This master thesis is driven by two main objectives. The first one is to provide a general overview of migration in economic theory with a specific focus on remittances and their aspects and impacts. We found that there is no clear consensus about effects of migration and remittances on source and target countries and thus further research is justified. The second aim of the thesis is to analyse migration and remittances between Ukraine and the Czech Republic using primary data from survey questionnaires collected by the Ukrainian Migration Project (UMP). According to our findings, remittances are determined mostly by demographic characteristics and levels of income on both the sending and receiving side, implying their altruistic origin. More importantly, it was not confirmed that remittances are channelled primarily into consumption. On the other hand, remittances do not influence productive spending of households either. These findings contribute to the overall discussion in the area of remittances and may suggest some policy implications.

Thesis (M.A.) --University of Limpopo, 2014 / Problem Statement This proposal investigates the life of men who left their beloved families with the aim of seeking jobs in order to support them. Most of the men when they get employed, they forget about where they come from and start new families by marrying another wives in urban areas. Furthermore this study will seek to find out how these men could get help and to restore their dignity. Methodology In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this proposal, the researcher will utilise textual analysis and interview method. Significance This study will act as wake-up call to the new generation to take into consideration the importance of where they original come from. In addition, the study will contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding the purpose of living their homes to seek employment not to start new families.

Darbe apibrėžiama Lietuvos darbo migranto sąvoka ir aprašomos trys istorinės darbo migracijos bangos iš Lietuvos. Dėl didelių ekonominės ir socialinės migracijos mastų pablogėjo Lietuvos demografinė situacija, prarasta didelė dalis kvalifikuotos darbo jėgos, socialinio draudimo sistema nesurenka reikiamų pajamų, šeimos patiria problemų dėl vaikų auklėjimo ir santuokos išsaugojimo, nefiksuojama smulkaus ir vidutinio verslo plėtra, dėl nelegalaus ir nekvalifikuoto darbo užsienyje darbo migrantai praranda turimą kvalifikaciją ir ryšį su Lietuvos darbo rinka. Nutolus nuo tėvynės blogėja galimybės joje įsidarbinti, mokytis ar persikvalifikuoti. Reemigrantų įtraukimas į Lietuvos darbo rinką reikalauja specialaus valstybinio požiūrio, darbo jėgos pritraukimo veiksnių ir darbo rinkos sureguliavimo būdų. Vienas efektyviausių būdų yra į Lietuvą sugrįžusių darbo migrantų karjeros projektavimas, kuris padėtų derinti žmonių poreikius ir galimybes su šio laikmečio profesijų pasaulio reikalavimais. Tačiau darbo biržos veikla, projektuojant darbo migrantų karjerą, nėra apibrėžta ir įvardyta, veiklos efektyvumas netirtas nepriklausomų ekspertų. Prasidėjus pasaulinei ekonomikos krizei yra palankus momentas imtis kur kas aktyvesnių veiksmų adaptuojant darbo migrantus Lietuvos darbo rinkoje, sudarant sąlygas mokytis paklausių profesijų, padedant tobulėti ir kelti kvalifikaciją. Kiekybinio tyrimo duomenų analizė atskleidė, kad darbo migrantai gerai vertina darbo biržos veiklą, darbuotojų... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / In the thesis a conception of Lithuanian labour migrant is defined and three historic labour migration waves from Lithuania are described. Because of huge amount of economic and social migration, Lithuanian demographic situation has become worse, a great part of qualified labour force is lost, social insurance system does not collect needed income, families experience problems concerning education of their children and saving marriage, development of small and medium business is not fixed, because of illegal and unqualified work abroad, labour migrants lose their qualification and relation with Lithuanian labour market. Being away from a native country, possibilities to employ oneself, study or retrain are becoming worse. Involvement of re-emigrants into Lithuanian labour market requires a special State attitude, factors of attracting labour force and ways of regulating labour market. One of the most effective ways is projecting careers of labour migrants having returned to Lithuania, that would help to match people’s needs and possibilities with requirements of these times world professions. Nevertheless, activity of a jobcentre, projecting career of labour migrants, is not defined and named, activity’s efficiency was not examined by independent experts. After start of the world economic crisis, a favourable moment appeared to take much more active actions, adapting labour migrants in Lithuanian labour market, creating conditions to study marketable professions, helping... [to full text]

Thesis (M.A.) -- University of Limpopo, 2014 / Problem Statement This proposal investigates the life of men who left their beloved families with the aim of seeking jobs in order to support them. Most of the men when they get employed, they forget about where they come from and start new families by marrying another wives in urban areas. Furthermore this study will seek to find out how these men could get help and to restore their dignity. Methodology In order to achieve the aim and objectives of this proposal, the researcher will utilise textual analysis and interview method. Significance This study will act as wake-up call to the new generation to take into consideration the importance of where they original come from. In addition, the study will contribute to the existing knowledge and understanding the purpose of living their homes to seek employment not to start new families.

Sustainable development of export-orientated farmed seafood in Thailand is a major issue which can impact local stakeholders as well as global food security. The major species taken into consideration in this research were initially the Pacific white shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei), Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus), giant freshwater prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergii), and striped catfish (Pangasianodon hypophthalmus). After which more focus was placed on Pacific white shrimp, which is Thailand’s major cultured seafood being traded for export, and tilapia, which has potential for export but also enjoying a good domestic market demand. Actors or stakeholders directly and indirectly involved in aquaculture value chains may have their own perceptions about sustainability affecting their operations, as various factors within and outside their own systems could affect these perceptions. This could lead to different efforts in responding to these factors to make their operations sustainable. Three major areas were covered in this study, namely a) describing the strengths and weaknesses of shrimp and tilapia production in Thailand in relation to their export potential, b) evaluating the status of compliance to global aquaculture standards of shrimp and tilapia farming (covering technical and labour aspects), and c) determining perceptions of sustainability across the shrimp and tilapia value chains in Thailand, with a focus on the production sector. A mixed-methods approach was employed to obtain information in the study sites in Thailand. Basic field interviews were conducted among 206 shrimp producers in 6 provinces in the east and south, and 199 tilapia producers in 4 provinces in the west and east, in terms of farm operations and perceptions of factors which will affect the sustainability of their operations, including generational aspects on future shrimp and tilapia farming. Key informant interviews were also conducted among other value chain actors (>30) such as hatchery/nursery operators, input/service providers, processors/exporters and technical/ institutional members to determine whether there are differences in their sustainability perceptions. In addition, face to face interviews with 18 shrimp farm male and female workers were conducted (Thai and migrant workers), as well as with 14 key informants involved in shrimp farm labour issues in Thailand, specifically for well-being and working conditions. Stakeholders cited environmental (technical), economic, social and institutional (equity) aspects of their operations as factors which will affect the sustainability of their operations. Disease, product price and water quality were the three most important sustainability factors among shrimp farmers, whereas water quality, disease and extreme weather conditions were for tilapia farmers. Product price was the most cited by input service providers, hatchery operators, shrimp and tilapia producers, and processors. Both Thai and migrant shrimp farm workers perceived a better or much better-off quality of life working in shrimp farms in Thailand than in their previous occupations or status. Almost all shrimp farms meet more than what are required under the Thai labour law or the global aquaculture standards for human resources. With the importance of migrant labour in Thailand, much still needs to be done in terms of assessing the impact of their working in Thailand on their families left behind in their own countries, as well as on their communities, including status of social protection to avoid exploitation. Each stakeholder group strives to achieve sustainability so they can remain in operation in the next few years, to survive on the business individually and corporately, and to be the best provider of sustainably and ethically produced seafood for the world. The compliance to aquaculture global standards and certifications may be considered to contribute to the sustainability of operations by improving farm practices thereby reducing detrimental impacts on farm and external environments, as well as strengthening human relations with in the farm and in the community. However there are some aspects of these standards which could eliminate the small players. In this study, the large scale farms were more likely to comply with all the standards, followed by medium scale, and lastly the small scale farms. The differences in perceptions which exist among these stakeholders should be understood by every sector and efforts should be made to address them so that there is cohesiveness in giving support to achieve sustainable seafood production and trade.