Thesis (M.M. (Public Policy))--University of the Witwatersrand, Faculty of Commerce, Law and Management, School of Governance, 2016. / The study focuses on the lived experiences of indigenous and traditional community of Phokeng in the process of urbanising. It is a community affected by unclarified policies and documents to secure their tenure. Phokeng community in Rustenburg is approximately 200 km to the west of Johannesburg. The research revealed that the rural and marginalised of Phokeng is now becoming urbanised and that there is inadequacy of legislation or policy to guarantee security of tenure in an area a under traditional authority. The community has historically depended on oral information and storytelling. A total of thirty informants were surveyed in the community. The study elicited information on informant’s understanding of security of tenure, the role they played to secure tenure to their land. It also probed, their awareness of developmental policies affecting their activities and expectations. The study revealed that people did not have title to the land they occupied but were very content that they were safe from evictions because the traditional leader and his traditional authority provided the guarantee. There is need for further research on why people in traditional authority areas that are in the process of urbanising would be content to live on land on which they do not have registered tenure rights.

The issue of social development for farm workers has always been a contentious one, primarily due to a history of development being one of repression and exploitation. Decades of exploitative control have left a social situation characterised by poverty and extreme inequality of power, between farmer and worker, black and white people, and between men and women. The legacy of this brutal past is not only to be found in the conditions under which farm workers now live, but rather the psychological and institutional barriers preventing their achievement of a better life though effectively utilising the opportunities available to them. Poverty and marginalisation is a formidable barrier to overcome in this environment. In becomes clear that any development programme aimed at providing farm workers with support in their struggle for a better life - the essence of “development” - will of necessity need to address these factors. The complexity of the farm situation, with its myriad of historical, social and economic problems, requires an innovative approach which represents a combination of, and compromise between, the priorities for farmers and those of workers, and mechanisms which promote broad based minimum standards as well as innovation and leverage for longer term benefit. The Land and Agricultural Bank of South Africa has initiated a number of products and programmes to promote development and land reform for farm workers. The intention of these is to stimulate farm based development through leveraging the various governmental development programmes and the commitment of landowners. In particular, Land Bank is to introduce a Social Discount Product to provide incentives for the Bank’s clients to implement development projects on their farms. This article explores some of the issues Land Bank has experienced in developing its products to promote farm based development, and specifically the Social Discount Product. It examines in "brief the current development context for farm workers, and in particular their conditions of life and work. It also reviews some of the current mitiatives to promote farm-based development by a variety of actors, governmental, private sector, and civil society. An outline of the Land Bank’s Social Discount Product and other programmes is then presented. Finally, issues and challenges are identified which are critical to the success of development and land reform for farm workers. The article contends that land reform for farm workers cannot be viewed separately from the broader process of development on farms. The reason for this is partly that land reform, or redistribution, will only affect a minimal number of farm workers, while the majority still seek improvement in their life conditions and opportunities. For this reason, it is important to identify the challenges to development on farms, and the spectrum of measures and interventions necessary for promoting overall development. / Paper presented at the SARPN conference on Land Reform and Poverty Alleviation in Southern Africa Pretoria

No abstract available. / Thesis (M.T.R.P.)-University of KwaZulu-Natal, 2006.

The poverty issues in South Africa is reaching unbearable levels. The land reform policy in place from 1994, which offered fair compensation for the land to be redistributed, had shown little results in dealing with the issue of poverty. In 2018 it was proposed that no compensation should be considered an option which eventually leads to the proposed bill to amend article 25 on property rights. The proposal saw a lot of outrage. This theory consuming study aims to give more context to the inclusivity of the proposal and how it contrasts to the original Article 25. By using inclusive institutions theory as a foundation, the study found that both the constitution under Article 25 and the proposed amendment can be explained and reasoned with inclusive institutions theory, but that the context of South Africa’s demographic and economic inequalities changes the justification for how radical the land reform should be according to the theory.

This study explores the government's current land refonn programme in the light of nation building. It is hypothesised that though the government means well by its introduction of the programme, the current land refonn policy will negatively affect race relations. This is due to the fact that the introduction of this policy has exacerbated white fears of dispossession and raised black expectations of redress. Therefore, the success of this policy will exacerbate white dissatisfaction, and the failure of the policy will frustrate black expectations. Nevertheless, it is argued that this is only prevalent in the short run where as in the long run nation building could be achieved through this programme. / Thesis (M.Soc.Sci.)-University of Natal, Pietermaritzburg, 2002.

Thesis (MAgricAdmin)--Stellenbosch University, 2005. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: South Africa is experiencing major political, economic and social changes and in its policy orientation towards the event of globalisation. These changes are intended for the empowerment of those previously disadvantaged and for the levelling of the playing field for future equality of opportunities. In empowering these individuals it is recognised that agriculture is one of the important sectors that would serve as a vehicle for the development of the country. It is the main source of economic growth and the bedrock of economic development. Agriculture depends strongly on land, which is also an asset that can be used to generate income. For this reason land reform in the form of grants is one of the important tools employed in South Africa to redistribute land to the disadvantaged in order to enable them to improve their income and also to develop rural areas. As this programme is based on a market-assisted approach, its success depends on land markets that function well and are stable enough to carry it. The objective of this study was to determine the state of land redistribution and to analyse the land market in the Boland region of the Western Cape province. The effectiveness of land redistribution was analysed with regard to the number of transactions that took place in the years 1998, 1999 and 2000 in terms of citizenship, race, mode of land acquisition amongst the disadvantaged (government grants, private acquisitions and inheritances), quantity and quality factors. The findings were discussed in terms of their implications for the success of the programme and their influence of the land market. Finally recommendations were made for potential improvements as well as for further research. It was found that land redistribution by means of government grants was rather slow and most of the transactions took place through private purchases, mostly through mortgage loans provided by the Land Bank of South Africa. Although private transactions redistributed more wealth measured in terms of size pf land, the accompanying land was less superior using price per hectare as a proxy for quality compared to land purchased with the assistance of the government. Transactions for the latter were mainly through joint ventures with current owners. The study also revealed that the land market in the Boland is one of the major obstacles to the speedy transfer of land not because of the foreign investment, but due to the nature of the sectors. The two main agricultural sectors are viticulture and deciduous fruit which have experience high growth in income and export. The analysis conducted established that there was no significant difference between properties bought by foreigners, white and Black South Africans. Future trends in land prices could not be predicted but it is expected that agricultural land prices will be well above the capitalisation value of future profits arising from the level of foreign investment as well as economic gain. Based on the finding the areas to be emphasised by the land reform programme in this region are joint venturing and the promotion of subsidies on mortgage loans as well as extending the government's role in the land market. Increased government spending and involvement of the private sector, including financial institutions and established commercial farmers, are some of the things to be encouraged to facilitate the process and ultimately to overcome poverty. The sole reliance on the current regional land market seems incapable of effectively and speedily redistributing land to beneficiaries, whereby equality can be achieved in the long run. However, if all the shortcomings of the land market are recognised and a new policy is adopted, land reform in the Boland and in South Africa will in the future be more likely to promote increased access to land, resulting in higher productivity, growth and a globally competitive agriculture. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Suid-Afrika ondervind tans grootskaalse politieke, ekonomiese en sosiale veranderinge en so ook in beleidsoriëntering na aanleiding van globalisasie. Hierdie veranderinge het ten doel om voorheen benadeeldes te bemagtig en om die speelveld gelyk te maak met betrekking tot toekomstige geleenthede. Tydens die bemagtiging van hierdie individue word landbou erken as een van die belangrikste sektore wat kan dien as 'n voertuig vir die ontwikkeling van die land. Landbou is die hoofbron van ekonomiese groei en die hoeksteen van ekonomiese ontwikkeling. Alhoewel landbou grootliks afhanklik is van grond, is grond 'n bate wat gebruik kan word om inkomste te genereer. Om hierdie rede is grondhervorming in die vorm van 'n toekenning of subsidie een van die belangrikste meganismes wat in Suid Afrika gebruik word om grond aan die voorheen benadeeldes te herverdeel. Die doel van grondhervorming is om die voorheen benadeeldes in staat te stelom hul inkomste te verbeter en ook om landelike gebiede te ontwikkel. Hierdie program is gebaseer op 'n markondersteunde benadering en daarom hang die sukses af van die grondmark wat goed funksioneer en stabiel is. Die doelwit van hierdie studie was om die stand van grondhervorming te bepaal en om die grondmark in die Boland-streek van Wes-Kaapse provinsie te ontleed. Die effektiwiteit van grondherverdeling is ontleed met betrekking tot die getal transaksies wat plaasgevind het in die jare 1998, 1999 en 2000 in terme van burgerskap, ras, metode van grond aanskaffing tussen die minder bevoorregte (staatstoekennings, private aanskaffing en erflatings), hoeveelheid en kwaliteit. Die bevindings is bespreek in terme van hul implikasies vir die sukses van die program en hul invloed op die grondmark. Finale aanbevelings is gemaak vir potensiële verbeterings sowel as vir verdere navorsing. Daar is bevind dat grondherverdeling by wyse van staatstoekennings baie stadig was en meeste van die transaksies was deur private aankope, meestal deur verbandlenings verskaf deur die Landbank. Alhoewel privaat grondverkope grootliks rykdom herverdeel, is die waarde in terme van prys per hektaar minder in vergelyking met die waarde van grond aangekoop met die hulp van die staat. Wingerbou- en tuinbouprodukte het die hoogste groei in inkomste en uitvoer ondervind. Dit word egter verwag dat grondpryse ver bo die kapitalisasiewaarde van toekomstige winste sal styg voortspruitend uit onder andere die vlak van buitelandse investerings. Die areas wat beklemtoon moet word deur die grondhervormingsprogram in die streek, is gesamentlike ondernemings en die bevordering van subsidies op verbandlenings. Verhoogde staatsbesteding en betrokkenheid van die private sektor, insluitende finansiële instellings en gevestigde kommersiële boere, moet aangemoedig word om die proses te fasiliteer en om uiteindelik armoede te oorkom. Die huidige streeks-grondmark blyk onbevoeg te wees om herverdeling van grond aan begunstigdes effektief en spoedig op die lange duur te laat geskied. Indien die tekortkominge van die grondmark erken word en 'n nuwe beleid aanvaar word, sal grondhervorming in die Boland en in Suid-Afrika in die toekoms meer geneig wees om toegang tot grond te bevorder. Dit sal aanleiding gee tot hoër produktiwiteit, groei en 'n globaal mededingende landbou.

This thesis analyses the dynamics, complexities and numerous obstacles that serve to constrain rural development within the ‡Khomani Community of the Northern Cape Province, South Africa. Following the end of Apartheid, given the disparity in wealth evident among the country’s population, in 1994, the South African Government embarked on a process to address inequality. In regard to the rural poor, who constitute the majority of the country’s poor, the Government envisioned that a more equitable distribution of land would result in economic development and poverty alleviation for land reform beneficiaries. Consequently, a Land Reform Policy was introduced, which was used by the ‡Khomani Bushmen to reclaim ancestral land in South Africa’s rural Northern Cape in 1999. More than ten years on, however, the living conditions of the ‡Khomani have not improved, and the Community continues to live in poverty. Despite the award of land and financial input from government and development agencies, the ‡Khomani have no basic services and are unable to significantly diversify or increase livelihood strategies. Multiple factors including a lack of Community cohesion and capacity, limited opportunities due to remote rural location, and the inability of government and development actors to successfully apply effective interventions, serve to constrain development, and maintain ‡Khomani disempowerment. The thesis argues that governments, development institutions and actors must recognise the need for a multidimensional approach to development to alleviate poverty, while recognising the limits of external actors and the role of communities in this regard. Essentially, sustainable rural development will only ensue when communities are able to make effective decisions based on meaningful choices.

This paper is submitted in partial fulfilment of the requirements for a Master‟s Degree in the Department of Public and Development Management March 2015 / This research presents an assessment of the socio-economic impact of land restitution on people‟s livelihoods with specific reference to the Ehlanzeni District. South Africa`s constitution since the advent of democracy, accompanied by the adoption of its post-apartheid legislative framework, provides for restitution of the land as a way of correcting historical imbalances. More specifically, section 25(7) of the South African constitution provides the opportunity for people who were dispossessed of their land after the 19th June 1913 to have their land rights restored by means of restitution. South Africa‟s land restitution process is predicated on restorative forms of historical redress, which is counter to retributive forms of historical redress. The lodging of land claims requires historical evidence of dispossession, and in most rural cases claims are lodged collectively by communities rather than individual citizens. This may be problematic due to social differentiation that may have been caused by years of societal breakdown. Land dispossession was one of the most important determinants of the social and economic configurations in South Africa; therefore land restitution constitutes a central aspect of correcting historical injustice and a clear understanding of the restitution processes is necessary in order to understand the impact of restitution programmes. This study adopted qualitative research methods since the issues to be researched are people‟s experiences, which are dynamic and complex phenomena. An assessment of the claims was done; semi-structured interviews were conducted with the purpose of assessing the implications of the restitution, including interviewing the farming community to understand their experiences after restitution had taken place and their perception of the impact of restitution projects on their livelihoods. ii The interviews revealed a great deal of improvement in the ownership, greater access to infrastructure and to an extent, the ability of the beneficiaries to run farms. However, even when participants expressed their commitment and satisfaction, the socio-economic impact on their livelihoods are limited. The study recommends an in depth interrogation of the small-scale farming model and particular emphasis placed on monitoring of projects.

Thesis (MPA.) -- University of Limpopo, 2007 / Refer to the document

Thesis (M. Dev.) --University of Limpopo, 2011 / This study was conducted in Limpopo province in Makhado municipality, Vhembe district. It concentrated on Levubu farms. There are seven Communal Property Associations (CPAs) which occupy about 258.7889 hectares of land; there are Ravele, Masakona, Tshakhuma, Shigalo, Tshivhazwaulu, Tshitwani, Ratombo but this study will concentrate only on Shigalo CPA. Two hundred and seventy respondents in Shigalo land restitution project in Makhado municipality were interviewed on sustainability of the restitution projects. It is argued that for a sustainability of restitution project, a number of requirements must be met. These include a clear and coherent vision, full participation and ownership by the beneficiaries of the project; political support at the highest level; appropriate mechanisms for implementation; sufficient funding; mutually- supportive linkages with other relevant areas of policy, Non-Governmental Organisations (NGOs) and the intended beneficiaries as well as taking care of the environment for the future generation. The case study was conducted to investigate the sustainability of restitution project in Shigalo restitution community. The results obtained in this study show that Shigalo beneficiaries have ownership and full participation in the land restitution farms. It also pointed out that Shigalo beneficiaries were capacitated to increase the level of farm production and farm management skills, and they were assisted by strategic partnership. With reference to environmental conditions, the results show that the sustainability of agricultural project is also controlled by good agricultural practices that are environmental friendly. There were environmental constrains that affected farming in Shigalo projects such as drought, veld fire and frost. Shigalo restitution farms get advice on environmental problems from the Department of Agriculture. Industrial, financial and technical support will play a vital role in sustaining restitution projects.