The diploma thesis deals with practical assignments of the district round of the physics olympiad in category G, so called Archimediáda, for the district of České Budějovice. The content consists of a set of practical assignments having been piloted at primary schools outside the district of České Budějovice. One of the assignments was selected for verification at the participants of the district round of the physics olympiad in category G of the school year 2018/2019. An analysis of the elaborated pupils' ways of solving the assignments and their results follows.

The thesis takes its departure from the extensive literature on students’ alternative ideas in science. Although describing students’ conceptual knowledge in many science areas, the literature offers little about how this knowledge enters into the science learning process. Neither has it focused on how particulars and contingencies of curricular materials enter into the learning process. In this thesis I make high-resolution analyses of students’ learning in action during school science activities about real or idealized electrochemical cells. I use a discursive mechanism of learning developed to describe how students become participants in new practices through slow changes in word use. Specifically, I examine how alternative and accepted scientific ideas, as well as curricular materials, enter into students’ reasoning. The results are then used for producing hypotheses over how a teacher can support students’ science learning. Alternative ideas in electrochemistry did not necessarily interfere negatively with, and were sometimes productive for, students’ reasoning during the activities. Students included the particulars and contingencies of curricular materials in their reasoning not only when interacting with a real electrochemical cell but also in a more theoretical concept mapping activity about an idealized cell. Through taxonomic and correlational investigations students connected the particulars and contingencies of the real electrochemical cell to the generic knowledge of electrochemistry. When actively introduced by the researcher, such investigations had consequences for how single students framed their explanations of a real electrochemical cell. The results indicate ways in which teachers may encourage the productive use of contingencies to promote learning within the science classroom. However, this may require consideration of what students say in terms of consequences for their further learning rather than in terms of correct or incorrect content. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows:Paper 3:Manuscript; Paper 4:Manuscript / Hur kan lärare hjälpa elever att resonera naturvetenskapligt

The objective of this thesis is to describe and analyse customs of science teaching in secondary schools and teacher education programmes in Sweden in relation to the notion of “inquiry” in science education. The main focus is on customs of language use and the educational goal of learning about scientific inquiry as distinct from the related goals of learning to do inquiry and learning canonical science content. There is also an exploration and description of different teaching approaches associated with “inquiry”. Previous research has noted that a key issue for reaching the goal of learning about scientific inquiry is the extent to which teachers are able to guide students to explicitly reflect upon this topic. A prerequisite is that teachers give students access to relevant categories of language for explicit reflection on the characteristics of scientific inquiry. Because of the situated nature of language use and learning, this also raises the need to address topics of context, culture and customs in science education. This thesis addresses the questions of how existing customs of teaching science are related to the goal of learning about scientific inquiry, how inquiry-related terminology is used in this context, and how relevant distinctions can be made to aid explicit reflection on these issues. Data has been collected in two studies and analysed and presented in four papers. Study 1 is based on interviews with twelve secondary school science teachers, and Study 2 is based on focus group interviews with 32 pre-service teacher students. The results include a description of the existing customs of inquiry-oriented instructional approaches in Swedish secondary schools. They show that these are often not connected with an explicit focus on teaching about the characteristics of scientific inquiry.  Inquiry-related terminology is analysed with a focus on the role and use of the terms “hypothesis” and “experiment”. Based on a theoretical framework of sociocultural and pragmatist views on language and learning, it is shown how the use of these terms, both in secondary schools and teacher education, tend to conflate the two categories methods of teaching and methods of scientific inquiry. Some problematic consequences for reaching the goal of learning about scientific inquiry are discussed, as well as possible origins of the problems and how the results from this thesis can be useful in overcoming these. / At the time of the doctoral defense, the following papers were unpublished and had a status as follows: Paper 3: Submitted. Paper 4: Submitted.

The purpose of this study was to find out how Primary school teachers work and think about the practical teaching in physics. Primary school teachers who work with a teacher support in science and technology, and Primary school teachers who do not work after any program have been interviewed. The method chosen in this study is semi-structured interview with sound recording. A total of seven interviews have been conducted and each interview took about 30 minutes to complete. The study addresses what research today says about practical activities in school and how the children learn the best way. Therefore, teachers are also asked about how they experience physics and practical work and how they choose to put an investigative approach. The result shows that the teachers experience physics as difficult and abstract. Teachers who work with a support program experience that the program helped them teach physics on a deeper level. The study also shows that most teachers uses closed and given labs. / Syftet med studien är att ta reda på hur lågstadielärare arbetar och tänker kring den praktiska undervisningen i fysikämnet. Lågstadielärare som arbetar med lärarstöd i naturkunskap och teknik samt lågstadielärare som inte arbetar efter något program har intervjuats. Metoden som valts vid denna studie är semistrukturerad intervju som spelats in med ljudupptagning. Totalt har sju intervjuer verkställts och varje intervju tog cirka 30 minuters att genomföra. Studien tar upp vad forskning idag säger om praktiska aktiviteter i skolan och hur barnen på bästa sätt lär sig. Därför frågas också lärarna om hur de upplever fysikämnet och praktiskt arbete samt om hur de väljer att lägga upp undervisningen. Resultatet visar att lärarna upplever fysikämnet som svårt och abstrakt. Lärare som arbetar med ett stödprogram upplever att programmet hjälpt dem undervisa i fysik på en djupare nivå. Studien visar också att de flesta lärarna arbetar efter arbetssättet slutna laborationer.

In the form of teacher didactical design research, this work addresses a didactical issue encountered during physics teaching in a Swedish upper secondary school. A need for renewed practical laboratory work related to Newtonian mechanics is met by proposing and designing an activity based on high- speed photography using the nowadays omnipresent smartphone, thus bringing new technology into the classroom. The activity – video analysis of the collision physics of football kicks – is designed and evaluated by following a didactical design cycle. The work elaborates on how the proposed laboratory activity relates to the potential and complications of experimental activities in science education, as described in the vast literature on the topic. It is argued that the use of smartphones constitutes an interesting use of new technology for addressing known problems of practical work. Of particular interest is that smartphones offer a way to bridge the gap between the everyday life of students and the world of physics experiments (smartphones are powerful pocket laboratories). The use of smartphones also avoids using unfamiliar laboratory equipment that is known to hinder focus on intended content, while at the same time exploring a powerful tool for data acquisition and analysis. Overall, the use of smartphones (and computers) in this manner can be seen as the result of applying Occam’s razor to didactics: only familiar and readily available instrumentation is used, and skills learned (movie handling and image analysis) are all educationally worthwhile. Although the activity was judged successful, a systematic investigation of learning outcome was out of scope. This means that no strong conclusions can be drawn based on this limited work. Nonetheless, the smartphone activity was well received by the students and should constitute a useful addition to the set of instructional approaches, especially since variation is known to benefit learning. The main failure of the design was an overestimation of student prior knowledge on motion physics (and its application to image data). As a consequence, the activity took required more time and effort than originally anticipated. No severe pitfalls of smartphone usage were identified, but it should be noted that the proposed activity – with its lack of well-defined results due to variations in kick strength – requires that the teacher is capable of efficiently analysing multiple student films (avoiding the feedback process to become overwhelmingly time consuming). If not all student films are evaluated, the feedback to the students may become of low quality, and misconceptions may pass under the radar. On the other hand, given that programming from 2018 will become compulsory, an interesting development of the activity would be to include handling of images and videos using a high-level programming language like Python.

The presented master thesis is focused on practical teaching of the plant anatomy, morphology ad physiology at primary schools in the Czech Republic. The theoretical part contains a summary of the basic knowledge about plant morphology anatomy and physiology including integration of the practical teaching of natural science in Framework Education Programme and its extension into the School Education Programme. This part includes also detail theoretical background of teaching methods, which are suitable for laboratory work and didactic games. The second, practical part contains a detail description of the seven author's laboratory works and seven didactic games dealing with different topics from the plant anatomy, morphology and physiology, their practical evaluation on pupils of two primary schools and one secondary school including following detailed analysis of the realized questionnaire of these didactic materials. According to the obtained research data, it is obvious that the using of practical teaching form is more attractive for the pupils than conventional teaching methods at primary school.

Studiens syfte är att prova olika laborativa arbetssätt, för att förstå de kvalitativa skillnaderna i hur instruktionerna inverkar på dels vad läraren gör, dels på vad eleverna gör vid undervisningstillfället. och. Målet med studien är att lyfta fram de möjligheter och begränsningar olika arbetssätt medför, och vad det innebär för användningen av laborationer i undervisningen. Studien har en kvalitativ ansats och omfattar en intervention, med en lärare (deltagande observatör), samt elever från årskurs 4 och årskurs 6 i grundskolan. Genom en metodkombination, med filmupptagning under laborationerna, samt semistrukturerade intervjuer före och efter laborationen, samlades empirin in.  Resultatet visar att begränsad frihetsgrad möjliggör att eleverna kan arbeta mer självständigt, medan ökad frihetsgrad öppnar upp för kritiskt resonerande om ämnesinnehållet. Lärarens roll i de olika arbetssätten tar olika form, där läraren är mer involverad vid frånvaron av en stegvis instruktion, vilket ställer högre krav på lärarens tillgänglighet. I den strukturerade laborationen var rollen av stöttande och korrigerande karaktär, som sågs begränsa lärarens fokus till ett följande av den stegvisa instruktionen. Lärare behöver fundera hur det vetenskapliga innehållet i laborationen synliggörs för eleverna. Slutsatser från studien är att arbetssättet i en laboration behöver anpassas efter dess syfte och elevernas kunskaper, där kritiska vetenskapliga samtal bör utgöra en del. / The purpose of the study is to try different ways of working with inquiry, to try and understand the qualitative differences how instructions affects what the teacher and the students do during the time of teaching. The goal of the study is to bring out the opportunities and limitations that the ways of working bring, and what it means for the use of inquiry in teaching. The study has a qualitative approach and embodies an intervention, with a teacher (participating observer), and students from grade 4 and grade 6 in Swedish primary school. Through a combination of methods, by means of film recording during inquiry, and semi structured interviews before and after inquiry, the data was gathered. The results show that a limited degree of freedom facilitate that the students can work more independently, while an increased degree of freedom open up for critical reasoning about the contents of the subject. The teacher’s role during the different ways of working takes varied shape, with the teacher being more involved when there’s no step-by-step instruction, and therefore demand more of the teacher’s accessibility. In the structured inquiry the role take on a supportive and corrective nature, which was seen limiting the teacher’s focus to a following of the step-by-step instruction. Teachers need to reflect how the scientific content of inquiry is made visible to the students. Conclusions from the study is that the ways of working in inquiry needs to be adapted after its purpose and the student’s knowledge, where critical scientific conversations need to be a part.

This thesis is about sustainability within chemistry, the so-called, green chemistry. With this work  I seek to combine green chemistry with sustainable  development  and find methods for teaching green chemistry in a laboratory environement.  I have designed  and tested two labs with ingredients of green  chemistry and sustainable development in my study. I wanted to determine if my design model  leads to conception for the students. The students have through forms and interviews declared their perspective on the education and their conception. In a laboratory environment the pros of a laboratory way of work should be recognized. Pre- and post-work puts the lab in a context. The students understand the concepts better if they are allowed to test their knowledge in a discussion. The teachers role in the discussion should be to lift the level of the discussion by controlling the conversation and in a constructiveway contribute to making the discussion move forward whenever necessary. / Denna uppsats behandar hållbarhet inom kemi, den så kallade gröna kemin. Med arbetet söker jag förena grön kemi med hållbar utveckling och hitta metoder för att undervisa grön kemi i en laborativ miljö. I undersökningen har jag designat och testat två laborationer med inslag av grön kemi och hållbar utveckling. Jag ville undersöka om undervisningsmodellen leder till en begreppsutveckling hos studenter och elever. Studenterna/eleverna har genom enkäter och intervjuer uttalat sig om dels sina egna kunskaper och dels om undervisningens inslag och dess bidrag till deras begreppsutveckling. I ett laborativt sammanhang bör fördelarna med ett laborativt arbetssätt utnyttjas. Förarbete och efterarbete ger laborationen ett sammanhang. Studenten/eleven förstår begreppen bättre om de får testa sina kunskaper i en diskussion. Lärarens roll i diskussionen bör vara att lyfta diskussionsnivån genom att styra samtalet och på ett konstruktivt sätt bidra till att föra diskussionen framåt när det är nödvändigt.

The Swedish curricula for compulsory school science emphasize laboratory inquiry-based science teaching (IBST) to develop pupils’ critical thinking. In contrast, several studies indicate that teachers within the Swedish teaching tradition almost solely emphasize laboratory work as a way to gain students understanding of traditional science content. In this thesis the aim is to investigate how this gap emerged in lower secondary science teaching and to investigate possible ways to bridge this gap between curricula and tradition. Two studies were carried out. In the first study, the aim was to explore how science teachers met the curricula’s expectations of involving pupils in IBST. The result is based on twelve teachers reflecting in groups about their own inquiry activities. Two strategies were identified. Hybridization (existing laboratory activities were transformed) and imitation (investigative inquiry as carried out on national tests was imitated). The way scientific practices are represented in such activities is probably limiting pupils’ potential for critical thinking in everyday life. In the second study, possibilities to bridge gaps between the laboratory tradition and IBST in curricula were explored within a teacher professional development program. Tensions between key ideas of laboratory work in Swedish teaching tradition and IBST, as discussed in international literature, were made explicit. It was then used as a point of departure to negotiate upon the purposes of involving students in laboratory work. The result was based on ten teachers divided in three groups. Eventually, two out of the three groups did explicit articulated awareness of different purposes linked to different types of laboratory activities. The third group showed limited awareness although they developed similar activities as the two other groups. This indicates that teaching tradition is an important variable when implementing new ideas and worthy taking into account and challenge. / Baksidestext Grundskolans läroplan för naturämnena betonar laborativt undersökande arbete i syftet att utveckla elevers kritiska tänkande medan undervisningstraditionen betonar laborationer i syftet att ge ökad förståelse för ämnesinnehåll. Syftet med denna avhandling var att undersöka hur detta glapp gestaltar sig i senare delen av grundskolan och hur detta glapp kan överbryggas. I delstudie ett utforskades lärares sätt att tillmötesgå förväntningar om undersökande arbete. Två strategier identifierades: hybridisering (befintliga laborationer omformades) och imitering (nationella prov härmades). Det finns risk för att dessa aktiviteter framställer naturvetenskapliga praktiker på ett sätt som ger begränsade förutsättningar för kritiskt tänkande i vardagsliv. I delstudie två utforskades möjligheten av att använda spänningar mellan läroplan och laborationstradition som utgångspunkt för att överbrygga glapp mellan läroplan och tradition. Spänningar synliggjordes och var utgångspunkt för förhandling om syften med laborationer. Resultatet visade att två utav totalt tre grupper i slutändan explicit skiljde på olika syften med olika laborativa aktiviteter. Detta indikerar att laborationstraditionen är en viktig faktor, värd att ta med i beräkningen, när undersökande arbete ska införlivas.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-02T19:51:49Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 3626.pdf: 4001884 bytes, checksum: 954ad4ee82dc23ace83d0dff7e127423 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2011-02-18 / Financiadora de Estudos e Projetos / This dissertation has been realized in a chemistry analysis laboratory inside a Brazilian oil refinery. From the initial demand to project and build a new laboratory in a specific refinery, in order to attend the current work and the future work load increase, a key question was raised, the necessity to understand the laboratory work reality face the prescribed work. This case study has analyzed the labor in many subunits, or, Production Centers of the studied laboratory according to the Ergonomics Analysis of Work approach. It dares the necessity to understand the work organization, positioning the activity as central to the analysis, and unfold issues such the human relations at work. After doing the observations, transcriptions, analyses and auto-confrontation it was realized that, although the procedures prescription has been prescribed by the workers themselves, it was relatively simple and did not take into account the variety of activities. Therefore the workers resort of many means that were learned, created or incorporated to execute the tasks. These information, variability and situations are managed by the worker´s competencies, and are highlighted through specific skills, from previous and acquired knowledge, and from past experience. Due the competency to deal with work in this environment, it may be said that the workers adopt individual and collective strategies to manage the work, overcome the variability and the existing risks in order to produce reliable certifications ensuring health and productivity. / Esse trabalho foi realizado em um laboratório de análise química situado dentro de uma refinaria brasileira. A partir da demanda inicial de se projetar e construir um novo laboratório em uma refinaria específica, que viesse atender o trabalho atual e o aumento futuro da carga de trabalho, foi levantada uma questão chave, a necessidade de compreender a realidade no trabalho em laboratório de analise química em contraposição ao trabalho prescrito. Esse Estudo de Caso analisou o trabalho em várias subunidades, ou seja, Centros de Produção, existentes no laboratório estudado segundo a abordagem da Análise Ergonômica do Trabalho. Ela incita a necessidade de compreender a organização de trabalho, coloca a atividade de trabalho no centro da análise, e revela questões como a relação dos homens no trabalho. Após as observações, transcrições, análises e autoconfrontações constatou-se que apesar de os procedimentos serem prescritos pelos próprios trabalhadores, esses documentos são relativamente simples e não levam em conta a variedade de atividades. Dessa forma, os trabalhadores recorrem a vários meios aprendidos, criados ou incorporados para executar as tarefas. Essas informações, variabilidades e situações são administradas em virtude da competência dos trabalhadores, e são evidenciadas por meio de habilidades específicas, de conhecimentos prévios e adquiridos, e de experiências em diversas situações. Devido à competência em lidar com o trabalho nesse ambiente de produção, pode-se dizer que os trabalhadores adotam estratégias individuais e coletivas para gerir o trabalho, superar as variabilidades e os riscos existentes no intuito de produzir certificações confiáveis preservando a saúde e a produtividade.