Orientador: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Mauro Dal Secco de Oliveira / Banca: Rosemary Laís Galati / Resumo: Avaliou-se a validação da técnica de Espectroscopia e Reflectância no infravermelho próximo (NIRS) em comparação com os valores obtidos através de análises laboratoriais e determinou o consumo, a digestibilidade e o balaço de nitrogênio nas dietas de cordeiros confinados. Utilizou-se 40 cordeiros, recebendo dietas com inclusão de glicerina nas proporções: 0, 7,5, 15, 22,5 e 30% da MS, com relação volumoso:concentrado de 16:84 sendo o feno de tifton 85 o volumoso e o concentrado composto por de milho moído, glicerina, glutenose, óleo de milho, uréia, farelo de girassol, casca de soja e sal mineral. O delineamento experimental foi realizado em blocos completos ao acaso. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância através do procedimento GLM e realizados contrastes ortogonais (linear, quadrático e cúbico). Para a validação dos resultados preditos pelo NIRS versus LAB, fez-se análise de regressão através do PROC REG. Os resultados de consumo para as análises laboratoriais apresentaram efeito quadrático para EE, o consumo obtido dos dados validados pelo NIRS apresentaram efeito quadrático para PB e N. Para os resultados da digestibilidade, as análises laboratoriais apresentaram efeito quadrático para MO e FDA, e a digestibilidade dos dados validados pelo NIRS apresentaram efeito quadrático para PB. Para o balanço de nitrogênio, os valores das análises laboratoriais apresentaram efeito quadrático para N fecal e retido, os dados validados pelo NIRS apresentaram efeito quadrático para N fecal, cúbico para N absorvido e retido, e quadrático e cúbico para N ingerido. Com os valores obtidos através da validação do NIRS foram possíveis realizar os cálculos para consumo e digestibilidade da MS, MO, FDN, PB e EE com boa confiabilidade. Para os cálculos do balanço de nitrogênio, no NIRS é ... / Abstract: We evaluated the validation of the technique of Spectroscopy and Spectral Reflectance in near infrared (NIRS) in comparison with the values obtained by laboratory tests and determined the intake, digestibility and the assessment of nitrogen in the diets of feedlot lambs. We used 40 lambs, receiving diets with inclusion of glycerin in the proportions: 0 , 7.5 , 15 , 22.5 and 30% of MS, with respect forage:concentrate of 16:84 and the Tifton 85 hay roughage and concentrate composed of grind corn, glycerin, corn gluten meal, corn oil, urea, sunflower, soybean hulls and mineral salt. The experimental design was randomized complete block. The results were submitted to analysis of variance using the GLM procedure and performed orthogonal contrasts (linear, quadratic and cubic). For the validation of the results predicted by NIRS versus LAB, became regression analysis using PROC REG. The results for the laboratory analyzes demonstrated a quadratic effect for EE, the consumption obtained from data validated by NIRS showed quadratic effect for PB and N. For the results of digestibility, laboratory analyzes demonstrated a quadratic effect for MO and FDA, and the digestibility of the data validated by NIRS showed quadratic effect for PB. For the nitrogen balance, the values of laboratory analyzes demonstrated a quadratic effect for fecal N and retained, the data validated by NIRS showed quadratic effect for fecal N, cubic for N absorbed and retained, and quadratic and cubic for N ingested. With the values obtained through the validation of NIRS were possible to perform the calculations for intake and digestibility of DM, OM, NDF, CP and EE with good reliability. For the calculations of nitrogen balance, the NIRS is unable to validate the data for N ingested, fecal, absorbed and ... / Mestre

Orientadora: Hirasilva Borba / Banca: Jane Maria Bertocco Ezequiel / Banca: Greicy Mitzi Bezerra Moreno / Resumo: Objetivando avaliar mudanças nas características físicas, químicas e estruturais da carne ovina maturada por sete dias foram utilizados 48 cordeiros sem padrão racial definido (SPRD), não castrados, com peso médio de 15 kg, os quais foram abatidos com 32 kg e cinco meses de período experimental. Foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (DIC) em arranjo fatorial 2x2x2, sendo que os animais receberam dois níveis de concentrado proteico energético (0 e 0,7% do peso vivo) e os músculos Gluteos bíceps e Triceps brachii foram maturados por um período de sete dias ou não maturados. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e, em caso de significância, comparados pelo teste Tukey a 5%. A maturação aumentou a intensidade de vermelho da carne que se apresentou maior no pernil (19,43). A suplementação proporciona uma carne com menor luminosidade. Para os músculos do pernil e da paleta, a maturação por sete dias favoreceu o aumento da oxidação lipídica. Os valores de perda de peso por cocção e de capacidade de retenção de água aumentaram com a maturação e apresentaram-se maiores no pernil, 29,40% e 71,30%, respectivamente. A força de cisalhamento reduziu de 3,45kgf/cm² para 2,74kgf/cm² e o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar aumentou de 115,04 para 139,78, quando a carne foi maturada por sete dias, indicando que o processo de maturação proporciona maior maciez à carne ovina. A maturação da carne por sete dias promove alterações nas variáveis qualitativas da carne, alterando sua coloração, aumentando a oxidação lipídica, a perda de peso por cocção e o índice de fragmentação miofibrilar e, ainda, reduziu a capacidade de retenção de água e a força de cisalhamento das amostras... / Abstract: To evaluate changes in physical, chemical and structural characteristics of sheep meat aged for seven days 48 lambs were used without defined breed (SPRD), not neutered, with an average weight of 15 kg, which were slaughtered at 32 kg and five months of confinement. We used a completely randomized design (CRD) in 2x2x2 factorial arrangement, two muscles of supplemented and non-supplemented sheep, matured for seven days. The results were subjected to analysis of variance and, if significant, compared by Tukey test at 5%. Maturation increased the intensity of red meat that presented more in leg (19.43). Supplementation provides meat with low luminosity. To the muscles of the leg and shoulder blade, storage for seven days favored the increase in lipid oxidation. The values of weight loss cooking and water holding capacity increased with maturation and were higher in the ham, 29.40% and 71.30%, respectively. The HR decreased from 3.45 kgf / cm ² to 2.74 kgf / cm ² and MFIs increased from 115.04 to 139.78, indicating that the maturation process provides softness to the mutton. The maturation of the meat for seven days promotes alterations in meat quality variables, but does not make it unfit for human consumption, positively influences the tenderness of meat from lambs... / Mestre

Orientador: André Mendes Jorge / Banca: Simone Fernandes / Banca: Rafael Silvio Bonilha Pinheiro / Resumo: Objetivou-se com o presente estudo avaliar a precocidade de cordeiros de quatro grupos genéticos terminados em confinamento em depositar gordura de cobertura subcutânea,preconizada entre 3 e 4 mm. Foram utilizados 48 cordeiros machos não castrados, sendo 12 de cada um dos seguintes grupos genéticos: Ile de France (IF), Hampshire Down (HD), Texel (TE) e Suffolk (SU) com peso corporal e idade média inicial de 22,27±4,70 kg e 80 dias respectivamente. Os animais foram pesados no início do experimento e a cada 14 dias para avaliação do consumo voluntário e evolução do peso. Junto às pesagens foram obtidas medidas de espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) por meio do equipamento de ultrassom, sendo o parâmetro adotado como critério de abate (EGS entre 3 e 4 mm). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) entre os grupos genéticos para ingestão de matéria seca (0,933 kg) e ganho de peso médio diário (0,170 kg). A conversão alimentar foi diferente apenas entre animais Texel e Suffolk (4,84 e 7,72 :1, respectivamente). Não houve diferença (P>0,05) para as características de carcaça entre todos os grupos genéticos. Cordeiros Hampshire Down foram mais precoces que Ile de France, Texel e Suffolk na deposição de gordura subcutânea da carcaça (entre 3 e 4 mm) avaliada in vivo por ultrassom quando terminados em confinamento / Abstract: The objective of this study was to evaluate the precocity of lambs from four genetic groups finished in feedlot lambs on depositing subcutaneous fat thickness between 3 and 4 mm. It was used 48 non-castrated lambs being 12 from each genetic groups: Ile de France (IF), Hampshire Down (HD), Texel (TE) e Suffolk (SU) with body weight and initial mean age of 22.27±4.70 kg and 80 days respectively. The animals were weighed on the beginning and every 14 days to evaluate the dry matter intake and weight gain. Along the weights were obtained measures of subcutaneous fat thickness (SFT) by ultrasound equipment. The slaughter criterion was the fat thickness between 3 and 4 mm. There was no difference (P>0.05) between genotypes for dry matter intake (DMI: 0.933 kg/day) and average daily weight gain (0.170 kg). The feed was different only between Texel and Suffolk (4.84 and 7.72 :1, respectively). There was no difference (P>0.05) for carcass traits among all genetic groups. Hampshire Down lambs when evaluated on feedlot were more precocious than Ile de France, Texel and Suffolk to deposit subcutaneous fat in carcass (3 to 4 mm) evaluated in vivo by ultrasound / Mestre

O presente estudo foi dividido em dois experimentos, tendo como objetivo determinar a curva de excreção do cortisol fecal e sua estabilidade nas fezes perante exposição à diferentes períodos de tempo e temperatura entre as colheitas e análises, correlacionando os níveis de cortisol fecal com o pico de cortisol sanguíneo. No experimento 1, seis fêmeas mestiças (Dorper x Santa Inês) tiveram suas fezes totais colhidas durante 24 horas após a aplicação do hormônio adrenocorticotrófico (ACTH), além de colheitas de sangue realizadas antes da aplicação do ACTH, 60, 120 e 300 minutos depois; durante as quais foram atribuídos escores de reatividade para cada animal. Logo após as análises foi iniciado o experimento 2, no qual 9 cordeiros mestiços (Dorper x Santa Inês) foram submetidos a uma situação de estresse térmico durante os horários das 11 às 15 horas da tarde, tendo suas fezes colhidas às 23 horas do mesmo dia. Após a colheita, as fezes foram agrupadas e homogeneizadas em três grupos distintos, de onde retiraram-se alíquotas referentes aos tratamentos propostos: três temperaturas (15°, 25° e 35°) e quatro tempos (1, 3, 6 e 12 horas). Os dados da curva de excreção foram analisados por ANOVA, bem como pela correlação entre os valores de cortisol sanguíneo, fecal e reatividade. Para análise da estabilidade foi utilizada ANOVA multifatorial com dois fatores (temperatura e intervalo de tempo). Para avaliação das variáveis comportamentais foi realizada a transformação de escala dos dados para \"arco-seno raiz de porcentagem\", procedendo-se à análise de variância. O modelo estatístico contemplou os efeitos de dia (1, 2 e 3) com análise individual por animal. Os parâmetros de cortisol sanguíneo, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal foram analisados pelo teste t e correlação de Pearson. Todas as comparações de médias foram realizadas por teste F e teste t (PDIFF). A reatividade durante a colheita não exerceu efeito significativo sobre os valores de cortisol sanguíneo, os quais demonstraram médias maiores 60 minutos após a aplicação do ACTH e, após 300 minutos as ovelhas apresentaram níveis de cortisol considerados normais para ovinos sem estresse. Por outro lado, o pico de cortisol nas fezes foi verificado aproximadamente 10 a 12 horas após o pico de cortisol no sangue, não sendo verificadas diminuições significativas nas concentrações que indicassem o retorno aos níveis basais durante o período de 24 horas (P>0,05). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tempos e temperaturas aos quais as amostras de fezes foram submetidas (P>0,05), verificando-se uma tendência a manutenção da concentração do cortisol fecal em ovinos durante o período de 12 horas após a colheita. / This present study was divided into two experiments, aiming to determine the excretion curve of faecal cortisol and its stability over different periods of time and temperature between harvest and analyzes, correlating the fecal cortisol levels with peak blood cortisol. The project was developed in Biometeorology and Ethology Lab, Faculty of Animal Science and Food Engineering, University of São Paulo, Pirassununga - SP. In the first experiment, six crossbred (Dorper x Santa Inês) females sheep had their total feces collected during 24 hours after the application of adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH), beyond the blood samples taken before the application of ACTH, and one, two and five hours after application; in which was attributed reactivity scores to each animal. Soon after the analysis was started the second experiment, in which nine crossbred lambs (Dorper x Santa Inês) underwent a situation of thermal stress from 11 to 15 pm, and their feces were collected at 23 hours the same day. After harveting, the feces were pooled and homogenized in three different groups, where aliquots were withdrawn relating to the treatments proposed: three temperatures (15, 25 and 35°C) and four times (1, 3, 6 and 12 hours). The excretion curve data were analyzed by ANOVA, as well as the correlation between blood cortisol levels, faecal and reactivity. For stability analysis were used multifactor ANOVA with two factors (temperature and time range). To evaluate the behavioral variables was performed the transformation of the data range for \"arc sine percentage root\", proceeding to the analysis of variance. The statistical model included effects of day (1, 2 and 3) with individual analysis by animal. The blood cortisol parameters, respiratory rate and rectal temperature were analyzed by t test Pearson correlation. All comparisons of means were performed by F and t test (pdiff). The reactivity during harvest did not exert significant effect on blood cortisol levels, which showed higher averages 60 minutes after the application of ACTH, and after 300 minutes, the sheep showed cortisol levels considered normal to them, without stress. On the other hand, the peak of cortisol in the feces was observed approximately 10-12 hours after the peak of cortisol in the blood, not being observed significant decreases that indicate the return to the basal levels during the 24 hour period (P>0, 05). Were not observed no significant differences between the time and temperature in which the faecal samples were subjected (P>0.05), verifying a tendency on the maintenance of the concentration of faecal cortisol in sheep during the 12 hour period after harvest.

Wheat, a tetany prone forage, and orchardgrass, a non-tetany prone forage, were cut at three stages of maturity to determine the magnesium availability in these forages for lambs. The forages were dried in forced air ovens and ground through a 2.5 cm screen. The nitrogen contents of the forages were not significantly different between forages but decreased quadratically with maturity in wheat (P < .Ol) and linearly in orchardgrass (P < .Ol). Nonprotein nitrogen was significantly higher in wheat than in orchardgrass. The magnesium content of the wheat was lower (P < .O1) than orchardgrass (.14 vs .21%). Magnesium content in wheat was similar at all maturities but decreased with maturity in orchardgrass. Potassium, calcium and phosphorous levels in the forages were similar between wheat and orchardgrass but decreased with advancing maturity in both forages. In two metabolism trials with 18 wether lambs, the biological availability of magnesium was determined for the two forages cut at three stages of maturity. The biological availability of magnesium for lambs fed wheat was slightly lower than for those fed orchardgrass. It increased linearly with increasing maturity in wheat (P < .O1) and tended to decrease with maturity in orchardgrass. In the first two maturities of wheat, the biological availability of magnesium was approximately 22% and for the third maturity it approached 39%. In orchardgrass, it was 36, 34 and 28% for maturities l, 2 and 3, respectively. / Master of Science

Sheep were among the first animal domesticated by man, and have always been one of his most valuable beasts. Increasing efforts have been made to improve both wool and mutton, in order to give the greatest financial returns to the sheep grower. / Master of Science

Early weaning onto pasture, separate grazing for ewes and lambs on pasture, and weaned and nonweaned lambs in a drylot were compared with control groups of ewes and lambs grazed together at Blacksburg and Glade Spring in 1960 and 1961. Data were available on 457 lambs for average daily gain and slaughter grade and on 311 lambs for carcass grade and yield. The data were adjusted for the effects of breed of sire, breed of dam, age of dam, sex, and type of birth and rearing. Comparing the pasture treatments at both Blacksburg and Glade Spring in 1960 and 1961, in a two-way classification, in the analysis of variance there was a highly significant interaction between years and treatments. There was no significant difference between the high and low roughage ration that was fed to weaned and nonweaned lambs at both stations. The weaned lambs on the low roughage ration at Blacksburg performed significantly better at the 5 percent level than the pasture groups, for average daily gain. The means were higher for the other three traits, though not significantly so. At Glade Spring the drylot lambs that were weaned had a significantly higher mean at the 5 per cent level for yield over the control group, and the means were higher for the other three traits. / Master of Science

Thesis (MScAgric)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: The aim of this study was to determine whether a lamb finishing ration that is balanced for essential amino acids (EAA), at a specific level of non-structural carbohydrates (NSC) would yield better feedlot performance when compared to a standard commercial finishing ration. Metionine (Met) and Lysine (Lys) were identified as the first limiting amino acids for growing lambs. These two amino acids, as well as Threonine (Thr), Arginine (Arg), Leucine (Leu), Isoleucine (Ile) and Phenylalanine (Phe) were included in an optimized protein (OP) feedlot ration at optimal levels. This ration was formulated to contain 157 g/kg crude protein (CP) and 477 g/kg NSC, with Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 2.48, 7.45, 8.51 and 8.12 g/kg on dry matter (DM) basis respectively. The second treatment, FIN, was a standard commercial lamb finishing feed without optimized amino acids and contained similar total protein and NSC to OP of 152 g/kg CP and 468 g/kg NSC but with Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 2.08, 5.49, 7.47 and 4.80 g/kg on DM basis respectively. A third treatment, a low protein (LP) diet served as a positive control and was formulated on lower specifications (139 g/kg CP, 455 g/kg NSC) and was also not optimized for amino acids. This treatment contained Met, Lys, Arg and Thr at 1.93, 4.99, 6.66 and 4.73 g/kg on DM basis respectively. Lambs grazing kikuyu pasture served as the negative control (CON) group. These lambs also received additional supplementary feed at 500 g/day as a production lick to be comparable to a scenario where lambs are finished on grazing. Forty cross-bred Merino x Döhne-Merino lambs with an average weaning weight of 24.35 ± 0.648 kg were finished in a feedlot for 57 days where after they were slaughtered at an average weight of 41.41 ± 1.259 kg. During the feedlot trial lamb performance was measured by monitoring daily growth rates and feed intake. Also, an in vivo digestibility study was carried out on the OP and FIN lambs. During the slaughter process the rumen was removed which was done to collect a sample of the rumen wall from next to the rumino-reticular fold. These rumen samples were mounted onto slides so that the development of the rumen could be examined. The M. longissimus dorsi from both sides of the carcass between the 2nd and 3rd last thoracic vertebra and the 4th and 5th lumbar vertebra were removed. There was no significant difference (P > 0.05) between any of the concentrate feed treatments with regards to the average daily gain (ADG), feed conversion ratio (FCR) or dressing percentage (DP). The CON lambs, as expected, had lower growth rates (P < 0.05) than the concentrate fed lamb and thus showed significant differences (P < 0.05) in terms of ADG. The DP of 45.96 % ± 0.711 for the CON lambs differed significantly (P < 0.05) from the OP (51.44 % ± 0.358), FIN (52.72 % ± 0.653) and LP (51.74 % ± 0.611) treatments. As expected the concentrate feeds were much more effective in maintaining higher growth rates when compared to the CON lambs while the optimizing of EAA in the OP diet did not lead to improved feedlot performance as the FIN and LP treatments were able to achieve similar (P > 0.05) growth rates. Within the feedlot treatments there was no significant difference (P > 0.05) with regard to the papillae length and rumen wall thickness. There was however a numerical increase in the papillae length as the NSC levels in the feed increased. The CON lambs differed from the OP lambs (P < 0.05) in terms of papillae length. This illustrated the importance of having increased levels of NSC in a feedlot diet as it is this fraction that is responsible for the initialisation and maintenance of rumen morphological development. The in vivo digestibility study therefore confirmed that the commercial finishing feed was just as effective as the optimized feed in terms of nitrogen retention as well as in maintaining suitable energy balance. Although the in vivo digestibility for Met and Lys in the OP feed was higher (P < 0.05) than the FIN feed, this did not lead to improved feedlot performance of the OP lambs. The increased digestibility of these amino acids is due to the fact that the OP diet was higher in levels of bypass amino acids than the FIN feed. The in vitro true digestibility (IVTD) of the OP feed was higher (P < 0.05) than that of the FIN feed. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Die doel van hierdie studie was om te bepaal of ‘n lamafrond rantsoen wat gebalanseerd is vir beperkende essiensiële aminosure (EAA) teen ‘n spesifieke vlak van nie-strukturele koolhidrate (NSK) beter voerkraal prestasie teweeg sou bring wanneer gemeet word teen ‘n standaard kommersiële afrond rantsoen. Metionien (Met) en Lisien (Lis) is geïdentifiseer as die eerste beperkende aminosure vir groeiende lammers. Hierdie twee aminosure, asook Treonien (Tre), Leusien (Leu), Isoleusien (Ile) en Fenielalanien (Fen) is teen optimale vlakke ingesluit in ‘n geoptimeerde voerkraal rantsoen, OP. Hierdie rantsoen is geformuleer om 157 g/kg RP en 477 g/kg NSK te bevat asook Met, Lis, Arg en Tre teen 2.48, 7.45, 8.51 en 8.12 g/kg onderskeidelik. Die tweede behandeling, FIN, was ‘n kommersiële lamafrond voer waarin die aminosure nie geoptimeer is nie en het soortgelyke vlakke van proteïene en NSK bevat teen 152 g/kg RP en 468 g/kg NSK met Met, Lis, Arg en Tre teen 2.08, 5.49, 7.47, 4.80 g/kg onderskeidelik. ‘n Derde voer, LP, het gedien as ‘n positiewe kontrole en was ‘n lae proteïen voer met laer spesifikasies (139 g/kg RP, 455 g/kg NSK) waarin die aminosure ook nie geoptimeer is nie. Die LP voer het Met, Lis, Arg en Tre bevat teen 1.93, 4.99, 6.66 en 4.73 g/kg onderskeidelik. Die negatiewe kontrole behandeling, CON, is verteenwoordig deur lammers wat op kikuyu gewei het terwyl addisionele supplementêre voeding teen 500g/lam/dag voorsien is. Hierdie supplementêre voeding het gedien as ‘n produksie lek om sodoende vergelykbaar te wees met scenario waar lammers op weiding afgerond word. Veertig kruisgeteelde Merino x Döhne-Merino lammers met ‘n gemiddelde gewig van 24.35 ± 0.648 kg is vir 57 dae in ‘n voerkraal afgerond waarna hulle, teen ‘n gemiddelde gewig van 41.41 ± 1.259 kg, geslag is. Tydens die voerkraal proef is prestasie gemonitor deur die meet van daaglikse groei en voerinname. Hiertydens is daar ook ‘n in vivo verteringsproef op die OP en FIN lammers gedoen. Tydens die slagproses is die rumen verwyder waarna ‘n monster van die rumenwand langs die rumino retikulêre vou geneem is. Hierdie rumenmonsters is op skyfies geplaas sodat die ontwikkeling van die rumen ondersoek kan word. Die M. longissimus dorsi was aan beide kante van die karkas tussen die 2de en 3de laaste torakale werwels en die 4de en 5de lumbale werwels verwyder. Daar was geen betekenisvolle verskille (P > 0.05) tussen enige van die konsentraat behandelings ten opsigte van gemiddelde daaglikse toename (GDT), voeromset verhouding (VOV) of uitslag persentasie nie. Die CON lammers het egter, soos verwag, beduidend (P < 0.05) stadiger gegroei en het dus verskille getoon ten opsigte van GDT. Die uitslag persentasie van 45.96 % ± 0.711 vir die CON lammers het ook betekenisvol verskil (P < 0.05) van die OP (51.44 % ± 0.358), FIN (52.72 % ± 0.653) en LP (51.74 % ± 0.611) behandelings. Binne die voerkraal behandelings was daar geen betekenisvolle verskille (P > 0.05) ten opsigte van die papillae lengte en rumenwand dikte nie, alhoewel daar ‘n numeriese toename in papillae lengte was soos die NSK vlakke in die voer gestyg het. Die CON lammers het wel van die OP lammers verskil (P < 0.05) ten opsigte van papillae lengte. Hierdie bevinding het bevestig hoe belangrik NSK is in die inisiasie en instandhouding van die morfologiese ontwikkeling van die rumen. Die in vivo verterings studie het daarop gedui dat die kommersiële afrond voer net so effektief soos die geoptimeerde voer was in terme van stikstof retensie asook die handhawing van ‘n geskikte energie balans. Alhoewel die in vivo verteerbaarheid van Met en Lis in die OP hoër was (P < 0.05) as in die FIN voer, het hierdie verskille nie gelei tot beter groei in die OP lammers nie. Hierdie verskil in verteerbaarheid is toegeskryf aan die feit dat die aminosure in die OP voer meer rumen-beskermd was as dié in die FIN voer. Die in vitro verteringstudie het daarop gedui dat die OP voer beduidend beter (P < 0.05) verteer is as die FIN voer.

An inherited muscle hypertrophy in sheep is caused by the callipyge gene (CLPG) located on ovine chromosome 18. It has been suggested that this gene is a single autosomal dominant gene. Animals expressing the callipyge gene show increased muscling in the pelvic and torso regions of the body and, thus, have been given the phenotype- descriptive name callipyge (from Greek calli-beautiful; pyge-buttocks). In this study 21 wether lambs, the offspring of callipyge rams (genotype CLPG /clpg) and normal Rambouillet ewes (genotype clpg/clpg), were used to determine the difference s in muscle fiber type percentages, composition, and tenderness between normal and callipyge lambs . Eleven of these lambs showed muscle hypertrophy typical of the callipyge phenotype; 10 were classified as normal . Several histochemical, biochemical , and physical measures were examined in order to study changes in the physiology and biochemistry of some economically important muscles. When compared to normal lambs, the callipyge lambs have a larger (P < .05) average percentage of fast-twitch glycolytic (FG) muscle fibers and smaller average percentages of fast-twitch oxidative and glycolytic (FOG) and slow-twitch oxidative (SO) muscle fibers in both the longissimus and gluteus medius muscles. The diameter of the fast-twitch muscle fibers was larger in the callipyge group, but slow-twitch fibers were smaller than those of normal lambs. No differences were observed in the supraspinatus muscle of the normal and callipyge groups. Thus there is an indication of a differential effect of the callipyge gene among muscles of the callipyge lambs. The semitendinosis muscles of both the callipyge and normal groups were dissected from the carcasses. This muscle was larger (P < .01) and contained more protein in the callipyge lambs than in the normal lambs. However, the callipyge semitendinosis muscle did not have a significantly higher content of DNA than the normal lamb semitendinosis, suggesting that the muscle hypertrophy is not associated with an increase in muscle nuclei. The protein-to-DNA ratio was larger (P < .05) in the semitendinosis muscle of callipyge lambs than in the normal lambs. Protein-to-RNA and RNA-to-DNA ratios were similar; this suggests that the semitendinosis muscle was enlarged without increased translational or transcriptional activity. Samples from the callipyge longissimus and gluteus medius muscles had RNA, DNA, and protein ratios similar to those of the semitendinosis muscle, suggesting a similar mode of action for muscle enlargement in other muscles affected by this gene. Loin chops from the callipyge lambs had lower tenderness scores (P < .01) as measured by the Wamer-Bratzler shear force and myofibril fragmentation index (MFI). However, aging increased MFI scores and decreased shear scores (P < .0 l) of the callipyge lamb chops . The normal lamb chops also had decreased shear and increased MFI scores following the aging period. The loin chops from the callipyge lambs also tended to be less red (P < .1) than chops from normal animals as measured by Hunter 'L,' 'a,' and 'b' colorimeter scores.

In a series of indoor and outdoor experiments with young sheep, feed supplements having different protein content were investigated. The supplements were chosen as those likely to elicit different Protein:Energy (P/E) ratios in the nutrients absorbed by the animal. The objective was to identify and characterize those that would support faster growth rate, bigger and leaner carcass production for the meat market, in different seasons in Southern Victoria, Australia (35-37° South, 141-143° East). Throughout, the GrazFeed model provided a reference system chosen for prediction of performance, with which the results of grazing experiments could be compete. / Supplementary feeding experiments were undertaken in the field (Experiments 1 and 4) in seasonal periods in which the pasture base found to poorly support high growth rates of weaned lambs. These experiments were supported by nutritional studies in pens (Experiments 2, 3 and 5) and supplement effects were evaluated in terms not only of liveweight but carcase and meat characteristics. Supplements used were evaluated and selected for use in further experiments on the basis that they would provide additional metabolisable energy but also would differ in the amount and nature of the crude protein they supplied and thus deliver different balances of absorbed nutrients, in particularly different P:E ratios. / Fish meal, with a high content of rumen undegradable protein of high biological value was used in each of these experiments to provide a test of the hypothesis that slow ruminal degradation and additional protein digested in the small intestine can influence animal response. In Experiment 1 and the related pen Experiment 2, comparing a lower to a higher P (CP%):E(MJ/kg) ratio feeds (barley, 12:13 P:E ratio) to (fishmeal / lucerne meal, 1/2 w/w, 35:10 P:E ratio), barley resulted in higher fat and lower protein amounts deposited as carcass components (P<0.01). The animals consuming extra protein were larger, leaner and became more uniform as a flock in terms of the range in LW and fat content at slaughter than those provided with supplements that are classed as energy feeds. / In Experiment 3 a range of alternative protein rich feeds and composite supplements was assembled that are cheaper and more readily available than fishmeal, with the idea that different patterns of ruminal degradation, intra-ruminal N availability and amounts of RUP could be created that would be beneficial in terms of the overall animal response. The paths of rumen protein degradability was determined with nylon bag techniques, and this was used to select feeds for investigation in a field and indoor experiments, Experiments 4 and 5. / In Experiment 4, grazing animals supplemented with lupines; (P:E 32:12), fishmeal / wheat bran 1/2 w/w (P:E 35:12) and formaldehyde treatment protected sunflower meal / wheat bran 1/2 w/w (P:E 24:11) responded poorly to the supplements where quality and quantity of pasture was such that unsupplemented growth rates were predicted to be poor by the decision support model, GrazFeed. In this and the supporting pen Experiment 5, the liveweight gain, final weight and dressing percentage of all supplemented lambs were significantly better than those of control (grazing only) animals (P<0.05). High and low commencing LW animals responded to protein supplements differently when these were fed at 1% BW with ad libitum medium quality roughage diet in indoor conditions. The heavier subgroup of fish meal / wheat bran (P:E 35:12) animals were significantly fatter than the heavy subgroup of wheat bran (P:E 17:10) animals (P<0.001). Lighter subgroup of animals were leaner and became more uniform (less variable) in weight and composition as a flock. Both the heavy and the light liveweight subgroups of fish meal grew faster but were fatter at slaughter than any other sub-groups. Lightest lambs fed bran grew from 26 to 36 kg in 10 weeks and had the most suitable carcase with the lowest priced supplement tested in the experiment. / Though protein supplementation had a positive effect on lamb performance; the advantage of high RUP was not consistent or always statistically significant. Compared to the alternative protein rich feeds, fish meal showed no cost effective advantage. The consequence of this current or possible future market conditions for feeding strategies for high quality lamb production are considered.