hypenia was revised in the context of the phylogeny generated by the combined analysis and with consideration given to the theory of classification with particular reference to recent literature on the subject. The largest number of species in Hypenia belonged to the 'macrantha complex', a group of red-flowered species endemic to central Brazil. Considerable revision of the species in this group was required. The 'macrantha complex' was recognised as Eriope section Hypenia with two subsections. One of the subsections was characterised by resupination of the corolla, a previously overlooked character. Five new species of Hypenia are presented in this account. Distribution maps of all the species described were followed by a discussion of biogeographic patterns in the group.

Submitted by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-18T11:15:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Márcia Yuriko Hashimoto Curado de Sena.pdf: 3863893 bytes, checksum: bad6d4a0b8d2d04eb88088113c36643c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luciana Ferreira (lucgeral@gmail.com) on 2014-09-18T12:12:47Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Márcia Yuriko Hashimoto Curado de Sena.pdf: 3863893 bytes, checksum: bad6d4a0b8d2d04eb88088113c36643c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2014-09-18T12:12:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação Márcia Yuriko Hashimoto Curado de Sena.pdf: 3863893 bytes, checksum: bad6d4a0b8d2d04eb88088113c36643c (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-10-28 / Taxonomic studies of the genus Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth. (Hyptidinae, Lamiaceae) in Brazil. Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth is a neotropical genus which occurs from south Mexico to Argentina’s northeastern part. The genus is composed by six species: M. arenosa Brandegee, M. burchellii Epling, M. chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze, M. foliolosa Benth., M. hassleri Briq. and M. montana Benth. The last five ones species (M. burchellii, M. chamaedrys, M. foliolosa, M. hassleri and M. montana), object of this study, occur in Brazil and three of them (M. burchellii, M. foliolosa and M. montana) are endemic to the country. Goiás state is the center of the genus diversity, which is represented in this state by four species: M. burchellii, M. chamaedrys, M. foliolosa and M. montana. These ones are distributed, primarily, in the rupestrian formations of Cerrado, in the riverbanks, in open places with greater intensity bright and are associated with sandy soils, sandy-stony soils, clayey and humid ones. M. hassleri species occurs in Argentina, Paraguay and south of Brazil, and M. chamaedrys, widely distributed, occurs from south Mexico to Argentina. Among the species, M. burchellii is endemic to Chapada dos Veadeiros and features yellow corolla and strongly vinaceous calyx, while M. chamaedrys, with prostrate or decumbent habit, occurs in disturbed soil and is the only one that does not present xylopodium. Marsypianthes foliolosa is easily recognized in field by unmistakable smaller leaves and by the lower number of bracteoles and flowers’ cyme. Marsypianthes hassleri shows stigma’s position above the anthers, differing from the other species mentioned, and occurs in southern Brazil. Marsypianthes montana is herb of caespitose growth. This dissertation presents descriptions, identification key, illustrations, genus and species’ distribution maps, vulgar names quotes and each species habitats. / Estudos taxonômicos do gênero Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth. (Hyptidinae, Lamiaceae) no Brasil. Marsypianthes Mart. ex Benth. é um gênero neotropical que ocorre desde o sul do México até o nordeste da Argentina. O gênero compõe-se de seis espécies: M. arenosa Brandegee, M. burchellii Epling, M. chamaedrys (Vahl) Kuntze, M. foliolosa Benth., M. hassleri Briq. e M. montana Benth. Destas, cinco (M. burchellii, M. chamaedrys, M. foliolosa, M. hassleri e M. montana), objeto deste estudo, ocorrem no Brasil, sendo três espécies (M. burchellii, M. foliolosa e M. montana) endêmicas do país. Goiás é o centro de diversidade do gênero, com quatro espécies: M. burchellii, M. chamaedrys, M. foliolosa e M. montana. Essas espécies distribuem-se principalmente nas formações rupestres dos Cerrados, às margens de rios, em locais abertos com maior intensidade luminosa e estão associadas a solos arenosos, arenoso-pedregosos, argilosos e úmidos. M. hassleri ocorre na Argentina, Paraguai e sul do Brasil e M. chamaedrys, de ampla distribuição, ocorre desde o sul do México até a Argentina. Entre as espécies, M. burchellii é endêmica da Chapada dos Veadeiros e apresenta corola amarela e cálice fortemente vináceo, enquanto que M. chamaedrys, de hábito prostrado ou decumbente, ocorre em solo perturbado e é a única que não apresenta xilopódio. Marsypianthes foliolosa é facilmente reconhecida em campo pelas folhas nitidamente menores e pelo menor número de bractéolas e flores por cimeira. Marsypianthes hassleri apresenta posição do estigma acima das anteras, diferenciando-se das outras espécies citadas, e ocorre no sul do Brasil. Marsypianthes montana é erva de crescimento cespitoso. Este trabalho apresenta as descrições, chave de identificação, ilustrações, mapas de distribuição do gênero e das espécies, citações de nomes vulgares e habitats de cada espécie.

The genus Salvia L. is significantly important with regard to both its worldwide distribution and usage areas including food, medical and perfumary industries. In this current study, it is targeted to address the chromosome numbers and karyomorphology of the ten species and one variety of the genus Salvia. All of the eleven taxa examined in this study are economically significant and nine of these are endemic to Turkey. To define the chromosome numbers and karyomorphology of these eleven taxa somatic chromosomes of the each were examined. Mitotic metaphase chromosomes were obtained from root meristems of germinating seeds, which were pre-treated in &amp / #945 / -bromonaphtalene at 4&ordm / C for 16 h, then fixed in Carnoy solution (3 parts of ethanol: 1 parts of glacial acetic acid) at 4&ordm / C for 24h and stored in 70 % ethanol. Fixed root tips were stained in 2 % aceto-orcein and squashed in a drop of 45 % acetic acid. Long arm, short arm, total length of the each chromosomes were measured / relative length, arm ratio, centromeric index of the each chromosome were calculated. Karyogram and haploid idiograms were drawn by computer-aided analysis programme (Bs200pro). A cluster analysis of the karyotype data was carried out to examine karyotype similarity among taxa. Somatic chromosome numbers have been counted as 2n=2x=14 for the endemic taxa S. divaricata Montbret &amp / Aucher, S. euphratica Montbret &amp / Aucher ex Bentham (var. leiocalycina (Rech. fil.) Hedge) and S. recognita Fisch. &amp / Mey. / 2n=2x=14-1B for Salvia rosifolia Sm. / 2n=20 for S. longipedicellata Hedge, S. vermifolia Hedge &amp / Hub.-Mor. and S. yosgadensis Freyn &amp / Bornm. / 2n=2x=22 for S. aethiopis L., S. cilicica Boiss. &amp / Kotschy, S. hypargeia Fisch. &amp / Mey. and 2n=2x=32 for S. napifolia Jacq. respectively. In general, the chromosomes are short with median and submedian centromeres. The current study is essential for being the first report about chromosome numbers and karyomorphology of the six endemic taxa, namely S. divaricata, S. euphratica var. leiocalycina, S. longipedicellata, S. rosifolia, S. vermifolia and S. yosgadensis. Moreover, in spite of the chromosome numbers of S. aethiopis, S. cilicica, S. hypargeia and S. recognita are known, this research is the first study for their karyomorphologies.

TAXONOMIC STUDIES ON THE GENUS SALVIA L. (LABIATAE) IN CENTRAL ANATOLIA, TURKEY SAFI BAGHERPOUR Ph.D., Department of Biological Sciences Supervisor: Prof. Dr. Musa Dogan June 2010, 203 pages This research study is a revision of the genus Salvia (Labiatae) in Central Anatolia. The author has carried out extensive research studies conducted in a 3 year period starting from June 2005 by collecting specimens from all the localities in Central Anatolia, Turkey. Specimens collected from Turkey by the other researchers and kept either in Turkey or abroad were also examined. The samples were studied using their root, stem and leaf morphology including essential characteristics of flowers. Using this information dendograms were obtained and taxa cut off lines were drawn. The cross sectional preparations of stem and leaf were observed for taxonomical evaluation. Salvia taxa leaf surface, flower organs and seed surface were studied for understanding the diagnostic value of their micro morphological characteristics. Anatomical sections of the specimens were analyzed under light microscope and the data was used for further taxa separations. The Salvia species were further investigated for their pollen characteristics such as surface view and dimensions. Numeric taxonomic methods were used for constructing a natural infrageneric grouping in the genus as far as the species allows. Using software and computer grouping each sample was ranked and placed into specific taxa. First the samples were identified by using the species key given in Turkish Flora. According to the Turkish Flora there were two ways to identify samples. One way based on the stamen features and the other based on the leaves and flowers. For nomenclatural reasons the specimens were cross checked with the existing type specimens known from Turkey and kept in some international herbaria. This thesis is formed by two sections. The first section is comprised of introduction, materials and methods and basic findings. Basic finding are the result of morphological, anatomical, palynological and ecological investigations. In the second section of the thesis, a revision of Salvia in Central Anatolia, Turkey is given. This includes results of numeric studies and infrageneric grouping. Soil types and habitat characteristics were also studied. Soil samples were taken from the various locations and analyzed for their content. The populations were revisited to determine the sustainability and vulnerability of each taxon. IUCN threat categories were determined based on habitat information and species limitations. The phenological data and relevant field observations were all recorded. In Central Anatolia 43 Salvia species were found. Among the specimens collected from the area one taxon was re-discovered after 116 years.

A revision of the Mediterranean and the Aegean geographic regions of Turkey of Salvia L. (Labiatae) is presented. According to the results, the study area has 60 taxa, 32 of which are endemic (mainly local endemics), 5 of which are non-endemic rare, and the remaining 23 taxa are widely distributed. The rate of endemism is 53% in the area. At the beginning of the thesis, history and worldwide distribution of the family and the genus are briefly given. Phylogenetic studies and infrageneric grouping of the genus are discussed. As well as, recent studies on the genus such as taxonomical, morphological, micromorphological and karyological are provided. Geographic, phytogeographic, topographic, and climatic features of the area are explained. Since 2005, about 2000 specimens have been collected and examined as the research materials. In addition, a large number of specimens have been seen and studied in ANK, AEF, BM, E, ERCIYES, G, GAZI, HUB, K, KNYA, LE, ISTE and ISTF herbaria. Digital photos of some specimens including type specimens have been seen from B, W and A herbaria. In the field when the specimens were detected geographical location (including GPS), habitat, phenological data and relevant field observations were all recorded. In the study, comparative morphological characters and their variations are discussed Anatomical features, such as root, stem, leaf and petiole, micromorphological properties, such as trichome, pollen and nutlet, of the species are comprehensively studied and their taxonomic implications are discussed. According to field studies and literature surveys, endemism, pyhtogeography, habitat, phenology, chorology, new distribution areas and conservation status of the species are determined. Infrageneric delimitation of the species using multivariety analysis is performed. In addition, first sectional key and sectional grouping of the species are made. As well as, identification key of the species is given. At the end of the thesis, expanded and corrected description, address, photographs and some notes on taxonomy of the species are given. The taxonomic studies revealed one new species, Salvia marashica, two new varieties, S. sericeo-tomentosa var. hatayica, S. cadmica var. bozkiriensis, one new combination, S. aucheri subsp. canescens and one new record, S. viscosa. As well as, S. sericeo-tomentosa and S. quezelii are rediscovered.

The characteristic staminal lever mechanism is defined as a functional unit including the modification of stamens into lever-like structures, their reversible movement and the organisation with the remaining floral structures and they are involved in the process of pollen transfer. The staminal levers play a major role in the process of pollen deposition on the pollinators&rsquo / body and their proportion and interaction with pollinators may have significant consequences for the pollination system in Salvia. In this study, staminal lever mechanism and floral diversity of bee pollinated species including Salvia absconditiflora, Salvia aethiopis, Salvia russellii, Salvia tchihatcheffii which grow sympatrically are investigated in the campus flora of Middle East Technical University. The functioning of the staminal lever mechanism is tested and pollinators of the Salvia species are observed by field investigations. Special attention is given to species-specific patterns of pollen deposition on the pollinators&rsquo / body. Floral diversity of the Salvia species such as corolla shape, size, colour, stamen type are studied. Floral and pollinator structures are measured morphometrically by laboratory investigations. Moreover, the isolation mechanism among the co-occuring Salvia species are investigated by field observations. All field observations are backed by photos and video recordings. Field and laboratory investigations revealed that co-occuring Salvia species are reproductively isolated by several means and the diversity of floral constructions and staminal lever mechanism increases the mechanical isolation by attracting different pollinators and by loading pollen on different parts of their bodies.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2017-06-02T22:53:26Z No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurDeSouzaSoares_DISSERT.pdf: 3203622 bytes, checksum: 8b7b33ba2abe93cb3c9b8ba7ca489c8b (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2017-06-09T22:02:26Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurDeSouzaSoares_DISSERT.pdf: 3203622 bytes, checksum: 8b7b33ba2abe93cb3c9b8ba7ca489c8b (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-06-09T22:02:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 ArthurDeSouzaSoares_DISSERT.pdf: 3203622 bytes, checksum: 8b7b33ba2abe93cb3c9b8ba7ca489c8b (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-03-07 / Coordena??o de Aperfei?oamento de Pessoal de N?vel Superior (CAPES) / Lamiaceae, 236 g?neros e cerca de 7.200 esp?cies distribu?das em sete subfam?lias, possui distribui??o cosmopolita, com a maioria de suas esp?cies ocorrendo na regi?o tropical do planeta. Para o Brasil s?o listadas 524 esp?cies em 46 g?neros, dentre as quais, seis g?neros e 343 esp?cies s?o end?micos. No estado do Rio Grande do Norte (RN), est?o catalogados oito g?neros e 13 esp?cies, onde apenas um g?nero e quatro esp?cies s?o end?micos do Brasil. Esta disserta??o est? dividida em dois cap?tulos, os quais s?o apresentados aqui como manuscritos independentes j? nos padr?es exigidos pelas revistas escolhidas para publica??o, cujas normas est?o anexadas a esta disserta??o. Os cap?tulos s?o: Lamiaceae no Rio Grande do Norte, Brasil, onde ? apresentado o tratamento taxon?mico e flor?stico da fam?lia Lamiaceae no estado do Rio Grande do Norte. Neste estudo foram registradas 30 esp?cies, das quais 14 s?o ex?ticas, naturalizadas ou cultivadas e 16 constituem as esp?cies nativas. As esp?cies Hyptis brevipes Poit. e Vitex rufescens A.Juss. ocorrem apenas no dom?nio Mata Atl?ntica, enquanto Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke, Eriope macrostachya Mart. ex Benth., Gymneia platanifolia (Benth.) Harley & J.F.B.Pastore, Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze, Hyptis lantanifolia Poir., Mesosphaerum sp., Vitex gardneriana Schauer, Vitex schaueriana Moldenke, ocorrem apenas no dom?nio Caatinga. As esp?cies Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze e Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl.) Kuntze foram as que apresentaram a maior distribui??o dentro do territ?rio do estado. No segundo cap?tulo, New records, conservation assessments and distribution of Lamiaceae in Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern, Brazil, ? apresentado o Status de conserva??o das esp?cies de Lamiaceae e sua distribui??o no RN incluindo as esp?cies e g?neros citados pela primeira vez para o estado. Entre as esp?cies nativas, tr?s foram classificadas como ?Amea?adas?, quatro como ?Vulner?veis?, tr?s s?o de ?Pouco Preocupante?, duas s?o ?Quase Amea?adas? e quatro s?o ?Dados Insuficientes?. O dom?nio fitogeogr?fico Caatinga, uma Floresta Tropical Sazonalmente Seca (SDTF), tem o maior n?mero de esp?cies de Lamiaceae, embora menos de 1% desta regi?o seja protegida por unidades de conserva??o. Este estudo revela o estado preocupante da conserva??o da fam?lia Lamiaceae na RN e a necessidade de a??es de conserva??o, como a cria??o de novas unidades de conserva??o para preservar a qualidade do habitat e as forma??es naturais remanescentes e monitorar popula??es na natureza. / Lamiaceae, 236 genera and about 7,200 species distributed in seven subfamilies, has cosmopolitan distribution, with most of its species occurring in the tropical region of the planet. For Brazil, 524 species are listed in 46 genera, of which six genera and 343 species are endemic. In the state of Rio Grande do Norte (RN), they are cataloged of genera and 13 species, where only one genus and four species are endemic to Brazil. This dissertation is divided into two chapters, which are presented here as independent manuscripts already in the standards required for journals chosen for publication, whose norms are attached to this dissertation. The chapters are: Lamiaceae in Rio Grande do Norte, Brazil, where is the taxonomic and floristic treatment of the Lamiaceae family in the state of Rio Grande do Norte. In this study, 30 species were recorded, of which 14 are exotic, cultivated or cultivated, and 16 are native species. The species Hyptis brevipes Poit. e Vitex rufescens A.Juss. occur only in the Atlantic Forest domain, while Amasonia campestris (Aubl.) Moldenke, Eriope macrostachya Mart. Harley & J. F.B.Pastore, Mesosphaerum pectinatum (L.) Kuntze, Hyptis lantanifolia Poir., Mesosphaerum sp., Vitex gardneriana Schauer, Vitex schaueriana Moldenke, occur only in the Caatinga domain. The species Mesosphaerum suaveolens (L.) Kuntze and Marsypianthes chamaedrys (Vahl.) Kuntze were the ones that presented the largest distribution in the territory of the state. In the second chapter, New records, conservation assessments and distribution of Lamiaceae in Rio Grande do Norte, northeastern, Brazil, is presented the Status of conservation of the species of Lamiaceae and their distribution in the RN including the species and genera mentioned for the first time for the state. Among the native species, three were classified as 'Threatened', four as 'Vulnerable', three are 'Least Concern', two are 'Near Threatened' and four are 'Data Deficient'. The phytogeographical domain Caatinga, a Seasonally Dry Tropical Forest (SDTF), has the highest number of Lamiaceae species, although less than 1% of this region is protected by conservation units. This study reveals the worrying state of conservation of the Lamiaceae family in the NR and the need for conservation actions such as the creation of new conservation units to preserve the quality of the habitat and the remaining natural formations and to monitor populations in the wild.

The present work describes the phytochemistry study and of biological activity of the species Scutellaria racemosa Pers (Labiatae) and Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng (Amaranthaceae). Four compounds were isolated of the S. racemosa Pers: lupeol (14), oroxilin A (10), dinatin (12) and oroxyloside (11). The antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and the capacity of inhibition of enzymes prolyl oligopeptidase (POP), dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP IV) and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) of the crude extract (EB), fractions and isolated compounds of the S. racemosa Pers were evaluated. The n-hexane (FH) and ethyl acetate (FA) fractions were the most active against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The evaluation of the crude extract and fractions using the Brine Shrimp Lethality Test indicated that this plant does not present toxicity. About the tests of enzymatic inhibition, the ethyl acetate (FA) and n-butanol (FB) fractions of S. racemosa Pers and the compounds dinatin (12) and oroxyloside (11) demonstrated significant capacity of inhibition of the POP. The inhibition promoted for the dinatina (12) (100 μM) corresponded 43% and for the oroxyloside (11) (100 μM) corresponded 34% of the total enzyme tested. The crude extract (EB) and the respective fractions of the Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng were also evaluated about the antimicrobial and cytotoxic activities and of enzymatic inhibition of the POP, DPP IV and AChE. Through these assays, it was verified that the crude extract (EB) and the fractions of the Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng do not present important antimicrobial and cytotoxic activity. In relation to the tests of inibitory activity of the POP, the dichloromethane (FD) and ethyl acetate (FA) fractions present IC50 of 21.4 and 28.5 μg/mL against of POP, respectively. Dichloromethane, ethyl acetate and n-butanol fractions (FD, FA and FB) presented low activity against DPP IV (< 20%). The ethyl acetate (FA) and n-butanol (FB) fractions showed significant inhibition of the AChE in the amounts, 6.25 and 25 μg, respectively. / O presente trabalho descreve o estudo fitoquímico e a atividade biológica das espécies Scutellaria racemosa Pers (Labiatae) e Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng (Amaranthaceae). Quatro compostos foram isolados da S. racemosa Pers: lupeol (14), oroxilina A (10), dinatina (12) e oroxilosídeo (11). A atividade antimicrobiana, citotóxica e a capacidade de inibição das enzimas prolil oligopeptidase (POP), dipeptidil peptidase IV (DPP IV) e acetilcolinesterase (AChE) do extrato bruto (EB), frações e compostos isolados da S. racemosa Pers foram avaliadas. As frações n-hexano (FH) e acetato de etila (FA) foram as mais ativas contra Staphylococcus epidermidis, Bacillus subtilis e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. A avaliação do extrato bruto (EB) e frações através do teste de letalidade frente a Artemia salina indicou que esta planta não apresenta toxicidade significativa. Quanto aos testes de inibição enzimática, as frações acetato de etila (FA) e n-butanol (FB) de S. racemosa Pers e os compostos dinatina (12) e oroxilosídeo (11) demonstraram significativa capacidade de inibição da POP. A inibição promovida pela dinatina (12) (100 μM) correspondeu a 43% e pelo oroxilosídeo (11) (100 μM) correspondeu a 34% do total de enzima testada. O extrato bruto (EB) e as respectivas frações da Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng também foram avaliadas quanto a atividade antimicrobiana, citotóxica e de inibição enzimática da POP, DPP IV e AChE. Através destes ensaios, verificou-se que o extrato bruto (EB) e a frações da Pfaffia tuberosa Spreng não apresentam importante atividade antimicrobiana e citotóxica. Em relação aos testes de atividade inibitória da POP, as frações diclorometano (FD) e acetato de etila (FA) foram as que apresentaram os melhores resultados, com IC50 de 21,4 e 28,5 μg/mL, respectivamente. As frações diclorometano, acetato de etila e n-butanol (FD, FA e FB) apresentaram baixa capacidade de inibição da DPP IV (< 20%). As frações acetato de etila (FA) e n-butanol (FB) apresentaram significativa inibição da AChE, nas quantidades de 6,25 e 25 μg, respectivamente.