The aim of this work is to question the notion of space that underlies the claimed ‘spatial turn’ in geographical and social theory. Section 1 examines this theoretical literature, drawing heavily on Soja as the self declared taxonomist of the genre, and also seeks parallels with more populist texts on cities and space, to suggest, following Williams, that there is a new ‘structure of feeling’ towards space. Section 1 introduces two foundational concepts. The first, derived from Soja’s misunderstanding of Borges’ story The Aleph, argues for an ‘alephic vision’, an imposition of a de-materialized and revelatory understanding of space. This is related to the second, an ‘ecstatic vision’, which describes the tendency, illustrated through the work of Koolhaas and recent exhibitions on the experience of cities, to treat spatial and material experience in hyperbolic and hallucinatory terms. Section 2 offers a series of theoretical reconstructions which seek to draw out parallels between the work of key theorists of what I term the ‘respatialization’ literature (Harvey, Giddens, Foucault and Lefebvre) and the work of Hillier et al in the Space Syntax school. A series of empirical studies demonstrate that the approach to the material realm offered by Space Syntax is not only theoretically compatible but can also help to explain ‘real world’ phenomena. However, the elision with wider theoretical positions points to the need for a reworking of elements of Space Syntax, and steps towards this goal are offered in section 3. In the final ‘speculative epilogue’ I reopen the philosophical debates about the nature of space, deliberately suppressed from the beginning, and suggest that perhaps the apparent theoretical and empirical versatility of Space Syntax, based upon a configurational approach to space as a complex relational system, may offer an alternative approach to these enduring metaphysical debates.

This thesis examines user interaction with instrumentation in the specific context of space science. It gathers together existing practice in machine interfaces with a look at potential future usage and recommends a new approach to space science projects with the intention of maximising their science return. It first takes a historical perspective on user interfaces and ways of defining and measuring the science return of a space instrument. Choices of research methodology are considered. Implementation details such as the concepts of usability, mental models, affordance and presentation of information are described, and examples of existing interfaces in space science are given. A set of parameters for use in analysing and synthesizing a user interface is derived by using a set of case studies of diverse failures and from previous work. A general space science user analysis is made by looking at typical practice, and an interview plus persona technique is used to group users with interface designs. An examination is made of designs in the field of astronomical instrumentation interfaces, showing the evolution of current concepts and including ideas capable of sustaining progress in the future. The parameters developed earlier are then tested against several established interfaces in the space science context to give a degree of confidence in their use. The concept of a simulator that is used to guide the development of an instrument over the whole lifecycle is described, and the idea is proposed that better instrumentation would result from more efficient use of the resources available. The previous ideas in this thesis are then brought together to describe a proposed new approach to a typical development programme, with an emphasis on user interaction. The conclusion shows that there is significant room for improvement in the science return from space instrumentation by attention to the user interface.

This thesis deals with the urban phenomenon of minority clusters, which are invariably referred to as 'ghettos'. A review of the literature on 'ghettos' suggests that the clustering of identifiable minorities is commonly associated with segregation - be it physical, economic, social or linguistic - although it is the physical segregation which tends to be most frequently noticed. Moreover, one type of segregation, such as physical - is believed to lead to another type, such as economic. Through studying Jewish settlement in Leeds and Manchester in the 19th century, two key questions are addressed in this thesis: The first is whether there is a link between spatial clustering and spatial segregation and the second is whether spatial clustering is linked to other forms of segregation, such as economic, occupational and social. Another two questions arise from the analysis: whether Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive in their own right, and whether it is possible to identify a pattern in the process of formation of Jewish settlement that may have broader implications for immigrant/minority settlement in general. The techniques and theories of 'Space Syntax' are used here to analyse the settlements in question by using detailed street-level mapping of census data on the entire Jewish population of Manchester and Leeds and of all non-Jewish individuals in the key Jewish districts of each of the cities (the key Jewish districts are generally referred to as 'ghettos'). This enables a multi-level socio-spatial comparison to be made: between Jewish families and their immediate neighbours; between Jewish families and the population of the city as a whole; and between the initial and secondary stages of Jewish settlement. In order to investigate questions relating specifically to immigrant settlement, non-Jewish people born outside of Britain are also considered as a separate group, although they are not the main subject. The analysis suggests that spatial clustering does not necessarily lead to spatial segregation and that spatial clustering may also be associated with some types of segregation, such as occupational but not with others, such as economic. It also suggests that Jewish settlement patterns are distinctive and that they are identifiable for a longer period than expected after immigration, when compared with other immigrants. This thesis also sheds light on the process of the formation of Jewish settlement, proposing a pattern whereby after establishing a core of settlement, streets already established become more densely populated, whilst new streets are settled more slowly. Analysis of the key districts of Jewish settlement also suggests that certain areas of cities are especially prone to settlement by the disadvantaged, due to characteristics that make such areas firstly, tend to be economically unsuccessful due to their spatial segregation and secondly, less attractive to those who have the means to move elsewhere and that such areas are not so much defined by their immigrant constituents, but by their long-standing inhabitants that cannot move elsewhere.

Zebrafish (Brachydanio rerio) are small, freshwater teleost fishes in the family Cyprinidae, the true minnows. They are native to the tropical latitudes of India, but have become widespread through their use as aquarium fish and as models for several branches of biological research. Their ease of rearing, short generation time, year-around egg laying potential, brief developmental period, and embryo transparency have made them especially desirable as models for developmental biology, genetics, and neurobiology. Because of their popularity, they were also the first small aquarium fish to be used as test organisms for carcinogenesis in the early 1960's. For reasons that have never been stated, their use as a model for carcinogenesis research did not continue. Due to the number of positive characteristics that this species has, the goal of this research effort was to systematically evaluate the potential of zebrafish for use as an environmental monitor, to evaluate the toxicology and carcinogenesis of surface and/or ground waters. The overall project was multidisciplinary in nature, but the focus of this thesis research was on the whole animal, dose-response to a number of well-known carcinogens, administered by multiple exposure routes, and the pathological description of the resulting lesions. Exposure to N-nitrosodiethylamine (DEN) and N-nitrosodimethylamine (DMN) in the diet was ineffective, but static water bath exposure of fry and embryos to these nitrosamines resulted in neoplasms, primarily in the liver. Embryo exposure to DEN resulted in a low response of neoplasms in several other organs as well. Dietary exposure of zebrafish to aflatoxin B₁ resulted in few hepatic neoplasms, revealing a marked resistance to this carcinogen. Dietary exposure to methylazoxymethanol acetate (MAM-Ac) produced mostly liver tumors, as did both fry and embryo water bath exposures. Each water bath exposure also produced neoplasms at other tissue and organ sites, but the embryo stage produced the greatest variety. These results demonstrate a relative resistance to neoplastic development compared to the well-known rainbow trout model. But in one comparative trial, zebrafish were similar to Japanese medaka in their response to dietary MAM-Ac. The major limitation of this species, that will prevent its use as a model for environmental monitoring, however, is its narrow range of temperature tolerance. Temperatures below 15°C produce marked sluggishness, and below 10-12°C cause anesthesia and death. Therefore, this research indicates that this species is not as versatile as some other small fish species for laboratory and especially field monitoring of environmental carcinogenic hazards. / Graduation date: 1997

Natural convection with high cooling effects is of increasing interest in cold region geotechnical engineering. To study natural air convection in a highly-permeable porous medium, convective and conductive heat transfer experiments were carried out using an insulated cylindrical tank filled with styrofoam chips. Convection and conduction were caused by controlling the temperatures at the top and bottom of the tank, and a series of cross-sectional conductive and convective isotherms were generated from collected temperature data. Additional convective patterns were obtained from tests by centrally localized heating below or cooling above. Flow velocities were measured at the center of the tank. Results showed that convective heat transfer rate was higher than thermal conduction. Convective isothermal patterns varied with various boundary conditions and could be influenced by small temperature perturbation. Given appropriate environmental conditions, efficient convective cooling effects can be used to enhance ground freezing or to protect permafrost from degradation. / Geotechnical Engineering

In den Ingenieurwissenschaften ist die Arbeit in Laboren ein zentraler Bestandteil aktiver Hochschullehre und -forschung. Jedoch besteht ein grundlegendes Problem in der Einbettung von Laborarbeit in computergestützte Arbeitsabläufe wie etwa dem E-Learning. Für eine nachhaltige Kompetenzentwicklung bei Studierenden können die Bereiche der aktiven Laborarbeit und der Lehre nicht weiterhin isoliert voneinander betrachtet werden. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt den Aufbau einer kooperativen Forschungsumgebung für die wissenschaftliche Laborarbeit, welche sich in die hochschulweiten und sogar organisationsübergreifenden IT-Infrastrukturen nahtlos einbetten lässt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass eine innovative kooperative Forschungsumgebung Synergien zwischen Forschung und Lehre maßgeblich fördern kann.

Purpose: To develop an approach to formulating an injectable solution containing both hydrophilic and lipophilic drugs for subcutaneous administration. Based on the literature survey, isotropic medium chain mono-and diglyceride (MCMDG) systems were chosen for study. For this purpose, analytical methods were developed and validated. In vitro assessments of the MCMDG systems, and in vitro release and in vivo studies were conducted. Methods: The phase diagrams of the isotropic MCMDG systems were constructed with systems comprising two and three components. The isotropic region was examined by visual inspection and confirmed using polarized light microscopy. Viscosities of formulations were measured. The validated HPLC assay methods were developed for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid formulations and in sheep plasma. The HPLC assay was capable of evaluating stability of abamectin and levamisole in liquid formulations. Solubilities of levamisole hydrochloride or levamisole phosphate and abamectin were determined in the isotropic MCMDG formulations using a HPLC assay method. Stabilities of levamisole phosphate and abamectin were conducted in the isotropic MCMDG formulations at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release studies for levamisole phosphate were carried out for selected formulations using modified Franz diffusion cells. Based on stability and in vitro release studies, one formulation (MCMDG/propylene glycol (PG):glycerol formal (GF), 20/20:60 % w/w) was selected for a preliminary in vivo study. The selected MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation containing both levamisole phosphate and abamectin was injected subcutaneously into sheep, and the injection site was examined after subcutaneous injection. Pharmacokinetic profiles were determined. A correlation between in vitro fraction released (FR) and in vivo fraction absorbed (FA) for levamisole phosphate from the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation was assessed. Results: The isotropic systems of the MCMDG systems containing two or three components were characterized through phase diagrams and viscosity. The solubility of the levamisole hydrochloride in the isotropic MCMDG/sesame oil/water formulations was higher in the absence of abamectin than in combination with abamectin. Solubility of levamisole phosphate was higher in the MCMDG system containing GF or PG compared to the MCMDG/SO/water system. The isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems allowed preparations of levamisole phosphate/abamectin solution dose forms containing more than the usual dosage of levamisole. Stability of both levamisole phosphate and abamectin in MCMDG/PG:GF formulations was higher compared with MCMDG/PG:GF/water formulations. Levamisole phosphate degraded in the presence or absence of abamectin in the MCMDG/PG:GF (20/20:60) formulation at 60�C for 10 days. Abamectin alone was found to be stable in the formulation at 60�C for 10 days. In vitro release of levamisole phosphate from water and the MCMDG formulations tested displayed first-order kinetics. Water from the receptor compartment was observed to pass through the membrane into the donor compartment. Therefore, an advancing layer of turbidity occurred in the donor phase. A highly significant decrease in release rate of levamisole phosphate was obtained in MCMDG/GP:GF (20/20:60) formulation compared to water and the other formulations. Pharmacokinetic studies of subcutaneous injection of MCMDG/PG:GF 20/20:60) formulation showed the tmax values of 2.2 h and 4.2 days for levamisole phosphate and abamectin, respectively. The Cmax was 0.94 [mu]g/ml for levamisole phosphate and 6.24 ng/ml for abamectin while the formulation displayed the AUC value was 5.2 [mu]g�h�ml⁻1 for levamisole phosphate and 84.7 ng�day�ml⁻1 for abamectin. No inflammatory reaction was observed at the injection site. Linear regression analysis showed that a significant relationship between the FR (in vitro) and FA for the subcutaneously injected formulation. Conclusion: The study carried out in this thesis introduces a new approach to formulating an injectable solution of the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF systems containing both levamisole (hydrophilic drug) and abamectin (lipophilic drug) for subcutaneous administration, and presents the development of the HPLC assay methods for determination of levamisole and abamectin in liquid MCMDG formulations and plasma, in order to investigate in vitro and in vivo release from the isotropic MCMDG/PG:GF formulations. The MCMDG/PG:GF formulations may represent an alternative to the more traditional formulations for both lipophilic and hydrophilic drugs.

Bibliography: leaves 193-206. / xiii, 206 leaves : ill. (chiefly col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / This thesis investigates the effect of femoral stem surface roughness and a collar on the fixation of cemented hip hemi-arthroplasty femoral stems in an in vivo sheep model up to nine months following implantation. Plain radiography, micromotion between prosthesis and bone during mechanical testing and histology are used. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Orthopaedics and Trauma, 1997?

Includes bibliographies. / 1 v. : ill. ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / The present study provides a detailed account of the anatomical and neurohistological structure of the temporomandibular joint (TMJ) in foetal and adult Australian Merino sheep. The purpose is to describe the innervation of the joint and to determine the possible roles of both afferent receptor structures and neuropeptides in the pathophysiology of experimentally induced osteoarthritis. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Anatomical Science, 1997

Bibliography: leaves 269-297. / xvii, 297, [10] leaves, [31] leaves of plates : ill. (some col.) ; 30 cm. / Title page, contents and abstract only. The complete thesis in print form is available from the University Library. / Evaluates the efficacy of enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) with artifically produced recombinant human 4S (rh4S) in feline mucopolysaccharidosis Type VI (MPS VI) and tests the hypothesis that this form of therapy would reverse or alter the disease course, particularly the bone dysplasia and connective tissue pathologics. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of Adelaide, Dept. of Paediatrics, 1998