Esta trabalho desenvolve um modelo para a análise do escoamento laminar e permanente de convecção natual em tubos verticais concêntricos, considerando-se propriedades variáveis do fluido. Serão consideradas relações de raios dos tubos, aguais a 1,5; 2,0 e 2,5. A condição de contorno para o problema térmico corresponde ao tubo interno com temperatura constante e o externo isolado. Os fluidos considerados correspondem à Números de Prandtl iguais a 0,7 e 2,5, sendo este último próprio para o confronto de resultados numéricos com experimentais obtidos através da Técnica de Sublimação de Naftaleno (Número de Schmidt igual a 2,5). As distribuições de velocidade e temperatura são obtidas através do Método de Diferenças Finitas, e apartir destas são calculados os coeficientes de transferência de interesse, representados pela vazão volumérica, fluxo de entalpia adimensionais bem como pelo Número de Nusselt.

O objetivo do presente trabalho é duplo: (i) estender o método de Keller para o cálculo da camada limite compressível bidimensional, laminar e turbulenta; (ii) obter valores numéricos para o fluxo de calor na parede de um tubo de choque, os quais tenham condições ótimas de comparação com os resultados experimentais. Inicialmente, apresentam-se as equações, o modelo de turbulência, o qual utiliza os conceitos de viscosidade e condutividade de vórtice, e o método numérico. Em seguida, o programa de cálculo é "calibrado" através da comparação com resultados clássicos da literatura. Finalmente, calcula-se o fluxo de calor na parede de um tudo de choque devido à passagem da onda de choque ao longo do tubo.

Trata-se da solução analítica, pela técnica de transformada integral finita, do problema de convecção forçada em regime laminar de fluidas Newtonianos imiscíveis, não estratificados, em dutos de geometria simples, tais como tubos e canais de placas planas paralelas. Efetua-se uma extensão do método de contagem de sinal (Sign-Count), para a solução do problema de Sturm-Liouville unidimensional associado a múltiplas regiões, considerando-se descontinuidades nas interfaces. Determina-se os perfis de velocidades e obtém-se expressões e resultados para fatores de atrito, potências de bombeamento e vazões para diversas condições de operação. Estuda-se a influência de espessura da camada do fluido próximo à parede nos coeficientes de transferência de calor em dois sistemas distintos a saber: sistema água-óleo, com aplicação no bombeamento de fluidos muito viscosos, e sistema querosene-água, com aplicação na proteção contra incrustações e corrosão em trocadores de calor. Obtém-se resultados gráficos e númericos para temperaturas médias, números de Nusselt e calor total transferido. Procura-se, portanto, estabelecer a influência da espessura do fluido mais externo no perfil de temperatura em desenvolvimento, e em grandezas relacionadas, em duas situações bastante distintas: na primeira o fluido de menor ciscosidade e de maior condutividade encontra-se em contato com a parede do duto; na segunda, o fluido que entra em contato tem menor condutividade e maior viscosidade.

Les interactions entre décharges Nanosecondes Répétitives Pulsées et des écoulements de gaz laminaires sont étudiées. L’influence d’écoulements d’air stationnaires et instationnaires sur les régimes de décharges NRP est étudiée et les résultats interprétés au moyen de nombres adimensionnels afin de mettre en évidence l’effet synergétique du nombre d’impulsions appliquées, ainsi que de la puissance des pulses, sur le régime de décharge NRP observé. Une étude de l’effet de flammes méthane-air laminaires prémélangées sur des décharges NRP est ensuite présentée. Dans les deux configurations expérimentales utilisées, un effet de la flamme sur les décharges NRP en régime couronne est démontré. De plus, l’influence du mélange de gaz entre les électrodes sur la forme des décharges plasma est démontrée. Enfin, l’effet de décharges NRP en régime couronne sur des flammes plates laminaires prémélangées est étudié. Les décharges NRP entraînent un déplacement de la flamme vers l’amont. Des simulations numériques de flammes axisymétriques sont ensuite réalisées.Cette étude met en évidence l’effet des décharges NRP sur une flamme et donne des indications sur le phénomène à l’origine de cet effet, à savoir l’augmentation de la vitesse de flamme laminaire par le biais de la génération de chaleur et d’ozone par les décharges plasma. De plus, l’étude démontre l’effet opposé de mélanges réactifs sur les décharges NRP. Les décharges NRP sont modifiées par le phénomène de convection du gaz entre les électrodes ainsi que par la constitution de ce gaz. / The interactions between Nanosecond Repetitively Pulsed plasma discharges and laminar reactive flows are investigated.The influence of steady and unsteady air flows on the regimes of NRP discharges is investigated. The results are interpreted with the use of characteristic dimensionless numbers; this analysis allows to highlight a synergetic effect between the high-voltage pulses as well as the power of the pulses on the NRP discharge regime observed. Then, an investigation of the effect of laminar premixed methane-air flames on NRP discharges is presented. An effect of the flame on the NRP corona discharges is displayed; this effect is a function of the proximity of the flame to the discharges. the influence of the inter-electrode gas mixture on the shape of the plasma discharges is also visually assessed. Finally, the effect of NRP corona discharges on laminar premixed flat flames is investigated. The NRP discharges induce a displacement of the flame in the upstream direction which is verified with numerical simulations.This study displays the effect of NRP discharges on a flame and gives insights as to the phenomenon underlying this effect. Moreover, the study highlights the opposite effect of reactive mixtures on the NRP discharges. The visual modification of the NRP discharges is a function of the transport of the inter-electrode flow and of the nature of the gas itself.

Thesis. 1975. Ph.D.--Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Dept. of Mechanical Engineering. / Vita. / Includes bibliographical references. / by Eugene C. Eckstein. / Ph.D.

This study reports a novel and simple technique for successfully coating multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) on to the surface of carbon fibre (CF) fabric for the production of multi-scale CF-epoxy composites. Initially, epoxy composites with multi-scale reinforcement were produced by resin infusion (RI) using woven CF fabric coated with a dispersion of 1 wt. % MWCNTs in an epoxy binder of low molar mass. The effects of this reinforcement on the CF-epoxy interface with MWCNTs was studied in mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (ILFT) using double-cantilever beam (DCB) and 4 point end-notch flexure (4ENF) tests, respectively. Relative to an equivalent composite reinforced with non-coated CF reinforcement, the binder/MWCNTs coating increased significantly the ILFT of the CF-epoxy composite; in mode I by 105% and in mode II by 50%. This increase in ILFT was attributed to two main effects: Firstly, the binder alone (without MWCNTs), which has a much lower glass transition temperature (Tg) than that the matrix (45 vs. 140 °C), hindered crack propagation and increased the ILFT of the epoxy matrix by 25% for mode I and 15% for mode II; Secondly, the energy absorbing mechanisms of MWCNTs during fracture particularly pull-out and crack bridging. However the Tg of the matrix epoxy of the multi-scale composites was reduced to 118 °C compared to 140 °C, for the unmodified composite, due to phase mixing with the low Tg binder. For RI processing, the CF volume fraction of the composites prepared using coated CF was ≈50% compare to at ≈55% for the composite with non-coated CF. Curing agents were added to the binder, which not only increased the Tg from ≈50 °C to ≈100 °C, but also increased the Tg of the matrix epoxy of the multi-scale composites to 154 °C. Relative to an equivalent composite reinforced with non-coated CF reinforcement, the curable-binder/MWCNTs coating increased the ILFT of the CF-epoxy composite; in mode I by 120% and in mode II by 90%. A hybrid RI-hot press (HP) process was used to prepare CF-epoxy composites from coated fabrics with CF volume fractions of ≈55%. The damping curves for the HP-composites consisted of a β-peak, due to the formation of a third mixed phase, in addition to a γ-peak (assigned to the Tg of the binder) and an α-peak (assigned to the Tg of matrix epoxy). The β-peak, and the uniformly distributed nodular particles observed on the fracture surface of the matrix, by SEM, for HP-composites, are indicative of the formation of mixed-phase particles due to reaction induced phase separation (RIPS). Relative to an equivalent RI-composite, the curable-binder/MWCNTs treatment increased the ILFT of the CF-epoxy multi-scale composite; in mode I by 134% and in mode II by 15% for HP-composites. Impact test results showed that HP-composites absorbed more energy, due to CF fracture, compared to equivalent RI composites, which showed larger delamination areas after 5 J and 10 J impact. The out-of-plane electrical conductivity and thermal conductivity of the HP-composite with CF coated with curable-binder/MWCNTs was increased by ≈38% and ≈50%, respectively, compared to the composite with non-coated CF, indicating formation of MWCNTs networks in the matrix rich areas of the multi-scale composite.

Xi Hengdong = 關於熱羽流和Rayleigh-Bénard對流中大尺度環流形成的實驗研究 / 郗恒東. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 71-75). / Text in English; abstracts in English and Chinese. / Xi Hengdong = Guan yu re yu liu he Rayleigh-Bénard dui liu zhong da chi du huan liu xing cheng de shi yan yan jiu / Xi Hengdong. / Table of Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.xi / List of Tables --- p.xii / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Rayleigh-Benard System --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.1 --- Physical Picture --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1.2 --- Characteristic Parameters --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Plume and Large Scale Circulation --- p.4 / Chapter 2 --- Experimental Setup and Techniques --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1 --- Apparatus --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Convection Cell --- p.8 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Other Apparatus --- p.12 / Chapter 2.2 --- Visualization --- p.14 / Chapter 2.3 --- PIV technique --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Image Capture System --- p.20 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Image Analysis system --- p.26 / Chapter 3 --- Properties of Laminar Plume --- p.30 / Chapter 3.1 --- Shadowgraph and Temperature measurement --- p.30 / Chapter 3.2 --- Velocity Measurement --- p.35 / Chapter 4 --- Onset of Large-scale circulation in turbulent thermal convec- tion --- p.48 / Chapter 5 --- Convection in Rectangular cell --- p.60 / Chapter 6 --- Conclusion --- p.69 / Chapter 6.1 --- Conclusion --- p.69 / Chapter 6.2 --- Perspective for further investigation --- p.71 / Bibliography --- p.72

La cavitation hydrodynamique, et plus particulièrement la cavitation à poche attachée, peut apparaitre et se développer dans des écoulements turbulents complexes à l’intérieur de décollements de la couche limite laminaire. Ce phénomène s’avère être également sensible aux autres gaz présents dans l’écoulement comme l’air. Pour mieux comprendre l’attachement de poches de cavitation dans des décollements laminaires et l’influence de l’air sur celles-ci, nous proposons d’étudier des écoulements laminaires décollés d’huiles silicones visqueuses, contenant une grande quantité d’air, autour d’une géométrie Venturi lisse. Dans notre étude nous observons l’apparition de plusieurs types de poches, d’air ou de vapeur, qui peuvent s’attacher dans différents décollements de l’écoulement laminaire. Le dégazage joue alors un rôle important à hautes pressions, générant des poches d’air attachées présentant des dynamiques particulièrement intéressantes.À très basses pressions, des poches de cavitations peuvent s’attacher provoquantselon la stabilité de l’écoulement une transition à un régime transitionnel laminaire/turbulent dans leurs sillage. Cette même transition peut également apparaitre de façon intermittente à plus hautes pressions dans le sillage d’une bulle d’air recirculante, caractéristique du dégazage dans les écoulement laminaires décollés. Le régime transitionnel laminaire/turbulent, beaucoup moins sensible au dégazage, est caractérisé par de la cavitation de tourbillons, générés à hautes fréquences, dans le sillage d’un bulbe de décollement laminaire “court” le long de la pente du Venturi. Le bulbe se développe jusqu’à transitionner brutalement en bulbe “long” pour une taille de poche assez élevée, on peut associer ce phénomène à la supercavitation. / Hydrodynamic cavitation, more specifically attached cavitation, can emerge et develop in complex turbulent flows within laminar boundary layer separations. This phenomenon might be extremely sensitive to the gaz content in the flow. For an easier understanding of the attachment of cavities into laminar separated flows within the influence of air content, we propose to focus our study on viscous silicon oil laminar separated flows, presenting high gas content, within a smooth Venturi geometry. In this study, the inception of several types of attached cavities, filled with air or oil vapor, can be observed into different laminar flow separations. For high pressures, the degassing phenomenon is dominant in the flow, generating attached cavities filled with air presenting interesting dynamics. For low pressures, attach vapor cavities can emerge inducing, if the flow is unstable, the transition to laminar/turbulent transitioning regime in their wake. This transition can also occurs intermittently at higher pressures in the wake of a recirculating air bubble, characteristic to degassing into laminar separated flows. The laminar/turbulent transitioning regime, less sensitive to degassing, is characterized by vortex cavitation, occurring at high frequencies, at the rear of a “short” laminar separation bubble along the divergent Venturi slope. The “short” laminar separation bubble grows until transitioning to a “long” bubble within an large attached cavity. This transition can be associate to thesupercavitation phenomenon.

The last key to implementing laminar flow control on swept-wings is controlling the crossflow instability. One promising technology is spanwise-periodic discrete roughness elements (DREs). Previous work has shown success with applique DREs and extending the region of laminar flow. This work seeks to extend the DRE technology to include dielectric barrier discharge plasma actuators as well as recreate past experiments with applique DREs. One major need in implementing DREs and controlling crossflow is attaining an accurate measurement of the freestream atmospheric turbulence intensities. Knowing the atmospheric turbulence intensity will allow for comparing wind tunnel experiments to the flight environment and help produce better wind tunnel experiments by allowing them to better match the flight environment. Also, knowledge of the turbulence intensity at the specific instance of an experimental data point will allow for determining if differences in experimental results are the result of a difference in turbulence intensity. It has been determined through this work that the levels of freestream turbulence range from 0.023% - 0.047% with an average of 0.035%. These levels were reached through the use of temporal correlations to remove electronic noise as well as acoustic sound from the hotwire measurements and hence are lower than previously calculated.

Mechanical forces are important regulators of cell function in many tissues including, for example, bone and components of the cardiovascular system. The endothelial lining of blood vessels has been shown to respond in an atheroprotective manner to unidirectional, laminar flow-induced shear stress and in an atherogenic manner to oscillating and low levels of shear. We have developed a cone and plate shear apparatus to simulate fluid shear stress on endothelial cells in vitro. The significant feature of this apparatus is that, unlike other in vitro flow systems, it accurately produces varying levels of shear stress, consistent with those created in vivo during the cardiac cycle. Flow characteristics of this system were verified by computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and laser Doppler velocimetry (LDV). Cellular responses were monitored by cell morphology and protein expression. These responses are consistent with in vivo responses as well as previous work using other in vitro flow systems.