Temos aktualumas. Šalies žemės išteklių naudojimo administravimas pagrįstas teisės aktais, reglamentuojančiais strateginį planavimą ir ūkio plėtrą. Šių teisės aktų įgyvendinimas gali būti reguliuojamas vadovaujantis teritorijų planavimo dokumentais, planuojant šalies žemės fondo naudojimą kaimo vietovėse socialinėje, aplinkos apsaugos, žemės ūkio ir kaimo plėtros bei miškų ūkio plėtros srityje. Magistro baigiamojo darbo tikslas: ištirti Lietuvos žemės išteklių naudojimo tendencijas. Darbui keliami uždaviniai: 1. Išanalizuoti su žemės naudojimu susijusių strateginius ir programinius dokumentus ir žemės naudojimo valstybinio reguliavimo kaimo vietovėje nuostatas. 2. Atlikti Lietuvos Respublikos žemės išteklių naudojimo tendencijų analizę. 3. Išanalizuoti socialinius – ekonominius veiksnius, turinčius įtakos žemės naudojimui. 4. Pateikti preliminarią žemės naudojimo perspektyvos prognozę. Vykdant nustatytus uždavinius ir siekiant patvirtinti ar atmesti hipotezę, atliktas tyrimas – Žemės išteklių naudojimo planavimo strateginiuose ir programiniuose dokumentuose teisinio reglamentavimo analizė bei Lietuvos Respublikos valstybinio žemės fondo statistinė analizė. / The novelty of the theme. The administration of the use of the land resources in based on the regulations of law , which perform the regulations of law, which perform the regulation of strategic planning and expansion of economics. It’s significant to be taken into consideration the factor, that the fulfillments of these regulations of law can be performed under the regulations, based on the documents of the planning of territories in order the plans of the use of the land resources in rural areas to be carried out in an appropriate way in social sphere and in the sphere of the security of environment, in the development of agricultural activities, also the expanding of forests and economical development of villages. The aim of this final master academic work: to examine the tendencies of the use of the land resources of the Lithuania Republic. In order this aim to be achieved, the following tasks are to be ascertained: 1. To analyze the programmical and strategic documents which are connected with the use of the land resources and also to examine the provisions of the management of the government of the use of the land resources in rural areas. 2. To perform the analysis of the tendencies of the use of the land resources of the Lithuanian Republic. 3. To analyze social – economic factors, which make a considerable influence on the use of the land resources. 4. To ascertain the preliminary forecast of the perspectives of the use of the land resources. This research, titled... [to full text]

La montée en puissance des problématiques liées au développement immobilier des stations occupe une place croissante dans les débats publics. D'un côté, face à l'incapacité d'identifier des leviers efficaces en matière de réhabilitation, les associations d'élus et d'opérateurs de domaines skiables ne cessent de souligner l'impérieuse nécessité de poursuivre le développement immobilier, clef de voûte du maintien d'une activité économique indispensable à la survie des territoires de montagne. De l'autre, des associations environnementalistes et d'usagers de la montagne militent contre le phénomène d'intensification de l'urbanisation des sites de montagne. Face à ce dilemme, et dans un contexte où le législateur s'efforce à occuper une position de plus en plus affirmée en tant que garant de la limitation de l'extension des surfaces urbanisées, la question immobilière dans les stations de montagne revêt donc un intérêt particulier que cette thèse de doctorat propose d'approfondir. En postulant que l'immobilier constitue un marqueur particulièrement adapté pour appréhender les trajectoires de développement des stations touristiques, notre recherche vise à répondre à un double objectif : qualifier les cycles et les formes de développement des stations d'une part, mieux comprendre les facteurs à l'origine de ces évolutions d'autre part. Dans le contexte très spécifique des stations françaises de sports d'hiver marquées à des degrés divers par le poids de l'intervention publique, la question de l'impact du modèle de développement initial sur la nature de leurs trajectoires constitue un enjeu essentiel de cette démarche. Du fait de la diversité et de l'étendue des facteurs en cause, aborder le champ de la production immobilière dans le contexte touristique implique une grande transversalité des approches – mêlant analyses économiques, urbaines et politiques – articulées à différentes échelles, entre logiques globales de marché et régulation locale de l'aménagement touristique. L'originalité de notre recherche tient dans le caractère transversal, pluridisciplinaire et focalisant de la démarche visant à déconstruire progressivement l'enjeu immobilier en stations. En adoptant une posture volontairement distanciée vis-à-vis du discours opérationnel tel qu'il est formalisé sur la scène politique et médiatique, ce travail s'efforce de s'affranchir de la traditionnelle opposition entre injonction du développement économique et préservation des milieux naturels pour se focaliser davantage sur les fondamentaux de la « décision de construire » souvent qualifiée de « boite noire » de l'aménagement urbain. Quels sont les principaux mécanismes à l'origine de la croissance immobilière des stations ? Comment ont-ils évolué depuis leur implantation ? Certaines stations sont-elles davantage prédisposées à la croissance ? Comment s'opèrent les mécanismes de régulation publique autour de l'urbanisation ? Autant de questionnements que ce travail de recherche tentera d'éclairer dans la perspective plus globale de nourrir la connaissance sur les ressorts de la production immobilière spécifiques au contexte touristique. / The growing concern with issues relating to real estate development in mountain resorts is reflected in their increasing importance in public debate. On the one hand, associations of elected representatives and ski area operators, unable to identify effective levers to ensure resort rehabilitation, have continued to stress the overriding need to pursue real estate development as a cornerstone for maintaining a level of economic activity indispensable to the survival of mountain areas. On the other hand, environmental groups and associations of mountain users have been ardent campaigners against the increasing urbanisation of mountain areas. Given this dilemma, and in a context where legislators wish to be seen to be increasingly assertive in limiting the spread of urbanisation, the question of real estate development in mountain resorts has taken on an increasingly important role, a role that this doctoral thesis seeks to examine in greater depth. Starting from the premise that real estate is a particularly suitable yardstick for understanding the development paths taken by tourist resorts, our research has a two-fold objective: first to identify and describe the different cycles and types of resort development, second to better understand the factors underlying the changes taking place. In the very specific context of French winter sports resorts, the development of which has been characterised by varying levels of public intervention, the question of the impact of the initial development model on the nature of resort development is a key consideration in our approach. Given the diversity and far-reaching effects of the factors in question, an investigation of real estate production in the context of tourism development calls for a cross-disciplinary approach – involving economic, urban and political analyses – conducted at different scales, reconciling global market principles and regulations governing tourism development at the local level. The originality of our research lies in its cross-cutting, multidisciplinary focus on progressively deconstructing the real estate issue in resorts. By adopting a stance that is deliberately distanced from the operational rhetoric so often used by politicians and the media, our study endeavours to break free from the traditional dichotomy that opposes the need for economic development and the preservation of the natural environment. Instead it focuses more on the fundamentals of the “decision to build”, often referred to as the “black box” of urban development. What are the main mechanisms underlying real estate growth in tourist resorts? How have they evolved since they were first introduced? Are some resorts more disposed to growth than others? How do public regulation mechanisms operate with respect to urbanisation? Our research will attempt to answer these questions from an overall perspective that focuses on gaining insights into the workings of real estate construction in the context of tourism.

為增加國有土地供給，眾所周知，政府將提供國有土地使用權，但事實上，一般人很難取得此一種利，因為國有地使用權已因缺乏土地市場觀念和現行運作失靈的制度而僵化，導致國有地資源被占用和破壞情形嚴重，顯示國有土地供給和有效利用之困境問題。 本文依據國有地特性和“所有權與使用權分離”理論，探尋一個新的財產權－「一元化使用權，以為解決此一問題之法，依此新制，讓使用權人--公部門或私部門於繳納合理費用後，均能於較長期間內使用、收益、抵押、出租和轉讓使用權，達成國有地資源永續利用之目的。 / In order to Increase the national land supply，as we know，the goverflthent will provide national land nith its use right， But， in fact， national land use right is not easy toobtain by the general public，due to the lack of land marketing concept and the failure of system operation， its exertion become so rigid. This Is the reason that national land resources was occupied 1llegally and destroyed seriously in Taiwan．It reveals that the national land supply and its efficient utilization encounter somewhat dilemma. Accoroing to characteristics of national and the theory of detaching ownership from use right. We should search for a new property right“an unified land use right”to soive its problems.Under this new system，the user，either private sector or public sector, after paying a reasonable fee or rent，can obtain the use right of the national land to use, income, to mortgage, to lease, and to transfer in a longer duration, so that the land use in sustainable stat.

In parallel with land devolution, the Government of Vietnam has launched reforestation programs aiming to increase the forest cover of the country and to improve the living of local population. In this context, conflicts between the state and local people over land and forest have been entailed or even intensified. To be successful, restoration must „fit‟ with ongoing local patterns of land and forest use. In the uplands of Vietnam, it is recognised that understanding of the current land and forest use by ethnic minority groups is crucial for objective oriented development of land and forest management. However, such understanding is lacking to a wide extent. This research looks into the current land and forest use by the Hmong people and tries to elaborate scenario for harmonising the governmental reforestation program with local patterns of land and forest use. The conceptual framework of the research is adapted from the Human Ecosystem Model (Machlis et al., 1997). For this study, both case study and survey are conducted. Three Hmong villages considered as three cases are selected based on predetermined criteria. In each of the selected villages, a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including Rapid Rural Appraisal, Land Use Inventory, Forest Inventory and Household Survey, is employed to capture the required data sets. The study results show the current patterns of land and forest use by the Hmong people in their village territories for their subsistence. Land use is virtually shaped by the physical attributes of the land and closely related to elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as population, production tools, cropping seasons, wealth and knowledge. There are also close links between tree/forest use and the elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as extraction tools, belief in Gods, extracting seasons, gender and local knowledge. Furthermore, following cultural traditions, the uses of forests customarily claimed either by individual households or by individual clans or by the village as a whole are strictly regulated by the system of customary tenure, customary and locally developed rules, and traditional and village institutions rather than the system of formal tenure, rules and institutions. However, the informal system has not been officially recognised by the state yet. The governmental reforestation project has been followed top-down approach, not taking into account the local reality. The project has brought about no tangible benefits to the villagers in terms of cash, forest products and others. Instead, conflicts between the state institutions and the villagers over land and forest have arisen. Lack of the villagers‟ participation in planning and decision-making concerning the project is the main reason explaining the conflict situations. It is posited that participatory planning of the project at village level can help to harmonise the project with local pattern of land and forest use. The human ecosystem model serves to integrate data related to concerned variables, and has been used as the basis for the elaboration of the harmonising scenario. Besides the involvement of the state/state institutions and the villagers/village institutions, involvement of a mediator as a third party seems to be helpful to harmonise the contrary positions of the two principle parties with regard to the use and management of land and forest resources. / Im Zuge der Dezentralisierung für den Bereich der Landnutzung hat die Regierung Vietnams Programme zur Wiederaufforstung initiiert, die auf Erweiterung der Waldbedeckung und Verbesserung des Lebens lokaler dörflicher Bevölkerung abzielen. In diesem Zusammenhang traten jedoch Konflikte zwischen Staat und lokaler Bevölkerung zu Tage oder bestehende Konfliktsituationen haben sich verstärkt. Programme der Wiederbegründung von Wald können nur erfolgreich sein, wenn sie mit aktuellen lokalen Mustern der Land- und Waldnutzung abgestimmt sind. In den Berggebieten Vietnams ist das Verständnis der Land- und Waldnutzung durch ethnische Minderheiten von zentraler Bedeutung für die zielorientierte Entwicklung der Bewirtschaftung von Land und Wald. Bisher fehlt das entsprechende Verständnis weitgehend. Vorliegende Forschung erkundet die derzeitige Land- und Waldnutzung der ethnischen Gruppe der Hmong. Ein Szenario zur Harmonisierung des staatlichen Aufforstungsprogramms mit lokaler Land- und Waldnutzung wird erarbeitet. Das konzeptionelle Vorgehen folgt dem Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) nach Machlis et al. (1997). Die Forschung umfasst Fallstudie und Survey. Drei Hmong-Dörfer repräsentieren drei Fallstudien, die auf der Grundlage vorbestimmter Kriterien ausgewählt wurden. In jedem der Dörfer wurden die erforderlichen Datensätze durch ein Mix von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden wie Rapid Rural Appraisal, Landnutzungsinventur, Waldinventur und Befragung der Haushalte erhoben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen die derzeitigen Muster von Land- und Waldnutzung der Hmong in den Territorien ihrer Dörfer mit Orientierung auf Sicherung des Lebens. Die Landnutzung ist wesentlich bestimmt durch die natürlichen Eigenschaften des Landes und eng gebunden an Elemente der „kritischen Ressourcen“ und des „sozialen Systems“ auf Dorfebene wie Demografie, Geräte der Produktion, Wachstumsperioden, Wohlstand und Wissen. Gleiches gilt für die Waldnutzung mit dem Beziehungsgefüge zwischen Nutzung und Elementen der „kritischen Ressourcen“ sowie des „sozialen Systems“ im Dorf wie Gerät für die Ernte, Glaube an Gottheiten, Erntezeiträume, Geschlechter und lokales Wissen. Im Weiteren erfolgt die Waldnutzung vor allem auf traditioneller Grundlage durch Haushalte, Clans oder Dorfgemeinschaften entsprechend strikter Regelung im Rahmen des Gewohnheitsrechts, des traditionellen Besitzes, traditioneller und lokal entwickelter Regeln, traditioneller und anderer dörflicher Institutionen im Vergleich zu formalem Besitz, formalen Regeln und Institutionen. Allerdings ist das informelle System staatlich bis jetzt nicht anerkannt. Das staatliche Wiederaufforstungsprojekt folgt dem typischen top-down Verfahren ohne Beachtung der lokalen Realität. Das Projekt erbrachte keine nennneswerten Vorteile für die Dorfbewohner in Form von Geld, Waldprodukten o. a. Im Gegenteil, es haben sich Konflikte zwischen den staatlichen Institutionen und den Dorfbewohnern um Land und Wald ergeben. Fehlende lokale Beteiligung an Projektplanung und Entscheidungsfindung erklären die Konfliktsituation. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass partizipative Planung auf Dorfebene helfen kann, das Projekt mit den lokalen Bedingungen von Land- und Waldnutzung zu harmonisieren. Das Human Ecosystem Model diente dazu, relevante Variable zu integrieren und wurde als Grundlage für die Erarbeitung des Szenarios zur Harmonisierung genutzt. Neben dem Staat und den Dörfern wird die Beteiligung eines Mediatoren als dritter Partei für die Harmoniserung der gegensätzlichen Positionen der zwei wichtigen Interessengruppen zu Nutzung und Management von Land- und Waldressourcen als nützlich erachtet.

From the Proceedings of the 1974 Meetings of the Arizona Section - American Water Resources Assn. and the Hydrology Section - Arizona Academy of Science - April 19-20, 1974, Flagstaff, Arizona / The paper presents a stochastic model for the prediction of sediment yield in a semi -arid watershed based on rainfall data and watershed characteristics. Uncertainty stems from each of the random variables used in the model, namely, rainfall amount, storm duration, runoff, and peak flow. Soil Conservation Service formulas are used to compute the runoff and peak flow components of the Universal Soil Loss Equation. A transformation of random variables is used to obtain the distribution function of sediment yield from the joint distribution of rainfall amount and storm duration. The model has applications in the planning of reservoirs and dams where the effective lifetime of the facility may be evaluated in terms of storage capacity as well as the effects of land management on the watershed. Experimental data from the Atterbury watershed is used to calibrate the model and to evaluate uncertainties associated with our uncertain knowledge of the parameters of the joint distribution of rainfall and storm duration.

There is solved the cooperation of the land plan and complex land consolidation fot three different cadastral areas - Krtely, Malovičky and Podeřiště. These cadastral areas come under the administration of the community Malovice. The complex land consolidation and land plan were initiated in different order nad in defferent years. The land consolidatin for the cadastral area Krtely was initiated in 1992, for Malovičky in 2005 and for Podeřiště in 2007. Moreover, each project has been prepared by the different design office. The result of the diploma thesis is the assessment of the cooperation during different conditions and also the assessment of the processing quality of single projects.

Soil is an irreplaceable natural resource, a fundamental component of the environment and a source of livelihood. At present, however, urban sprawl is excessive and land cover is detrimental to the agricultural system; these are the leading contributors to soil damage and the loss of its function. The most serious type of soil degradation is "land grabbing". Such land grabbing may be considered one of the major environmental problems of the Czech Republic. Development in greenfield sites has significant environmental impacts, such as the loss of good agricultural or forest land. Unlike tools to protect forests, tools to protect agricultural land resources (ALR) appear to be ineffective. The objective of the present thesis is to explain how such tools are applied in practice, and to analyze the tools and to answer the crucial question: How do tools to protect agricultural land resources work in practice and for what reasons do tools to protect ALR appear to be ineffective? The theoretical section of the thesis provides the legislative and theoretical background. This section is primarily based on Act No. 334/1992 Sb. on the protection of agricultural land resources and Act No. 289/1995 Sb. on forests. An analysis is made and the defined issues are assessed in practice. I used qualitative research,...

This study aimed to investigate the spatial extent of Land-Use Land-Cover (LULC) change and the implications for ecosystem services in order to develop a sustainable land-use management framework for traditional authorities in South Africa. Effectively, this study undertook an insightful examination of the impacts that arise from policy decisions and practices, which unfortunately were found to be ineffective. The methodologies and approaches used in this study included both quantitative and qualitative techniques. The critical quantitative method employed in this research was the use of survey questionnaires to collect primary data. Qualitative approaches, such as one-on-one and key informant interviews, were used to triangulate the findings. Remote sensing and geographic information system (GIS) methods were used to investigate changes in LULC from 1990 to 2018 through the use of data obtained from the South African National Land-Cover project. Stochastic models were used to predict future LULC changes from 2018 to 2050. The Co$ting Nature Policy Support System was used to identify and undertake economic valuation of services provided by ecosystems. Statistical analysis using the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences was used to identify correlations and the reliability of the data, while graphs and tables were generated to identify patterns and lessons from the research. Between 1990 and 2018, significant changes in land cover were noticed for thickets and dense bush, woodlands, waterbodies, subsistence agriculture, and built-up areas. Woodlands changed by over 1 000 hectares (ha) per year, while thickets decreased by over 900 ha per year. Drivers of these changes include deforestation, among others. Future predictions for LULC revealed that between 2018 and 2050, almost 500 ha of woodlands would be lost to built-up areas. The aggregate value of the services flowing from ecosystems was found to be R9 509 044 608.00. A significant issue was that 90% of the traditional leaders interviewed could not positively respond to whether they knew the extent of the land they presided over, which raised questions regarding the effectiveness of their management systems. Recommendations were made in this study to address the limitations identified in the land-use management practices by adapting elements of the main theoretical frameworks, namely the Intergovernmental Science-Policy Platform on Biodiversity and Ecosystem Services framework; the Drivers, Pressures, States, Impacts and Responses framework; the sustainability theory; and the hierarchy of plans, into a new framework designed specifically for traditional leaders, titled the “Traditional leaders land-use decision support framework”. / Environmental Sciences / D. Phil. (Environmental Management)

In parallel with land devolution, the Government of Vietnam has launched reforestation programs aiming to increase the forest cover of the country and to improve the living of local population. In this context, conflicts between the state and local people over land and forest have been entailed or even intensified. To be successful, restoration must „fit‟ with ongoing local patterns of land and forest use. In the uplands of Vietnam, it is recognised that understanding of the current land and forest use by ethnic minority groups is crucial for objective oriented development of land and forest management. However, such understanding is lacking to a wide extent. This research looks into the current land and forest use by the Hmong people and tries to elaborate scenario for harmonising the governmental reforestation program with local patterns of land and forest use. The conceptual framework of the research is adapted from the Human Ecosystem Model (Machlis et al., 1997). For this study, both case study and survey are conducted. Three Hmong villages considered as three cases are selected based on predetermined criteria. In each of the selected villages, a mix of qualitative and quantitative methods, including Rapid Rural Appraisal, Land Use Inventory, Forest Inventory and Household Survey, is employed to capture the required data sets. The study results show the current patterns of land and forest use by the Hmong people in their village territories for their subsistence. Land use is virtually shaped by the physical attributes of the land and closely related to elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as population, production tools, cropping seasons, wealth and knowledge. There are also close links between tree/forest use and the elements of the critical resources and the social system at the village, such as extraction tools, belief in Gods, extracting seasons, gender and local knowledge. Furthermore, following cultural traditions, the uses of forests customarily claimed either by individual households or by individual clans or by the village as a whole are strictly regulated by the system of customary tenure, customary and locally developed rules, and traditional and village institutions rather than the system of formal tenure, rules and institutions. However, the informal system has not been officially recognised by the state yet. The governmental reforestation project has been followed top-down approach, not taking into account the local reality. The project has brought about no tangible benefits to the villagers in terms of cash, forest products and others. Instead, conflicts between the state institutions and the villagers over land and forest have arisen. Lack of the villagers‟ participation in planning and decision-making concerning the project is the main reason explaining the conflict situations. It is posited that participatory planning of the project at village level can help to harmonise the project with local pattern of land and forest use. The human ecosystem model serves to integrate data related to concerned variables, and has been used as the basis for the elaboration of the harmonising scenario. Besides the involvement of the state/state institutions and the villagers/village institutions, involvement of a mediator as a third party seems to be helpful to harmonise the contrary positions of the two principle parties with regard to the use and management of land and forest resources. / Im Zuge der Dezentralisierung für den Bereich der Landnutzung hat die Regierung Vietnams Programme zur Wiederaufforstung initiiert, die auf Erweiterung der Waldbedeckung und Verbesserung des Lebens lokaler dörflicher Bevölkerung abzielen. In diesem Zusammenhang traten jedoch Konflikte zwischen Staat und lokaler Bevölkerung zu Tage oder bestehende Konfliktsituationen haben sich verstärkt. Programme der Wiederbegründung von Wald können nur erfolgreich sein, wenn sie mit aktuellen lokalen Mustern der Land- und Waldnutzung abgestimmt sind. In den Berggebieten Vietnams ist das Verständnis der Land- und Waldnutzung durch ethnische Minderheiten von zentraler Bedeutung für die zielorientierte Entwicklung der Bewirtschaftung von Land und Wald. Bisher fehlt das entsprechende Verständnis weitgehend. Vorliegende Forschung erkundet die derzeitige Land- und Waldnutzung der ethnischen Gruppe der Hmong. Ein Szenario zur Harmonisierung des staatlichen Aufforstungsprogramms mit lokaler Land- und Waldnutzung wird erarbeitet. Das konzeptionelle Vorgehen folgt dem Human Ecosystem Model (HEM) nach Machlis et al. (1997). Die Forschung umfasst Fallstudie und Survey. Drei Hmong-Dörfer repräsentieren drei Fallstudien, die auf der Grundlage vorbestimmter Kriterien ausgewählt wurden. In jedem der Dörfer wurden die erforderlichen Datensätze durch ein Mix von qualitativen und quantitativen Methoden wie Rapid Rural Appraisal, Landnutzungsinventur, Waldinventur und Befragung der Haushalte erhoben. Die Ergebnisse der Studie zeigen die derzeitigen Muster von Land- und Waldnutzung der Hmong in den Territorien ihrer Dörfer mit Orientierung auf Sicherung des Lebens. Die Landnutzung ist wesentlich bestimmt durch die natürlichen Eigenschaften des Landes und eng gebunden an Elemente der „kritischen Ressourcen“ und des „sozialen Systems“ auf Dorfebene wie Demografie, Geräte der Produktion, Wachstumsperioden, Wohlstand und Wissen. Gleiches gilt für die Waldnutzung mit dem Beziehungsgefüge zwischen Nutzung und Elementen der „kritischen Ressourcen“ sowie des „sozialen Systems“ im Dorf wie Gerät für die Ernte, Glaube an Gottheiten, Erntezeiträume, Geschlechter und lokales Wissen. Im Weiteren erfolgt die Waldnutzung vor allem auf traditioneller Grundlage durch Haushalte, Clans oder Dorfgemeinschaften entsprechend strikter Regelung im Rahmen des Gewohnheitsrechts, des traditionellen Besitzes, traditioneller und lokal entwickelter Regeln, traditioneller und anderer dörflicher Institutionen im Vergleich zu formalem Besitz, formalen Regeln und Institutionen. Allerdings ist das informelle System staatlich bis jetzt nicht anerkannt. Das staatliche Wiederaufforstungsprojekt folgt dem typischen top-down Verfahren ohne Beachtung der lokalen Realität. Das Projekt erbrachte keine nennneswerten Vorteile für die Dorfbewohner in Form von Geld, Waldprodukten o. a. Im Gegenteil, es haben sich Konflikte zwischen den staatlichen Institutionen und den Dorfbewohnern um Land und Wald ergeben. Fehlende lokale Beteiligung an Projektplanung und Entscheidungsfindung erklären die Konfliktsituation. Es ist zu schlussfolgern, dass partizipative Planung auf Dorfebene helfen kann, das Projekt mit den lokalen Bedingungen von Land- und Waldnutzung zu harmonisieren. Das Human Ecosystem Model diente dazu, relevante Variable zu integrieren und wurde als Grundlage für die Erarbeitung des Szenarios zur Harmonisierung genutzt. Neben dem Staat und den Dörfern wird die Beteiligung eines Mediatoren als dritter Partei für die Harmoniserung der gegensätzlichen Positionen der zwei wichtigen Interessengruppen zu Nutzung und Management von Land- und Waldressourcen als nützlich erachtet.

The aim of the study was to investigate the impact of Environmental Education in learners with regard to unacceptable waste dumping which causes land degradation in Mkhondo village. Large parts of the Mkhondo area, including the informal settlement, the location and the local school, are very untidy due to littering by the residents and learners. The situation is contrary to the objectives of the Decade of Education for Sustainable Development (DESD). The study was focused on the impact that Environmental Education as an extracurricular activity would have on the students in reducing or eradicating littering. Data was collected through focus group interviews with the learners and the parents as well as observations. The study revealed that learners showed no concern about the negative impact of disposing of litter inappropriately even after the extra-mural activities on Environmental Education, which indicated that they were not concerned about the environment at school as well as at home. The initiative of Environmental Education was implemented in a short period, hence learners were not yet fully acquainted with the responsibility of taking care of the environment and alleviating littering on the school premises. I therefore recommend that educational campaigns on appropriate solid waste disposal should be initiated in the school and in the community. Further studies should be conducted on how Environmental Education can be integrated in the curriculum as an examinable subject. / Environmental Sciences / M. Ed. (Environmental Education)