In den Ingenieurwissenschaften ist die Arbeit in Laboren ein zentraler Bestandteil aktiver Hochschullehre und -forschung. Jedoch besteht ein grundlegendes Problem in der Einbettung von Laborarbeit in computergestützte Arbeitsabläufe wie etwa dem E-Learning. Für eine nachhaltige Kompetenzentwicklung bei Studierenden können die Bereiche der aktiven Laborarbeit und der Lehre nicht weiterhin isoliert voneinander betrachtet werden. Der vorliegende Artikel beschreibt den Aufbau einer kooperativen Forschungsumgebung für die wissenschaftliche Laborarbeit, welche sich in die hochschulweiten und sogar organisationsübergreifenden IT-Infrastrukturen nahtlos einbetten lässt. Dabei wird deutlich, dass eine innovative kooperative Forschungsumgebung Synergien zwischen Forschung und Lehre maßgeblich fördern kann.

Within science education, and chemistry in particular, laboratory work is fundamental. The traditions of including laboratory work in chemistry education is a way to make the concepts of chemistry apprehensible, the aims and goals of laboratory work related to chemistry education are therefore well defined. With digital technology, Information Communication Technology, (ICT tools), the traditional hands-on laboratory experience can be transformed to a nontraditional, digital laboratory experience. The use of digital laboratory work in education is well debated, yet both positive and negative aspects can be identified. As a consequence of the COVID-19 pandemic, teachers around the globe faced new challenges as much of the teaching abruptly had to be converted to online teaching. Due to the nature of the chemistry subject, one major challenge chemistry teachers faced was how to coordinate practical laboratory work with the new regulations. The unexpected transition from classroom education to online education can thus be identified as in a way teaching habits were challenged. The purpose of this study is to investigate the adaptations chemistry teachers had to make to the laboratory education as the hands-on laboratory experience rapidly had to be translated to a digital laboratory experience. Data was collected by conducting interviews with 10 chemistry teachers in upper secondary education and a thematic analysis was used to identify how, and in what way, teachers used ICT tools to coordinate their current teaching with the new restrictions. Data was analyzed by applying a transactional approach inspired by John Dewey’s transactional perspective of habits as well as a didaktik perspective to study the complexity in actions and how decisions concerning the laboratory work were made. The findings suggest that ICT tools could be used in a variety of ways but were not necessarily easily translated between practices, thus choices regarding the aims, goals and methods used in the online classroom differed from the decisions teachers usually made. Many teachers were able to use ICT tools in a sufficiently productive way to keep the laboratory work functional, however this was not a smooth transition for everyone and the need to adapt the activity to make it useful was in many ways decisive. Their responses to the changes varied and the differences in basic skills in how to use ICT tools were prominent. Regarding the didactic relations, teachers also noticed a change in behavior and the students’ attitudes towards the laboratory work. The changes caused teachers to reevaluate their approach to a digital laboratory experience in order to make the teaching functional, hence both the habits of planning and teaching had to be reconsidered.

In Sweden, physics education is supposed to contribute to developing the stu-dent's experimental skill. After a physics course, students should be able to plan, execute and evaluate an experiment. In this study, seven physics teachers are interviewed about their reasoning considering assessment of experimental skills. The study aims to describe teachers' stories about their work with as-sessment of laboratory work. The results of the study show a spread of how teachers, according to them-selves, are dealing with the assessment of experiments. Some teachers work thoroughly with getting a basis to be able to assess all parts of the laboratory skill, while others leave some parts out. The most common assessment is of reports that students write after a laboratory assignment. It is also possible to see tendencies that the school teachers work at influences how teachers reason about assessment. / I Skolverkets ämnesplan för fysik står det att fysikundervisningen ska bidra till att utveckla elevens experimentella förmåga. Efter en fysikkurs ska eleven kunna planera, utföra och även utvärdera en laboration. I denna studie har sju fysiklärare på gymnasiet intervjuats om hur de resonerar kring bedömning av den experimentella förmågan. Undersökningen ämnar åt att redogöra lärares berättelser om hur de arbetar med bedömning av laborationer. Resultatet i studien visar en spridning över hur lärare enligt dem själva arbetar med bedömning av experiment. Vissa lärare arbetar noga med att få bedöm-ningsunderlag av alla delar i den laborativa förmågan medan någon lärare väl-jer bort vissa delar. Det som är gemensamt är att de allra flesta bedömer labo-rationsrapporter som eleverna skriver efter ett utfört experiment. Det går också att se tendenser till att skolan som läraren jobbar på har betydelse för hur lära-ren resonerar kring bedömning.

Laboratory work as a teaching and learning method is given prominence in the Swedish physics curriculum for upper secondary school. It is emphasised that students should be given opportunities to develop the ability to search for answers to questions, plan, conduct, interpret and present results. Moreover, students should also be encouraged to use their physics knowledge to communicate, argument and present conclusions. This thesis is based on the belief that physics laboratory work creates a special discourse, where the student becomes the actor and the teacher becomes the organiser and observer. Such an environment enables students to naturally engage in physics discussions using their own terms. The aim is to explore students’ laboratory work at upper secondary school in-depth, with respect to its design and influence on students’ communication. Through analysis of students’ communication, the purpose is to better understand the physics laboratory work’s possibilities as a teaching and learning method. This will contribute to ongoing debate about the effectiveness of laboratory work. The results show that laboratory work consists of similar activities but differs in amount of time allocated to the different activities. Different types of talk are used for different purposes. An analytical framework has been created to enable deeper investigations of how and what students are talking about at both a linguistic and cognitive level. Moreover, the analysis shows the importance of students acquiring knowledge about physics and understanding the value of using an investigative approach as well as acquiring core content physics knowledge. / Laboratory work as a teaching and learning method is given prominence in the Swedish physics curriculum for upper secondary school. It is emphasised that students should be given opportunities to develop the ability to search for answers to questions, plan, conduct, interpret and present results. Moreover, students should also be encouraged to use their physics knowledge to communicate, argument and present conclusions. This thesis is based on the belief that physics laboratory work creates a special discourse, where the student becomes the actor and the teacher becomes the organiser and observer. Through analysis of students’ communication, the purpose is to better understand the physics laboratory work’s possibilities as a teaching and learning method. The results show that laboratory work consists of similar activities but differs in amount of time allocated to the different activities. Different types of talk are used for different purposes. An analytical framework has been created to enable deeper investigations of how and what students are talking about at both a linguistic and cognitive level. Moreover, the analysis shows the importance of students acquiring knowledge about physics and understanding the value of using an investigative approach as well as acquiring core content physics knowledge.

During my practical training period I observed that many of the students have a negative attitude against mathematics. I also observed that these students have a difficulty reaching the goals in the subject. In my opinion there are different factors that can be the reason to why these students experiences mathematics as a difficult subject in school. This is the reason why I wanted to find out which factors that lies behind the difficulties and how the pedagogues work to support these students. It is also significant that every single student get their rights to develop a positive attitude against mathematics and that the pedagogue supports the students in their development. The point with this degree project is to find out, with the help of three pedagogues, which factors that could lead to difficulties in mathematics with students. However, I also want to find out how the pedagogues teach out when they come across with students with mathematical problems. The three informants have many years of experience in teaching and they have worked with students in the elementary school for many years. They have also been teaching students with difficulties in mathematics. When I was interviewing the pedagogues I got the chance to give them attendant questions and also be accessory during the interview. The results of my study showed that there are different factors that can lead to difficulties in mathematics with students, but also that there are different kinds of ways to work for the pedagogue with students that have problems with the subject. These factors are emotional blocks, lacking in the teaching, reading- and writing difficulties and difficulties in the language. My study also showed that with the help from the pedagogue, the students can develop a more positive attitude against mathematics, thru social interactions, dialogues, group work and elaborative work.

This study investigated Lesotho junior secondary science teachers’ perceptions and use of laboratory work in teaching. Teaching is described as engagement in a relationship between a person called a teacher and another person called a student with the purpose of facilitating the student’s acquisition of content which the student previously lacked (Fenstermacher, 1986). Using the constructs of scientific inquiry and inquiry-based instruction and constructivism as theoretical lenses the study empirically explored the Junior School Science teachers’ perceptions of the aims of laboratory work and how the teachers used laboratory work in their teaching. At the centre, the investigation sought to understand whether there was any relationship between teachers’ perceptions of the aims of laboratory work and their use of laboratory work. The sample of the study consisted of fifty science teachers (n=50) conveniently selected from 12 schools in the Butha-Buthe district of Lesotho. Data were collected through closed and open ended questionnaires (n=50), semi-structured interviews (n=5), and laboratory lesson observations (n=2). Data were analyzed quantitatively using descriptive statistics and qualitatively using a combination of typological and interpretational analysis. The results show that as a group the sampled teachers held the view that the most important aim of laboratory work was to promote conceptual understanding. In their teaching, most of the sampled teachers use laboratory work to verify theory through largely verificationist, expository and non-inquiry laboratory instructional practices and strategies. The following barriers were reported by the teachers as limiting their use of inquiry oriented and student centered teaching strategies: limitations of resources; time constraints; large classes; pressure to complete the prescribed curriculum; safety issues; and preparations for external examinations. The results also suggest that the teachers’ seeing laboratory work as important for developing conceptual understanding is associated with their use of verificationistic teaching approaches. It is recommended that; Lesotho science curriculum be reviewed, and that teachers should participate in curriculum development to enhance successful implementation of inquiry instruction, professional development programmes be established, and the enactment of inquiry instruction be systematically monitored and evaluated. It is recommended that curriculum developers facilitate teachers’ transformation from expository to inquiry instruction.

Algumas pesquisas em Ensino de Química têm destacado a importância do uso de atividades experimentais investigativas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas nos alunos e para sua maior participação no processo de aprendizagem. Os experimentos investigativos são uma das estratégias sugeridas para alcançar esses objetivos. Assim, se os alunos participarem de etapas como: coleta de dados, análise e discussão; poderão formular hipóteses e propor soluções para o problema proposto, desenvolvendo seu raciocínio lógico e habilidades cognitivas importantes para a construção do conhecimento químico e para a sua formação cidadã. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa investigou as habilidades cognitivas manifestadas por alunos do ensino médio de química em atividades experimentais investigativas. Foram gravadas, em áudio e vídeo, quatro seqüências de aulas desta natureza em duas escolas localizadas na cidade de São Paulo. Três seqüências de aulas foram realizadas em uma mesma escola e conduzidas pela mesma professora. Os conceitos abordados foram: densidade e temperatura de ebulição. O conceito de densidade foi desenvolvido em duas turmas, e o conceito de temperatura de ebulição em somente uma delas. O conceito desenvolvido na outra escola foi o de temperatura de fusão. Respostas escritas e os relatórios elaborados pelos alunos também foram coletados e analisados. As aulas foram transcritas e analisadas qualitativamente utilizando categorias de análise criadas pela pesquisadora, baseadas nas habilidades cognitivas manifestadas pelos alunos. Para a elaboração das categorias de análises, utilizou-se as idéias de Zoller, que classifica as habilidades cognitivas de acordo com o baixo ou alto nível de demanda cognitiva requerida para a solução de um problema, denominadas LOCS (Lower Order Cognitive Skills - Habilidades Cognitivas de Baixa Ordem); ou HOCS (Higher Order Cognitive Skills - Habilidades Cognitivas de Alta Ordem). Verificou-se, grande participação dos alunos nas atividades e manifestação de habilidades cognitivas de alta ordem, como elaboração de hipóteses e análise de variáveis, porém, grande parte das respostas foi classificada como habilidades cognitivas de baixa ordem. Entretanto, o nível de habilidades cognitivas manifestadas pelos alunos está relacionado com o nível cognitivo das questões propostas pelo professor. A análise das respostas escritas dos alunos também evidencia habilidades cognitivas de alta ordem, porém, os alunos apresentam certa dificuldade em sintetizar suas idéias e as expressarem por escrito. Os resultados também mostram que o papel do professor é de suma importância ao questionar e propor desafios aos alunos para que estes possam propor suas próprias hipóteses e propor possíveis soluções para o problema. / Some studies in Chemistry Teaching have focused the importance of the use of investigative laboratory work to develop students\' cognitive skills to increase the participation in the learning process. So, if the students are involved in steps as: data collection, analysis and discussion, they will be able to formulate hypothesis and to propose solutions to the problem, developing logical reasoning and cognitive skills important to the construction of chemical knowledge and for citizenship. This work investigated the cognitive skills expressed by secondary education students in investigative experimental chemistry activity. The sequences of four inquiry classes carried out in two schools localized in São Paulo were recorded on audio e videotape. Three sequences of classes were conduct by a teacher in one of these schools and the concepts developed were: density and boiling point, in the other school the concept studied was melting point. The reports and the written answers were also colected and analysed. The classes were transcripted and analised qualitatively using the categories developed by this researcher, based on the cognitive skills expresed by the students. Zoller\'s ideas guided the development of the categories. According to him, the cogntive skills may be classified as LOCS and HOCS, based on the cogntive demand claim to answer a question. The results show great involvement of the students in the activity and their answers reveal higher order cognitive skills, such as development of hypothesis; however, they also give answers that were classified as lower order cognitive skills. The analysis of the written answers evidenced higher order cognitive skills; however, the students present some dificults to synthesize their ideas and to express them in their writing. The results also show that the teacher\'s mediation is very important to conduct questions and challenges in order to allow the students to elaborate hypothesis and to propose solutions to the problem.

Laboratory work is considered to be a vital part of the entire learning experience in physics and work in the laboratory has the potential to help make physics more real and tangible for the students while they can develop experimental design skills as well as developing observational and problem-solving skills. Sometimes, difficult concepts can be illustrated while laboratory work also offers opportunities for learners to develop skills in thinking, questioning, planning, and interpreting data as well as an opportunity to develop group working skills. Above all, physics, like all other sciences, gains its insights by means of experimentation and learners need experience of this. In addition, laboratory work has an important role in understanding a subject like physics in that it can make physics more real for the students. More importantly, there is great scope for developing laboratory learning which will enhance understanding as well as give the students an experience of how experimental evidence is used to develop the insights in physics. The question here is: does laboratory courses in higher education actually achieve these goals in a developing country such as Libya where the laboratories are not highly equipped while the staff and the teachers are not trained adequately? Studies have shown that, in laboratory learning, students follow instruction sheets like recipes with little understanding what they are doing, tending to generate negative attitudes. Some key studies have shown clearly that cognitive overload is the source of the problem: the learner’s has to cope with too many ideas at the same time. This study explored this idea and considered how the cognitive load can be reduced, enabling cognitive capacity to be available for greater understanding.The entire work was carried out on three stages with the students in the Faculty of Science at Sebha University, a typical university in Libya. The first experimental study (N = 150) aimed to gain an overall picture of the problems in Libya, look at how learners saw their school and their university experiences in laboratory work in physics. Questionnaires were designed to establish a picture of what was going on and where the problems lay. The survey showed the learners’ need for the security of instruction sheets but they were following these like recipes and not understanding what they were doing. In the light of these findings, pre-laboratory exercises were designed and post-laboratory exercises were constructed, for each experiment. The pre-laboratory exercise involved a set of simple tasks for the students to complete allowing them to revise underpinning ideas, grasp the key point of the experiment and how it was to be done. The overall aim was to reduce the pressure on limited working memory capacity as they undertook the experiment. The post-laboratory exercises were also short and were designed to allow the students to apply the ideas they had learned. The post-laboratory exercises were marked and the scores were used as a measure of understanding. When used with a sample of students (N = 95), the changes brought about by the use of pre-laboratory exercises were explored by considering their performance in the post-laboratory exercises while student perceptions of the experience were considered using a questionnaire. It was found that the pre-laboratory exercises improved understanding quite markedly with the students at Sebha University and their attitudes towards the whole pre-laboratory experience was very positive. In the third and final stage, pre-laboratory and post-laboratory were also employed with a sample of students (N = 106)but the post-lab exercises were extended considerably. The laboratory instructions sheets were re-written completely to make the whole learning experience a more cohesive whole. The outcomes were considered using performance in the post-laboratory exercises while student opinions were surveyed again. In both stages two and three, performance in the post-lab exercises offered insight into how well the students understood what they had done. In addition, at the end of stage three, semi-structured interviews were carried out with university teachers to explore the views of university teachers relating to physics laboratories in Libya. The findings of the third stage and second stage were compared to see what is new in students’ perceptions (N = 106). The question being explored here was whether the key to the greater success lay in the pre-laboratory exercises on their own or whether the re-written instruction sheets made further major improvements. It was found that there were only very small further improvements, thus confirming that the pre-learning from the pre-laboratory exercises was the key. The overall conclusions, this study has demonstrated the power and effectiveness of simple pre-laboratory exercises in a typical Libyan university physics course in enhancing understanding in physics. In almost all the survey items, the responses of the students who worked with pre-lab (with pre-laboratory group) were significantly more positive than the responses from the students who worked without pre-lab (without pre-laboratory group). Comparing the second stage and the third stage revealed little change, suggesting that the key to the performance improvement as well as the changes in student perceptions was largely due to the pre-laboratory exercises. Implications of the findings are discussed, especially in the context of education in Libya.

Algumas pesquisas em Ensino de Química têm destacado a importância do uso de atividades experimentais investigativas para o desenvolvimento de habilidades cognitivas nos alunos e para sua maior participação no processo de aprendizagem. Os experimentos investigativos são uma das estratégias sugeridas para alcançar esses objetivos. Assim, se os alunos participarem de etapas como: coleta de dados, análise e discussão; poderão formular hipóteses e propor soluções para o problema proposto, desenvolvendo seu raciocínio lógico e habilidades cognitivas importantes para a construção do conhecimento químico e para a sua formação cidadã. Desta forma, a presente pesquisa investigou as habilidades cognitivas manifestadas por alunos do ensino médio de química em atividades experimentais investigativas. Foram gravadas, em áudio e vídeo, quatro seqüências de aulas desta natureza em duas escolas localizadas na cidade de São Paulo. Três seqüências de aulas foram realizadas em uma mesma escola e conduzidas pela mesma professora. Os conceitos abordados foram: densidade e temperatura de ebulição. O conceito de densidade foi desenvolvido em duas turmas, e o conceito de temperatura de ebulição em somente uma delas. O conceito desenvolvido na outra escola foi o de temperatura de fusão. Respostas escritas e os relatórios elaborados pelos alunos também foram coletados e analisados. As aulas foram transcritas e analisadas qualitativamente utilizando categorias de análise criadas pela pesquisadora, baseadas nas habilidades cognitivas manifestadas pelos alunos. Para a elaboração das categorias de análises, utilizou-se as idéias de Zoller, que classifica as habilidades cognitivas de acordo com o baixo ou alto nível de demanda cognitiva requerida para a solução de um problema, denominadas LOCS (Lower Order Cognitive Skills - Habilidades Cognitivas de Baixa Ordem); ou HOCS (Higher Order Cognitive Skills - Habilidades Cognitivas de Alta Ordem). Verificou-se, grande participação dos alunos nas atividades e manifestação de habilidades cognitivas de alta ordem, como elaboração de hipóteses e análise de variáveis, porém, grande parte das respostas foi classificada como habilidades cognitivas de baixa ordem. Entretanto, o nível de habilidades cognitivas manifestadas pelos alunos está relacionado com o nível cognitivo das questões propostas pelo professor. A análise das respostas escritas dos alunos também evidencia habilidades cognitivas de alta ordem, porém, os alunos apresentam certa dificuldade em sintetizar suas idéias e as expressarem por escrito. Os resultados também mostram que o papel do professor é de suma importância ao questionar e propor desafios aos alunos para que estes possam propor suas próprias hipóteses e propor possíveis soluções para o problema. / Some studies in Chemistry Teaching have focused the importance of the use of investigative laboratory work to develop students\' cognitive skills to increase the participation in the learning process. So, if the students are involved in steps as: data collection, analysis and discussion, they will be able to formulate hypothesis and to propose solutions to the problem, developing logical reasoning and cognitive skills important to the construction of chemical knowledge and for citizenship. This work investigated the cognitive skills expressed by secondary education students in investigative experimental chemistry activity. The sequences of four inquiry classes carried out in two schools localized in São Paulo were recorded on audio e videotape. Three sequences of classes were conduct by a teacher in one of these schools and the concepts developed were: density and boiling point, in the other school the concept studied was melting point. The reports and the written answers were also colected and analysed. The classes were transcripted and analised qualitatively using the categories developed by this researcher, based on the cognitive skills expresed by the students. Zoller\'s ideas guided the development of the categories. According to him, the cogntive skills may be classified as LOCS and HOCS, based on the cogntive demand claim to answer a question. The results show great involvement of the students in the activity and their answers reveal higher order cognitive skills, such as development of hypothesis; however, they also give answers that were classified as lower order cognitive skills. The analysis of the written answers evidenced higher order cognitive skills; however, the students present some dificults to synthesize their ideas and to express them in their writing. The results also show that the teacher\'s mediation is very important to conduct questions and challenges in order to allow the students to elaborate hypothesis and to propose solutions to the problem.

<p>The purpose of this study is to compare different ways to teach mathematics in the school's lower age groups, and to examine whether certain practices increase students' desire and motivation to learn the subject. The questions used to determine the purpose is the following:<strong> </strong></p><ul><li>What vision has the students in the class at maths? </li><li>How does the teaching of mathematics in the class look like?</li><li>What vision has the students in the class at working with different approaches in education?</li><li>Does the traditional approach  and the options that I am examining meet the steering documents requirements?<strong> </strong></li></ul><p><strong> </strong>The essay is organized as a qualitative study. The study was conducted in an elementary school in Sweden, third grade. The methods used included interviews with students and observations in the classroom. I have also completed three lessons in which I introduced students to three different approaches. Mathematics lessons that this third grade has, begins and ends with the students work individually with the math book. Is it possible to increase students' desire to mathematics by introducing different approaches? For example if the mathematic lesson is based on a mathematics contest, in which students work in groups to discuss and argue for solving various problems. When using different methods in mathematics does the students have the chance to find their way of learning, where the different approaches gives students the chance to examine the mathematics with different senses. All are individuals, and therefore have different ways to learn.<strong></strong></p>