Brucellosis is one of the neglected diseases in Nigeria. In Lagos, the commercial capital of Nigeria with about twenty one million people, a descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in order to determine the sero-prevalence of brucellosis among people at risk in some selected abattoirs and secondary health care facilities (hospitals) in the state. Mixed sampling method was employed at the abattoir while convenient sampling method was used in sampling the respondents at the hospitals. Sera samples from three hundred and one (n=301) abattoir-based workers and traders; and one hundred and twenty one (n=121) hospital-based individuals which include people with febrile illnesses and blood donors were tested for brucellosis using Rose Bengal Plate test (RBPT), with indirect ELISA being used as a confirmatory test. Of the 301 abattoir-based workers and traders, 27 (8.97%) were sero-positive to the infection when Rose Bengal Plate test antigen was used. The twenty seven individuals consists of fifteen (15) butchers; four (4) veterinarians; two (2) meat transporters and bone/cow horn dealers each as well as one each of blood meal producer, abattoir engineer, water seller and meat supplier. When blood samples from the sero-positive individuals were subjected to ELISA, 3 (11.1%) were sero-positive to the brucellosis, while one is equivocal. These results confirm that agglutination observed on RBPT might be related to unknown cross-reactions and confirmation with a different test was necessary. None of the hospital-based respondents is sero-positive to the infection. The clinical signs significant for the infection in this study were fever, joint pain, lower backache, regular headache and miscarriage. Brucellosis awareness level among the respondents was very low. Data was analysed using (SPSS) version 20.0 at α0.05 significant level. The significant risk factors for human brucellosis according to this research are consumption of fura (unpasteurized milk) and wara (fresh cheese). The study revealed that brucellosis is not only an occupational disease but can also affect people who trade or live in proximity with infected animals. / Agriculture, Animal Health and Human Ecology / M. Sc. (Agriculture)

Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento de metodologia de análises de vulnerabilidade ecológica de bacias hidrográficas, com foco nos ecossistemas de água doce. Partiu-se de uma base metodológica proposta pela Rede WWF e de sua adaptação para a Bacia Lagos São João. Através da aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, foi possível realizar uma análise multicriterial que identificou, por um lado, os principais estressores afetando a integridade ecológica da bacia, e sua severidade e frequência, mediante avaliação colaborativa de um painel de especialistas; por outro lado, avaliou-se a sensibilidade da bacia aos estressores selecionados. O uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica permitiu espacializar, localizar e quantificar as ameaças (estressores), gerando mapas de risco ecológico, identificando em especial, as unidades mais desequilibradas do território em análise. Estas são indicadas como prioritárias para as ações de conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, e dos serviços ecossistêmicos providos, do qual depende grande parte da população da bacia. Esta dissertação apresenta, portanto, duas principais contribuições: um estudo global e preliminar da integridade ecológica da bacia Lagos São João; e, sobretudo, adaptações e detalhamentos da base metodológica desenvolvida pela Rede WWF, replicáveis em outras bacias hidrográficas. Ressalte-se que esta análise constitui etapa preliminar para a definição de estratégias de adaptação e resiliência de bacias hidrográficas às mudanças ambientais globais associadas às variabilidades e mudanças climáticas. / This study aims to contribute to the development of a methodology for the analysis of watersheds ecological vulnerability, focusing on freshwater ecosystems. It Was developed from a methodological base proposed by WWF and its adapted application to Lagos São João Basin. With this methodology, it was possible to perform a multi-criteria analysis identifying, by one side, the major stressors affecting the ecological integrity of the basin, and its severity and frequency, by collaborative evaluation of a panel of experts; on the other side, was evaluated the basin sensitivity to stressors identified. The use of geographic information system tools allowed spatialize, locate and quantify the treats (stressors), generating maps of ecological risk, identifying in particular, the units more unbalanced of the territory in question. These are priority in actions of aquatic ecosystems conservation, and provided ecosystems services, which depends much of the population of the basin. Can be conclude, therefore, that this dissertation presents two main contributions: a global and preliminary study of Lagos São João Basin ecological integrity, and, above all, the adaptations and detailing of the methodology base developed by WWF, replicable to other watersheds. Should be noted that this analysis is the preliminary step for the definition of basins adaptation and resilience strategies to global environmental changes associated with climate variability and change.

Este trabalho objetiva contribuir para o desenvolvimento de metodologia de análises de vulnerabilidade ecológica de bacias hidrográficas, com foco nos ecossistemas de água doce. Partiu-se de uma base metodológica proposta pela Rede WWF e de sua adaptação para a Bacia Lagos São João. Através da aplicação da metodologia desenvolvida, foi possível realizar uma análise multicriterial que identificou, por um lado, os principais estressores afetando a integridade ecológica da bacia, e sua severidade e frequência, mediante avaliação colaborativa de um painel de especialistas; por outro lado, avaliou-se a sensibilidade da bacia aos estressores selecionados. O uso de ferramentas de sistemas de informação geográfica permitiu espacializar, localizar e quantificar as ameaças (estressores), gerando mapas de risco ecológico, identificando em especial, as unidades mais desequilibradas do território em análise. Estas são indicadas como prioritárias para as ações de conservação dos ecossistemas aquáticos, e dos serviços ecossistêmicos providos, do qual depende grande parte da população da bacia. Esta dissertação apresenta, portanto, duas principais contribuições: um estudo global e preliminar da integridade ecológica da bacia Lagos São João; e, sobretudo, adaptações e detalhamentos da base metodológica desenvolvida pela Rede WWF, replicáveis em outras bacias hidrográficas. Ressalte-se que esta análise constitui etapa preliminar para a definição de estratégias de adaptação e resiliência de bacias hidrográficas às mudanças ambientais globais associadas às variabilidades e mudanças climáticas. / This study aims to contribute to the development of a methodology for the analysis of watersheds ecological vulnerability, focusing on freshwater ecosystems. It Was developed from a methodological base proposed by WWF and its adapted application to Lagos São João Basin. With this methodology, it was possible to perform a multi-criteria analysis identifying, by one side, the major stressors affecting the ecological integrity of the basin, and its severity and frequency, by collaborative evaluation of a panel of experts; on the other side, was evaluated the basin sensitivity to stressors identified. The use of geographic information system tools allowed spatialize, locate and quantify the treats (stressors), generating maps of ecological risk, identifying in particular, the units more unbalanced of the territory in question. These are priority in actions of aquatic ecosystems conservation, and provided ecosystems services, which depends much of the population of the basin. Can be conclude, therefore, that this dissertation presents two main contributions: a global and preliminary study of Lagos São João Basin ecological integrity, and, above all, the adaptations and detailing of the methodology base developed by WWF, replicable to other watersheds. Should be noted that this analysis is the preliminary step for the definition of basins adaptation and resilience strategies to global environmental changes associated with climate variability and change.

Submitted by Geandra Rodrigues (geandrar@gmail.com) on 2018-03-27T11:30:41Z No. of bitstreams: 0 / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2018-03-27T13:52:08Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 0 / Made available in DSpace on 2018-03-27T13:52:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2017-06-30 / Florações de cianobactérias são consequência principalmente da eutrofização de ambientes aquáticos que afeta a qualidade e compromete o uso da água para diversas finalidades. A restauração de sistemas aquáticos eutrofizados é um dos principais desafios da limnologia atual. Nosso objetivo foi identificar as principais causas do processo de eutrofização e ocorrência de florações de cianobactérias e testar a eficácia e aplicabilidade do uso combinado de coagulantes e adsorventes de P em fase sólida no controle da eutrofização e florações em um lago tropical raso. O estudo foi conduzido no lago do Museu Mariano Procópio, localizado em Juiz de Fora – MG e dividido em quatro fases. As duas primeiras fases compreendem uma análise sistêmica do lago. Na primeira, buscou-se conhecer a dinâmica da comunidade fitoplanctônica a fim de entender a dominância de cianobactéria deste sistema. Na segunda, foram avaliados os aportes de fósforo (P) para o sistema. Na terceira fase foram realizados experimentos em laboratório, para verificar a eficácia de diferentes coagulantes e lastros para remoção de cianobactérias. E na quarta fase foram realizados experimentos em mesocosmos no lago, para testar o controle da eutrofização e florações de cianobactérias. A análise sistêmica mostrou dominância de diferentes espécies de cianobactérias e que as altas concentrações de nutrientes presentes do sistema vêm principalmente de contribuição externa. O uso combinado de coagulantes e lastros foi eficiente para a remoção de biomassa de cianobactérias, porém foi dependente da espécie. Nos experimentos com mesocosmos, foi observada uma forte redução de Clorofila a (Chl a 85%) e fósforo total (TP 78%) (p <0,0010) em todos os tratamentos, porém estas reduções não se mantiveram ao longo do tempo. Para mitigar as florações de cianobactérias deste sistema, será necessário o controle das fontes externas de nutrientes e um ajuste na técnica de coagulante-lastro para manter a clorofila e o fósforo total em concentrações reduzidas por mais tempo. / Cyanobacterial Blooms are mainly a consequence of eutrophication of aquatic environments that affect the water quality and compromise the use of water for various purposes. The restoration of eutrophic aquatic systems is one of the main challenges of today's limnology. Our objective was to identify the main causes of the eutrophication process and the occurrence of cyanobacterial blooms in a shallow tropical lake, and to test the efficacy and applicability of the combined use of coagulants and adsorbents of P in solid phase for the control of eutrophication and cyanobacteria blooms in a tropical shallow system. The study was conducted in the lake of the Mariano Procópio Museum, located in Juiz de Fora - MG and divided into four phases. The first two phases comprised a systemic analysis of the lake. The first one sought to know the dynamics of the phytoplankton community and to understand the causes of the cyanobacteria dominance in this system. In the second one, the main contributions of phosphorus to the system and the general balance of P were evaluated. In the third phase, laboratory experiments were carried out to evaluate the efficacy of different coagulants and ballasts for the removal of cyanobacteria. Last, in the fourth phase experiments were carried out in mesocosmos in the lake to test the control of eutrophication and cyanobacterial blooms. The systemic analysis showed the dominance of different species of cyanobacteria and that the high concentrations of nutrients present in the system come mainly from external contribution. The combined use of coagulants and ballasts was efficient for the removal of cyanobacteria biomass, but it is dependent on the species pool. In the experiments with mesocosms, a strong reductions of chloropyll a (Chl a) 85% and total phosphorus (TP) 78% (p < 0.001) were observed in all treatments, however these reductions were not lasting. To mitigate the cyanobacterial blooms of this system, it will be necessary to control the external sources of nutrients and also an adjustment in the coagulant-ballast technique to keep Chl a l and TP in reduced concentrations for longer time.

L’urbanisation représente aujourd’hui une des grandes menaces pour l’environnement, notamment dans les zones littorales où l’exploitation des ressources naturelles est plurielle. Ce travail propose d’apporter une connaissance à deux échelles d’analyse, régionale et communale, sur les changements environnementaux qui ont eu lieu pendant 70 ans d’urbanisation de la Região dos Lagos, située dans l’État de Rio de Janeiro au Brésil. Le phénomène d’urbanisation est caractérisé par deux processus menant à la consommation des espaces naturels et anthropo-naturels : l’extension et la densification urbaines. Ces deux processus posent des questions sur la durabilité de ces espaces, dans une région où l’habitat individuel, à faible densité bâtie et de population, sous la forme de lotissements destinés à l’utilisation temporaire est prédominant. Le lotissement et le logement sont deux éléments d’analyse pratique permettant de comprendre : le développement de l’urbanisation au niveau communal, à partir d’un regard historique et spatial ; et le choix de la localisation des lotissements et leurs caractéristiques d’occupation. Le renvoi à l’échelle régionale montre en effet que toute la région subit les mêmes processus de consommation des espaces naturels et anthropo-naturels et que la durabilité est à l’épreuve des changements des relations homme-nature, fortement touchées par des enjeux environnementaux variés. / Urbanization represents nowadays one of the great threats to the environment, mainly in the coastal zones, where the exploitation of natural resources is diversified. This thesis proposes to put in evidence, in two scales of analysis, the environmental changes, during 70 years of Região dos Lagos urbanization, a region situated in Rio de Janeiro State, in Brazil. The urbanization phenomenon is characterized by two process leading to the natural and anthropic-natural spaces consummation : urban extension and densification. These two processes put in question the sustainability of natural and anthropic-natural spaces, in the region where individual habitat, at low built and population density, characterized by residential allotments are often used temporarily. The allotments and the habitat are two elements of practical analysis that highlight the urbanization development at municipal scale, in an historical and spatial structure, and that to induce hypothesis that have oriented the choices of allotments localization and its characteristics of occupation. The return to the regional scale highlight effectively that all the region has been undergone the same natural and anthropic-natural spaces consummation processes, and sustainability is taken by human and nature relations changes, strongly affected by different environmental concerns.

No description available.

Malfunctioning landfills are a globally sprawled problem. The Olusosun landfill in Lagos, Nigeria is not an exception. It is located in the middle of the city, nearby groundwater resources used to supply drinking water for the inhabitants in Lagos. When solid waste is thrown in a landfill with an inappropriate management, the groundwater may be contaminated by precipitation and surface runoff percolating the solid waste.  This report identifies if the groundwater fulfills both the Nigerian Standards for Clean Drinking Water and the World Health Organization’s International Water Quality Standards. This report also analyzes if precipitation and temperature affects groundwater quality, which later on becomes the inhabitants drinking water. The study focuses on the following water quality parameters: pH, hardness, total dissolved solids, conductivity, sodium, chlorine, sulphate, phosphate, nitrate, potassium, calcium, magnesium, iron, zinc, manganese, copper, lead, nickel and chromium.  Groundwater quality was assessed in 17 different sampling sites, including wells and boreholes, with samples collected once a month during the year of 2020. Further on, a spatial analysis and temporal analysis were made. The temporal analysis for precipitation and temperature in Lagos is analyzed together with the parameters to ascertain if some parameters depend on these two factors. The tables and diagrams in the results were analyzed by visually studying the data to find correlations between the parameters and temperature respectively precipitation. Lastly, a literature study was made to support the found correlations.  The overall groundwater in the vicinity to the Olusosun landfill does not achieve the standards for either the World Health Organization or Nigeria’s Standards for Drinking Water Quality. The results indicate that the Drinking Water Quality Standards for both Nigeria and the World Health Organization lack limits for some parameters. Not all the water quality parameters investigated have an established quality standard for drinking water use. However, none of the sites exceed the guideline values for the parameters for sulphate, conductivity, nitrate, sodium and copper.  The result presents that the locations with the lowest number of fulfilled parameters, and evidently with the least qualified drinking water, were locations 2, 3, 6, 8, 12, 14, 15, 16 and 17. The majority of these locations are situated close to the landfill. The results also presented that the locations with the best water quality standards were locations 9 and 11, which are also the locations situated the furthest from the landfill. The result for the temporal analysis reveals that the temperature has a correlation to all the parameters except for calcium and that all the parameters have a correlation to all the parameters analysed.  The Olusosun landfill affects the groundwater quality negatively. The locations close to the landfill have the poorest water quality and vice versa. It is necessary to improve the water quality to secure the health of the people consuming it in Lagos, Nigeria. To do so, the landfill management must amend the current management directions. The focus should be on a remediation of the Olusosun landfill. Methods that can be used are solid washing, phytoremediation top-soil placement and establishing world leading practices in the area. / Dåligt fungerade deponier är ett globalt problem och deponin Olusosun i Lagos Nigeria är inget undantag. Deponin ligger i staden och nära grundvattenkällor som nyttjas som dricksvatten. När fast avfall placeras på en deponi med otillräcklig ledning kan grundvattnet bli förorenat av nederbörd och ytavrinning. Denna rapport identifierar om grundvattnet vid deponin Olusosun uppfyller Nigeria och WHOs dricksvattenstandarder. Rapporten studerar även om nederbörd och temperatur påverkar kvaliteten på vattnet i området.  Grundvattenkvaliteten undersöktes på 17 olika platser som bestod av brunnar och borrhål. Proverna togs en gång i månaden under år 2020. Sedan gjordes en rumslig och tidslig analys av proverna. Den rumsliga analysen undersökte huruvida vattenkvaliteten påverkas av avståndet till deponin och den tidsliga analysen undersökte om nederbörd och temperatur påverkar förändringarna av parametrarna över tid. För att bekräfta hittade samband i resultatet gjordes en litteraturstudie där bland annat litteratur från tidigare studier användes.  Ingen av platserna som proverna togs från uppfyller alla standarder från varken Nigeria eller WHO. Platserna som överskred flest vattenkvalitetstandarder var plats 3, 12, 14, 16 and 17. De platser som överskred minst antal parametrar av vattenkvalitetstandarder var plats 9 och 11. En koppling mellan avståndet till deponin och vattenkvaliteten kunde göras. Resultatet från den tidsliga analysen visar att alla parametrar utom kalcium påverkas av temperaturen och alla parametrar påverkas av mängden nederbörd.  Deponin Olusosun påverkar kvaliteten på grundvatten negativt och det är nödvändigt att förbättra vattenkvaliteten för att försäkra hälsan för invånarna i Lagos som konsumerar vattnet. För att göra det måste förvaltningen förbättras. Fokus borde ligga på att sanera deponin. Metoder som kan användas för detta är solid wasing och phytoremediation.

The study is a two-part study that utilized the comparative method of content analysis and Policy Analysis of legal documents. Part one of the study compared special education policy documents of two systems; the Lagos State Special People’s Law and its Inclusive Education Policy to the United States’ Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA, 2004) to figure out how they compare for the sole purpose of mutual improvement and global competitiveness. Part two of the study is the policy analysis of the Lagos State policies that utilized the results and recommendations from the comparative document analysis (part one). This section of the study focused mainly on how the Lagos State special education documents could be improved using the IDEA of the United States as a model. It also offered alternatives that could be explored as well as recommendations that policymakers in Lagos State could use in order to improve the life outcomes of all children with disabilities in the State. The study addressed explicitly how the United States special education policies could inform the Lagos state policies and vice versa. The overarching purpose of the study was for mutual improvement that could influence special education policy revisions of both systems by respective stakeholders. The study concluded that there is a need for a special education-specific law in Lagos state that will be comparable to the IDEA of the United States so that children with disabilities in the state could become fully integrated into the system and be able to achieve their highest potentials. The study also offers directions for future research. / Special Education

No autorizado por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / Tesis para optar por el grado de Magíster en Estudios Internacionales / Los primeros años del siglo XXI presentaron un clivaje a nivel internacional en tanto que Chile se encontraba redefiniendo su posición en el sistema internacional. Analizar de qué manera influyó el Presidente en ejercicio, Ricardo Lagos, sobre este proceso es central para el análisis de la política exterior de Chile. Se analiza por tanto, la Política Exterior de Chile, desde la perspectiva del líder, durante el período de la Presidencia de Ricardo Lagos 2000-2006; a fin de determinar si la personalidad del Presidente Ricardo Lagos influyó de manera determinante, en la política exterior de Chile durante su gobierno. Lo anterior se aborda desde las teorías del Análisis de Política Exterior con especial énfasis en el agente y sus características constitutivas. Para analizar al líder, se utilizó la tipología de cualidades de estilos de liderazgos propuesta por F. Greenstein; recurriendo al trabajo sobre fuentes primarias en base a entrevistas al propio Ricardo Lagos y a informantes claves, al análisis a discursos, entrevistas y bibliografía secundaria, y al análisis de tres hitos fundamentales de la política exterior durante el gobierno de Ricardo Lagos: (a) el “no” a los Estados Unidos en el Consejo de Seguridad; (b) el envío de tropas chilenas a Haití; y (c) el apoyo a la candidatura de José Miguel Insulza para Secretario General de la OEA. Lo anterior permitió determinar que el liderazgo de Ricardo Lagos es ´orientado al objetivo´ y que tiene como eje central una determinada visión set de creencias que le permitieron, no solo tener una idea clara del rol que Chile debía ocupar en el sistema internacional, sino que también generar adhesión entre sus asesores para tomar decisiones claves en política exterior, influyendo de manera determinante en la política exterior de Chile entre los años 2000 y 2006.

Modelos numéricos são importantes ferramentas para avaliação do comportamento de corpos hídricos, notadamente com relação ao decaimento e mistura de constituintes ao longo do tempo. Neste trabalho apresenta-se o método empregado para adaptação e aplicação de um modelo matemático hidrodinâmico 2DH para simulação de variáveis de qualidade das águas a reservatórios rasos ou polimíticos. A descrição do desenvolvimento do modelo empregado (IPH-ECO), do processo de análise das condições do reservatório, seleção de dado intervenientes, discretização espacial e temporal, definição das condições de contorno hidrológicas e de aporto de cargas poluentes, bem como a definição espacial dos pontos de controle para aferição e validação são discutidos. São apresentados os resultados da resposta do modelo aplicado ao Reservatório Billings, em São Paulo. / Numerical models are strong tools to evaluate the fate of pollutants in lakes and reservoirs under transient conditions. This article brings the steps employed for preparation and implementation of a hydrodynamic 2DH model to simulate water quality variables in shallow or polymitc lakes. Description of the adaptation and implementation of IPH-ECO model process, compiling and setting of the hydrological and constituent loadings, spatial and temporal discretization and selection of control points are demonstrated and discussed. Some results of model calibration for Billings Reservoir, Sao Paulo, Brazil, are also presented.