FundaÃÃo Cearense de Apoio ao Desenvolvimento Cientifico e TecnolÃgico / A partir da dÃcada de 1970, o processo de ocupaÃÃo do bairro Aldeota se deu de forma vertiginosa, tendo em vista que se constituiu numa nova centralidade no cenÃrio urbano de Fortaleza. Deste perÃodo em diante, a Aldeota passou por um verdadeiro processo de transformaÃÃo mediatizado pelo capital imobiliÃrio que se apropriou da forma de usar e ocupar o solo a partir do processo de verticalizaÃÃo. A proliferaÃÃo dos prÃdios foi preponderante para a constituiÃÃo de comÃrcios e condomÃnios de alto padrÃo. Desta forma o bairro passou a ser atrativo para a classe trabalhadora, sobretudo para os trabalhadores da construÃÃo civil, à medida que se tornou cada vez mais necessÃrio à contrataÃÃo destes operÃrios para erguerem prÃdios que fazem parte do processo de verticalizaÃÃo que sinaliza uma metrÃpole moderna repleta de sÃmbolos verticais. Estes trabalhadores vÃo a Aldeota todos os dias e retornam para os mais variados bairros perifÃricos de Fortaleza onde suas residÃncias se localizam, evidenciando a mobilidade do trabalho. A distÃncia à a forma pela qual o excedente da forÃa de trabalho do trabalhador à apropriado a partir do consumo de mercadorias necessÃrias para sua reproduÃÃo. Esta classe trabalhadora alÃm de realizar longos deslocamentos carece de melhores condiÃÃes de moradia e de trabalho, sobretudo porque o trabalho na construÃÃo civil exige grande esforÃo fÃsico e requer riscos. A lÃgica monopolista desta indÃstria se constitui na prÃpria essÃncia de como a mesma funciona atravÃs de uma grande corporaÃÃo que abrange os trÃs setores: industrial, comercial e à um serviÃo. Entretanto, à o segmento industrial que mais agrega mÃo-de-obra operÃria, porÃm, o saturamento espacial na Aldeota acabou se tornando um paradigma para a construÃÃo de novos prÃdios, evidenciando um novo paradigma. As construtoras que atuaram e atuam no bairro diminuÃram o nÃmero de edificaÃÃes à medida que ocorre um saturamento espacial na Ãrea, visto que outros bairros passaram a ser mais atrativo para a dinÃmica imobiliÃria por desfrutarem de mais espaÃos, como os bairros Meireles e Varjota. O fato à que mesmo que haja uma tendÃncia à diminuiÃÃo das obras no bairro Aldeota, o operariado da construÃÃo civil cresce, pois a cidade continua crescendo em outros sentidos. E nÃo se extingue como algumas abordagens, sobretudo sociolÃgicas, querem fazer crer num possÃvel fim do trabalho. Portanto, a construÃÃo civil na Aldeota passa por uma estagnaÃÃo enquanto os operÃrios estÃo em âconstruÃÃoâ. As edificaÃÃes e as lutas por melhorias sÃo o que constroem. / Since 70âs in 20th century, an astonishing occupation of Aldeotaâs neighborhood made a new centrality in the urban scene of Fortaleza. From this period onward, Aldeota has being transformed by capital property processes which appropriated the forms of use and occupation of space by verticalization. The proliferation of buildings has been predominant for increasing of shops and high standard condominiums. Then Aldeota became a magnet for the working class, especially for construction workers, as soon as necessary for the recruitment of these workers to construct more buildings which are part of the verticalization process that signals a modern metropolis symbols. These workers are going to Aldeota every day and returns to the most varied neighborhoods in Fortaleza where they lives, showing to us the labour mobility. The distance between the home and the job of these workers is the way that the Capitalism uses to get the workerâs powerâs job to itself by the consumption. And also, this working class needs better conditions of housing and work, specially because itâs a risk job and much physical effort to do it. This monopolist industry works through a large corporation that covers the three sectors: industrial, commercial and is a service. Meanwhile, the industrial sector adds more labour-worker, however, the saturate space in Aldeota became a paradigm for the construction of new buildings, showing a new paradigm. The construction work which has acting in the neighborhood has decreased the number of buildings as soon as occurs the space became saturated in the area, given that, another districts has coming more attractive to the momentum building for more enjoyable space, such as Varjota and Meireles. The fact is: even if there is a tendency to decrease construction works in Aldeota, the number of workers in construction grows up as the city continues to grow in other directions. And also do not extinguish some approaches, especially sociological, which want to believe in a possible end of the work. So the Aldeotaâs civil constructing is passing for a stagnant while workers are under "construction". The building and improvements fights are what are they build.

Thesis (MPA.) --University of Limpopo, 2010 / This study focuses on the nature of migration and the socio-economic conditions in the households of Mogalakwena Local Municipality, Limpopo Province. The study investigates the relationship between labour or economic migration and the socio-economic conditions in the households. Mogalakwena Local Municipality was used as a case study and three villages were sampled for this study. A total of hundred twenty (120) households in the three villages were sampled for the survey, using structured questionnaire. The study used the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS) for analysis of data and derived frequencies, percentages, mean, graphs and charts from various households. The study found that there is a great difference in terms of the living standards, comparing households with and without migrants. It was also found that only 3, 3 % of the respondents are arguing labour migration is affecting the socio-economic conditions negatively in the households. Whereas, 64, 2 % are arguing that labour migration is found to be impacting positively on the socio- economic conditions in the households.Recommendations and conclusions were made on how to address the negative socio-economic impact of labour migration on households in the rural areas. / National Research Foundation

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007.

Diss. Uppsala : Uppsala universitet, 2007.

Diss. (sammanfattning)--Göteborg : Göteborgs universitet, 2008. / Härtill 3 uppsatser.

What triggers political unrest under International Monetary Fund (IMF) programmes? Why do we see unrest - protests, strikes, and riots - in some countries under IMF programmes and not in others? This thesis argues that IMF labour conditionality in an immobile labour market compounded by intrusive fiscal conditionality and blocked democratic channels result in unrest. Where labour is immobile in the borrowing country, IMF labour conditionality decentralising the market creates large-scale grievances among the labour groups. Immobile labour groups substantially lose income and benefits under those measures due to high wage differentials and varied labour protection measures across sectors. Moreover, uncertainty and risks increase, while the opportunities to return back to employment or to maintain the existing income and benefits diminish. When the political authority is unable to address the rising grievances due to tight fiscal conditionality and blocked democratic channels, we observe political unrest under IMF programmes. Where labour is mobile, on the other hand, it is easier for workers to switch between sectors and jobs when the economic crisis hits their sector. The labour groups respond to the internal crisis and the external impact by increasing mobility and switching to the sectors that are still growing despite the crisis. Labour conditions do not give rise to a similar degree of uncertainty and risks compared to immobile markets. Hence, programmes are implemented without large-scale unrest. The study tests this theory in a global sample of 117 countries between 1970 and 2013 and investigates the impact of mobility and IMF conditionality on unrest with a data set originally compiled and coded for this study. It then delves into two extreme cases, Greece, 2010 and Turkey, 2001. While Greece had extreme immobility and received intrusive labour and fiscal conditionality in 2010, Turkey is located on the opposite end of the spectrum, with very high levels of mobility, the limited number of labour conditions, and greater fiscal space. We see that while Greece witnessed large-scale unrest in 2010, Turkey implemented the programme smoothly. Finally, the study applies the theory into three shadow cases, Ireland, 2010, Latvia, 2008, and Portugal, 2011 and demonstrates that the varied degrees of mobility and conditionality and fiscal conditionality result in different degrees of unrest.

Este estudo trata do momento atual da modernização dos Brejos da Barra (BA), mais precisamente do Brejo da Cabeceira do São Gonçalo, onde observamos a reprodução do trabalho. Procuramos analisar como essa reprodução é crítica também por ser mediação social de categorias sociais contraditórias, que também aparecem, por este caráter contraditório, como não crítica. Assim, uma pergunta inicialmente elaborada sobre as práticas empíricas dos brejeiros radicalizou-se, tornando-se uma pergunta sobre a modernização de acordo com as categorias de mediação mercadoria, trabalho e dinheiro. O processo de formação de tais categorias é o mesmo que forma historicamente os Brejos, no qual se destacam a mobilidade territorial e a mobilização do trabalho por meio do apossamento de áreas e da produção agropecuária no Vale do São Francisco, para troca ou consumo próprio. Este processo acelera-se significativamente com ações, inclusive estatais, que estimulam a migração. A aceleração impõe, contraditoriamente, os próprios termos da crise na reprodução do capital social total. Observamos que todo esse processo diz respeito a uma gestão da crise, dada a profusão da infraestruturação geral, da disponibilidade de dinheiro e de crédito. Ainda assim, não deixa de ser reposição de categorias da modernização em crise e colapso. / This dissertation deals with the modernization that is currently taking place in Brejos da Barra (BA), more precisely Brejo da Cabeceira do São Gonçalo and in which we observe the reproduction of labour. We seek to observe how critical this reproduction is, especially because it is socially mediated by contradictory social categories that seem non-critical precisely because of this character. So, the initial question about the empirical practice of the inhabitants became a question about the modernization seen through the mediated categories of merchandise, labour and money. The formation process of these categories is similar to the process that historically formed the Brejos region and from which we can highlight the territorial mobility and the mobilization of labour through the possession of the land and of the farming process for the inhabitants own use or to develop a trade system in Vale do São Franscisco. This process is accelerated through different interventions (including state intervention) which stimulate migration. However, this acceleration creates a crisis in the reproduction of the total social capital. We observe that this process is tantamount, paradoxically, to the management of the crisis because of the proliferation of the general infrastructure and of currency and credit circulation even if this process can also be seen as the reposition of the modern categories of crisis and collapse.

L’objectif de cette thèse est d’expliquer la faiblesse de la mobilité du travail dans l’Union européenne. Pour ce faire, nous étudions empiriquement la relation entre la mobilité du travail et ses déterminants : les salaires, le PIB, les taux de chômage, la distance et le commerce international. La complémentarité constatée entre la mobilité du travail et le commerce international ne permet pas d’expliquer cette faiblesse, pas plus que la distance ou les salaires. L’économie géographique nous fournit un élément d’explication à travers les potentiels de marché. La non-attirance des migrants par les potentiels de marché constitue un élément d’explication à la faiblesse de la mobilité du travail dans l’Union européenne. / This PhD thesis aims to explain the weakness of labour mobility in the European Union. In order to do so, we carried out an empirical study which focuses on the relationship between labour mobility and its determinants: salaries, GDP, unemployment rates, distance and international trade. Neither the complementarity observed between labour mobility and trade nor the other variables allow us to explain this weakness. Economic geography offers some explanations by studying the role of market potentials. We show that migrants do not follow market potentials, which provides an explanation to labour mobility weakness in the European Union.

The rate at which people change jobs is high, including in Sweden. Previous research has shown that work motivation and job satisfaction affect the performance and wellbeing of co-workers among other things. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to examine what motivates employees to stay at a company. The data were collected through semi structured interviews, which meant that the study was qualitative. The guide for the interviews contained 19 questions in total. The questions were categorized according to three different themes. Six employees from separate organizations were included in the study. Thematic analysis was used as a method to analyse the data, which showed that several factors affected the participant’s motivation to continue working at a specific company. The result was presented through four major themes and various sub-themes. These were opportunities for development, leadership, work tasks and work environment, topics that often were mentioned during the interviews. What characterized this study was that all the participants expressed that they were satisfied at their current workplace. Thus, further research can help increase the knowledge about what makes people stay at a company and why they might leave.  Keywords: Motivation, job satisfaction, employees, labour mobility / Rörligheten på arbetsmarknaden är idag mycket stor i Sverige. Tidigare forskning har visat att arbetsmotivation och arbetstillfredsställelse påverkar alltifrån prestation till välmående, varpå syftet i denna studie var att undersöka vad som motiverar yrkesverksamma personer att stanna kvar på en arbetsplats. Datainsamlingen skedde med hjälp av semistrukturerade intervjuer, något som innebar att studien hade en kvalitativ ansats. Intervjuguiden bestod av 19 färdigformulerade frågor, vilka kategoriserades utifrån tre olika teman. Totalt sex yrkesverksamma personer från olika organisationer deltog i studien. Tematisk analys användes som metod för att bearbeta och analysera insamlat material, vilken visade att flera faktorer påverkade viljan att fortsätta inom en viss verksamhet. Resultatet presenterades genom fyra huvudteman med tillhörande underteman. Dessa var utvecklingsmöjligheter, ledarskap, arbetsuppgifter och arbetsmiljö, olika återkommande ämnen under intervjuerna. Utmärkande för aktuell studie var att samtliga deltagare uttryckte att de trivdes på sin nuvarande arbetsplats. Vidare forskning kan därför ge ännu större förståelse för vad som får människor att stanna kvar på respektive lämna en organisation.  Nyckelord: Motivation, arbetstillfredsställelse, medarbetare, rörlighet på arbetsmarknaden

While concessions to labour mobility at the international level seem off the agenda, with the General Agreements on Trades in Services essentially tabled, the past decades have produced a proliferation of regional trade agreements (RTAs), some of which are facilitating labour mobility specifically. In this paper, the author first conducts a comparative overview of RTAs that have a form of labour mobility programmes: namely, ECOWAS, ASEAN, the European Union, NAFTA, CARICOM and MERCOSUR. Building on an overview of the regulatory frameworks, institutions and legal instruments of these RTAs, the author seeks to find if patterns or lessons to be learned emerge that are relevant from a global perspective and to enhance the legal architecture of international labour mobility. The findings show positive outcomes, with some RTAs generating trade benefits and even moving forward with a common passport based on the newly shared regional identity, and at times even creating dispute settlement and legal systems for regional litigious matters. On the other hand, this exercise also points to various problems such as the poor implementation of the labour mobility provisions, to overly strict restrictions based on skill and to difficulty securing documents to benefit from the labour mobility programmes - in some of the agreements. In the second part, the author discusses these challenges faced in these regional systems. She notes that prioritising skilled as opposed to low-skilled workers has not yielded a comparative advantage and may also be fostering irregular movements. She also highlights that trade liabilities emerge from the association of countries with similar levels of development and that it accentuates the North-South paradigm. These problems disrupt access to the benefits of the programmes, which ultimately creates irregular migrations and uneven labour standards for migrant workers. Finally, the author finds that most RTAs reviewed are developing their own legal frameworks with limited interest for the international instruments available, which are at best a source of inspiration. In the third part, the author invites the reader to challenge many preconceived ideas on international mobility emerging from the first two sections, and shares her thoughts on ways forward to build an international framework, based on existing scholarly work and considering the unpopularity of the GATS. She concludes with a discussion on ‘new regionalism’ as an alternative until a shared international framework to facilitate migrations is set up, with the possibility of a merger between RTAs from the North and the South. This, she argues, could possibly unleash the full benefits of labour mobility such as increased GDPs, poverty reduction and tackling irregular migrations; benefits that have not been entirely felt to date.