Une modélisation de rugosité de faible amplitude d’une rugosité d’interface, à l’aide de méthodes ultrasonores, est proposée. On examine le cas d’une plaque élastique immergée dont l’une des faces est rugueuse. L’étude de la rugosité dont la géométrie est triangulaire et périodique repose sur l’analyse du coefficient de transmission par la plaque. Une simulation numérique basée sur la Méthode des Éléments Finis est réalisée. D’un autre côté, la théorie de Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) de la plaque sans rugosité montre que le coefficient de transmission peut être compris comme une somme de résonances, chacune étant associée à un modèle de Breit et Wigner (BW). La position des pics de résonance, que ceux-ci soient relatifs aux modes symétriques ou antisymétriques sont peu affectées par la présence de la rugosité. Seules les largeurs et les amplitudes varient notablement. Les expériences numériques ont montré que ces pics sont interprétables comme des résonances BW. Une nouvelle modélisation basée sur un modèle rhéologique est établie pour le coefficient de transmission. A partir de celle-ci, un nouveau modèle BW a été développé et validé par la simulation numérique. Celui-ci modèle permet de remplacer avantageusement les simulations numériques coûteuses en temps, par un modèle analytique simple. / The modelling of roughness of small amplitude a rough interface, by using ultrasound methods is proposed. One investigates the case of an immersed elastic plate with only one corrugated face. The study of the roughness, the shape of which is triangular and periodic is based upon the analysis of the transmission coefficient. A numerical simulation using the Finite Element Method (FEM) is carried out. On the other hand, the Fiorito, Madigosky et Überall (FMU) theory of the flat plate shows that the transmission coefficient may be seen as a sum of resonances, each being associated with a Breit-Wigner (BW) resonance shape. The location of the resonance spikes peaks, which are related to either symmetric or antisymmetric modes, are not significantly affected by the roughness ; only the half widths and the magnitudes vary notably. The numerical experiments led with FEM on the corrugated plate showed that the spikes peaks can be interpreted as BW resonances.

En accord avec l'équation de propagation des ondes élastiques dans la matière, l'expression de la vitesse du son n'interdit pas à la masse volumique et à la compressibilité effectives du milieu d'être toutes deux négatives. Comment concevoir alors un tel matériau qualifié de métamatériau acoustique ? Qu'elles sont ses principales propriétés ? Cette thèse expérimentale a pour objectif la conception et la caractérisation d'un métamatériau pour les ondes de Lamb (ondes de plaque) de fréquences comprises entre 1MHz et 10MHz.L'approche mise en place repose sur le théorème d'Helmholtz qui permet de voir la propagation d'une onde élastique d'énergie finie comme le résultat d'un processus de couplage entre deux états de vibration de la matière, l'un de cisaillement sans changement de volume (vibration de symétrie dipolaire), l'autre se faisant avec changement de volume sans cisaillement (vibration monopolaire). Ainsi, la modification des paramètres effectifs décrivant la propagation pourrait passer par un contrôle local de ces deux états élémentaires de vibration, au moyen par exemple de résonateurs locaux homogénéisables.Le modèle de matériau choisi dans le cadre de cette thèse est une hétérostructure formée par un wafer de silicium sur lequel sont gravés, en tant que cellules mécaniques élémentaires, des paire de trous et des piliers isolés de silicium. La démarche expérimentale a consisté à étudier la diffusion élastique des ondes de Lamb sur ces deux types de cellules élémentaires à l'aide d'un montage tout optique. La génération des ondes fut assurée par la focalisation le long d'une ligne d'un faisceau laser Nd:YAG picoseconde permettant d'obtenir une source blanche acoustique. La détection fut réalisée à l'aide d'un interféromètre de Michelson doté d'un bras opto-mécanique permettant une cartographie point par point du champ de déformation de l'onde avec une sensibilité d'environ 1pm (pour une largeur de bande de 1MHz) sur une surface de 25x25mm2 avec une résolution spatiale et temporelle d'environ 1microns et 0.2nanosecondes.Cette étude aura permis de mettre en évidence la présence d'une ondelette réémise par la paire de trous ou le pilier autour de leurs fréquences de résonance et de décrire la diffusion cohérente résonante comme le résultat de l'interférence entre l'onde incidente et l'ondelette réémise. Dans le cas de la paire de trous, ces résultats ont permis d'interpréter et de comprendre le domaine de fréquences interdites d'un cristal phononique, ainsi que de décrire la dynamique de formation des modes d'une cavité phononique planaire. Dans le cas du pilier, il fut possible d'envisager la fabrication d'un système possédant les propriétés attendues pour un métamatériau acoustique.Cette thèse s'inscrit dans le projet de recherche de l'équipe Acoustique pour les Nanosciences de l'Institut des Nanosciences de Paris consacré à la structuration artificielle de la matière aux échelles micro et nanométriques pour le contrôle de la propagation des ondes élastiques. Les applications potentielles couvrent des domaines allant de la santé (imagerie haute résolution) à la défense (cape d'invisibilité) en passant par les télécommunications ou encore le bâtiment (isolation phonique).De par son caractère stratégique pour la Défense, ce travail a bénéficié du soutien de la DGA et de l'ANR sous la forme du projet ANR-ASTRID "METACTIF". Il a été effectué en collaboration avec une équipe de l'Université Lille 1, spécialisée dans la simulation numérique. Les échantillons ont été fabriqués dans le cadre d'une collaboration avec la salle blanche MIMENTO de l'Institut Femto-St de Besançon. / According with the elastic wave equation, the expression of the speed allows the motion of waves with an effective density and an effective compressibility both negative. How can we imagine and create a material of this kind, called metamaterial? What would be its properties?This experimental thesis involved to produce and to characterize a metamaterial for elastic Lamb waves (sismic waves) in the frequency range [1MHz-10MHz].On the basis of the Helmholtz theorem, the wave motion of Lamb waves is due to a coupling process between two vibrations states of the matter; one dipolar vibration (pure bending mode) coupling with one monopolar vibration (pure compressional mode). As a result, the modification of the macroscopic parameters governing the wave motion could be realised by the control of these only two vibrations states, thanks to homogeneous local resonators.Isolated silicon pillars and pairs of holes in silicon plate as potentially "good" candidate to fulfill this requirement. Structures were elaborated with deep reactive-ion etching technique (DRIE) using Bosch process in a silicon wafer.We had an experimental approach consisting in measuring the eigenfrequencies of the structures to select the one which allows fulfilling the homogenization criteria at the best and then mapping the scattered field associated to a Lamb wave interacting with the structures while vibrating onto the preselected eigenmode.To conduct this study, we used an all-optical experimental device. Generation of Lamb waves were managed to use an Nd:YAG laser focused along a line on the surface to get a white elastic source. The detection was realized with a power-operated Michelson interferometer, allowing to measure the displacement field with a resolution of around 1pm (on frequencies range of 1MHz).This study had allowed to evidence a scattering process described by the interference between the incident field and a reemitted wave emitted by the resonator. For the pairs of hole structures, these results enabled to understand the description of the bandgap of a phononic crystal in terms of bragg reflexion and to describe the dynamic of formation of phononic cavity modes. Concerning the pillars, these results enabled to make a device, using the Huygens-Fresnel principal, with the properties of a metamaterial.This PhD work follows on from the research projet of the team Acoustique pour les Nanoscience of the Nanosciences Institut of Paris (INSP).This work is jointly supported by the Agence Nationale de la Recherche and Direction Générale de l’Armement under grant ANR METACTIF. The simulations were realised in collaboration with a team at the Université Lille 1. The samples have been elaborated in MIMENTO facilities at Femto-ST institute in Besançon.

Quality control and quality assurance of pavements is today primarily based on core samples. Air void content and pavement thickness are parameters that are evaluated. However, no parameter connected to the stiffness is evaluated. There is a need for fast and reliable test methods that are truly non-destructive in order to achieve an effective quality control and quality assurance of pavements. This licentiate thesis presents surface wave testing using air-coupled microphones as receivers. The measurements presented in this work are performed in order to move towards non-contact measurements of material stiffness. The non-contact measurements are compared to conventional accelerometer measurements in order to compare the noncontact measurements to a “reference test”. The two appended papers are focused on evaluating one parameter in each paper. In the first paper all equipment needed to perform non-contact measurements are mounted on a trolley in order to enable measurements while rolling the trolley forward. It is shown that rolling measurements can provide rapid and reliable measurements of the Rayleigh wave velocity over large areas. However, the measurements are shown to be sensitive to misalignments between the microphone array and the measured surface. An uneven surface can thus cause major errors in the calculated results. The second paper presents an alternative method to evaluate the thickness resonance frequency of a concrete plate. It is demonstrated how the established Impact Echo method can give erroneous results when aircoupled microphones are used as receivers. Instead a method based on backward wave propagation is introduced. It is demonstrated how waves with negative phase velocities can be identified in a narrow frequency span close to the thickness resonance. / <p>QC 20141128</p>

We describe a framework for global shipping container monitoring using machine learning with multi-sensor hubs and infrared catadioptric imaging. A wireless mesh radio satellite tag architecture provides connectivity anywhere in the world which is a significant improvement to legacy methods. We discuss the design and testing of a low-cost long-wave infrared catadioptric imaging device and multi-sensor hub combination as an intelligent edge computing system that, when equipped with physics-based machine learning algorithms, can interpret the scene inside a shipping container to make efficient use of expensive communications bandwidth. The histogram of oriented gradients and T-channel (HOG+) feature as introduced for human detection on low-resolution infrared catadioptric images is shown to be effective for various mirror shapes designed to give wide volume coverage with controlled distortion. Initial results for through-metal communication with ultrasonic guided waves show promise using the Dynamic Wavelet Fingerprint Technique (DWFT) to identify Lamb waves in a complicated ultrasonic signal.

The mechanical properties of thin-film Li-ion battery electrodes are controlled by the micro structure of the constituent materials. In this work, a non-contact and non-destructive measurement of the mechanical properties of electrode films is performed by measurement of zero group velocity (ZGV) resonances. The ZGV Lamb wave modes of a solid bi-layer consisting of a thin metallic layer and a thin compliant coating layer are shown to be dependent on the Young's moduli, thicknesses, densities and Poisson ratios of the layers. Theoretical models are used to quantify the sensitivity of the ZGV resonances to changes in mechanical properties. Experimental ZGV resonances are excited using a pulsed infrared laser and detected using a laser interferometer. Commercial-grade battery films with different coating materials, densities and thicknesses are measured. Young's moduli of the battery electrode layers are estimated using the combination of a theoretical model and experimental results. The effect of the calendering process on the battery materials is also investigated. Results suggest that the Young's modulus of the electrode coating increases drastically after the battery films are calendered. This technique can be used to quantitatively study the mechanical properties of Li-ion battery electrodes to improve overall battery performance.

No description available.

No description available.

Damage detection in mechanical and aerospace structures is critical to maintaining safe and optimal performance. The early detection of damage increases safety and reduces cost of maintenance and repair. Structural Health Monitoring (SHM) integrates sensor networks and structures to autonomously interrogate the structure and detect damage. The development of robust SHM systems is becoming more vital as aerospace structures are becoming more complex. New SHM methods that can determine the health of the structure without using traditional non-destructive evaluation techniques will decrease the cost and time associated with these investigations. The primary SHM method uses the signals recorded on a pristine structure as a reference and compares operational signals to the baseline measurement. One of the current limitations of baseline SHM is that environmental factors, such as temperature and stress, can change the system response so the algorithm indicates damage when there is none. Many structures which can benefit from SHM have multiple components and often have connections and interfaces that also can change under environmental conditions, thus changing the dynamics of the system. This dissertation addresses some of the current limitations of SHM. First the changes that temperature variations and applied stress create on Lamb wave propagation velocity in plates is analytically modeled and validated. Two methods are developed for the analytical derivative of the Lamb wave velocity; the first uses assumes a thermoelastic material while the second expands thermoelastic theory to include thermal expansion and the associated stresses. A model is developed so the baseline measurement can be compensated to eliminate the false positives due to environmental conditions without storage of dispersion curves or baseline signals at each environmental state. Next, a wave based instantaneous baseline method is presented which uses the comparison of simultaneously captured real time signals and can be used to eliminate the influence of environmental effects on damage detection. Finally, wave transmission and conversion across interfaces in prestressed bars is modeled to provide a better understanding of how the coupled axial and flexural dynamics of a non-ideal preloaded interface change with applied load. / Ph. D.

The objective of this research is to develop a method to evaluate important weld dimensions in thin plates by using laser generated ultrasounds and EMAT receiver. The superimposed laser sources (SLS) technique is developed to generate narrowband Lamb waves with fixed wavelengths in thin plates. The method permits the flexibility of selecting desired wavelength. The signal processing procedure that combines wavenumber-frequency (k-w) domain filtering and synthetic phase tuning (SPT) is used to further reduce the complexity of Lamb waves. The k-w domain filtering technique helps to filter out the unwanted wave components traveling at the direction that is not of interest to us and the SPT technique is applied to amplify and isolate a particular Lamb wave mode. The signal processing procedure facilitates the calculation of reflection coefficients of Lamb waves that result from the presence of weld joints. The SLS and signal processing procedure are then applied to measure reflection coefficients in butt welds and lap welds. Two methods, the direct method and indirect method, are used to develop models that use reflection coefficients as predictors to predict these weld dimensions. The models developed in this research are shown to accurately predict weld dimensions in thin plates.

A load-enhanced methodology has been proposed to enable the in situ detection, localization, and characterization of damage in metallic plate-like structures using Lamb waves. A baseline-free load-differential method using the delay-and-sum imaging algorithm is proposed for defect detection and localization. The term “load-differential” refers to the comparison of recorded ultrasonic signals at various levels of stress. Defect characterization is achieved by incorporating expected scattering information of guided waves interacting with defects into the minimum variance imaging algorithm, and a method for estimating such scattering patterns from the measurements of a sparse transducer array is developed. The estimation method includes signal preprocessing, extracting initial scattering values from baseline subtraction results, and obtaining the complete scattering matrix by applying radial basis function interpolation. The factors that cause estimation errors, such as the shape parameter used to form the basis function and the filling distance used in the interpolation, are discussed. The estimated scattering patterns from sparse array measurements agree reasonably well with laser wavefield data and are further used in the load-enhanced method. The results from fatigue tests show that the load-enhanced method is capable of detecting cracks, providing reasonable estimates of their localizations and orientations, and discriminating them from drilled holes, disbonds, and fastener tightness variations.