The satisfaction of immediate needs, such as thirst and a need for shelter, often becomes the driving force of one’s movements when walking. The location of places of this nature often plays a key role in where people gather and spend most of their time. In the case of a small fishing town, such as Arniston in the Western Cape, spaces of this nature occur in isolation from key landmarks, disabling the opportunity to truly interact with the whole place, its heritage and its people. This dissertation deals with landscape heritage management and the challenge of identifying new strategies for achieving sustainable heritage tourism in cultural landscapes with “Living Heritage” (Court 2015). The International Centre for the Study of the Preservation and Restoration of Cultural Property (ICCROM) claims that one such challenge is implementing strategies to ensure that cultural landscapes, that are still operational, remain and grow in operation, without losing its intrinsic value (Court 2015). In doing so, the method of heritage management must be adapted to accommodate current and possible future narratives. The spatial challenge of how touristic activities interact with heritage spaces and places in coastal fishing villages in South Africa will be highlighted. A specific focus will be placed on the spatial challenge of how one interacts with heritage artefacts, places and spaces along the route to the coastline in Arniston. Hypernaturalisation of the cultural landscape of Arniston in the Western Cape will be proposed in the form of a tourism movement sequence. This will guide interaction with Arniston’s landscape, its people and artefacts before and when one reaches the coastline. / Afrikaans: Die bevrediging van onmiddellike behoeftes, soos dors en 'n behoefte aan skuiling, word dikwels die dryfkrag van 'n mens se bewegings wanneer jy loop. Die ligging van plekke van hierdie aard speel dikwels 'n sleutelrol in waar mense bymekaarkom en die meeste van hul tyd spandeer. In die geval van 'n klein vissersdorpie, soos Arniston in die Wes-Kaap, kom ruimtes van hierdie aard afsonderlik van belangrike landmerke voor, wat die geleentheid het om werklik met die hele plek, sy erfenis en sy mense om te gaan, skakel. Hierdie proefskrif handel oor die bestuur van landskapserfenis en die uitdaging om nuwe strategieë te identifiseer vir die bereiking van volhoubare erfenistoerisme in kulturele landskappe met "Living Heritage" (Court 2015). Die Internasionale Sentrum vir die bestudering van die behoud en herstel van kulturele eiendom (ICCROM) beweer dat een so 'n uitdaging die implementering van strategieë is, om te verseker dat kulturele landskappe, wat nog steeds werksaam is, bly en groei, sonder om die intrinsieke waarde daarvan te verloor (Court 2015). Sodoende moet die metode van erfenisbestuur aangepas word om huidige en moontlike toekomstige vertellings te akkommodeer. Die ruimtelike uitdaging van hoe toeristiese aktiwiteite in wisselwerking is met erfenisruimtes en plekke in vissersdorpies aan die kus in Suid-Afrika, word belig. Daar sal spesifiek gefokus word op die ruimtelike uitdaging om te kommunikeer met erfenisvoorwerpe, plekke en ruimtes langs die roete na die kuslyn in Arniston. Hipnaturalisering van die kulturele landskap van Arniston in die Wes-Kaap word voorgestel in die vorm van 'n toerisme-bewegingsreeks. Dit sal interaksie met Arniston se landskap, sy mense en artefakte lei voor en wanneer 'n mens die kuslyn bereik. / Mini Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / ML (Prof) / Unrestricted

Nearly 400 years ago during the Late Iron Age, a farming community called the Koni’s, lived on the escarpment in Mpumalanga who practiced cattle farming and crop cultivation by using stone. They migrated north in a linear direction from the current day towns of Carolina towards Ohrigstad. This community left remarkable stone walls behind that represent farming traditions worthy of being preserved as a World Heritage site. However, their culture and heritage have been abandoned and forgotten by many South Africans since the 1830s. The lack of awareness and protection of the archaeological remnants lead to the destruction and demolition of many stone structures. Today the stone walls remain hidden behind grasses and bounded by private farming properties which fragments this archaeological landscape. In response to these problems, a pilgrimage route is proposed that cuts through private properties which allows for the movement of people and cattle. Movement in this sense refers to historic farming functions such as grazing which will be continued within the pilgrimage route by the community to revive and manage the nominated World Heritage site to become a living heritage. The dissertation aims to showcase how landscape systems such as grazing can manage and revive an abandoned archaeological landscape while creating an opportunity for landscape design interventions. / Mini Dissertation (ML (Prof))--University of Pretoria, 2020. / Architecture / ML (Prof) / Unrestricted

This project report explains my MFA show of landscapes presented at the Woodbury Museum in Orem, Utah. Referencing source material from my 2008 trip to the Middle East, Bible narratives and contemporary scholars, I created mixed media paintings around the themes of traveling and migrations (peregrinations) and some significant stopping places in Syria, Jordan and Israel. More importantly, this report also speaks to my personal peregrinations as an artist and relates my painting methods to my subject matter.

'I believe that works of landscape architecture are more than designed ecosystems, more than strategies for open-ended processes. They are cultural products with distinct forms and experiences that evoke attitudes and feelings through space, sequence and form.' 'Elizabeth Meyer The challenge that beauty is a superficial concern in landscape design has been examined by Elizabeth Meyer in her manifesto 'Sustaining beauty. The performance of appearance'. It is a hopeful manifesto that aims to persuade people about the idea that beauty is an important element in sustainable design. For Meyer, beauty is a secret mechanism which alters consciousness, that involves a social and cultural awareness. The main implication of this mechanism is a transformation that happens to people as they experience beauty: they shift from an ego-centric to a bio-centric perspective, as Meyer explains: 'A beautiful landscape works on our psyche, affording the chance to ponder on a world outside ourselves. Through this experience, we are decentered, restored, renewed and reconnected to the biophysical world. The haptic, somatic experience of beauty can inculcate environmental values.' Combining Meyer's assertions with philosopher Arthur Danto's idea of finding beauty in unexpected places, to look anew at the urban landscape, can beauty be found in urban agriculture? The type of beauty Meyer describes is not that of appearance. It's the beauty of experience. Authors that Meyer cites are helpful to understand this definition of beauty. Wendy Steiner explains that 'Beauty is an unstable property because it is not a property at all. It is the name of a particular interaction between two beings, a 'self' and an 'Other': 'I find an Other beautiful'. This act of discovery has profound implications. [']' It is also a dynamic experience. In that sense, Steiner goes on to explain that there is a decentering that occurs when one experiences beauty: the person is taken out of an ego-centric perspective into a more bio-centric one. This thesis presents a four part examination. Part one consists of presenting the question 'Can beauty be found in urban agriculture?', by explaining how this question was motivated by the literature review of Meyer and other authors relevant to the understanding of beauty. It introduces the site of the farmers market as a place of discovery of beauty in everyday landscapes. There will also be a presentation of research in definitions of beauty and a literature review in everyday landscapes and urban agriculture. Part two explains the methodology used for this study, including the use of film as an important means of investigation, revealing aspects of landscape including narrations, movement, time, action, and storytelling, that contribute to an experience of beauty. Part three contains case studies of films. Part four revisits the site and the concept of beauty, explaining what was learned from the studies with film. The selected site for the investigation is the farmers market in downtown Blacksburg, VA. Farmers markets, community gardens and other urban everyday spaces that involved urban agriculture had been subjects of interest throughout my research. The farmers market is an ideal setting because it gathers many elements together, such as: the various types of local produce that the farmers are selling or sharing, local arts and crafts, food produced with local ingredients, music and performance presentations, the people, their families, pets and kids who are visiting the market, various possible interactions by being at the market. So many elements are gathered in the Farmers Market because of the relationship of the rural supporting the urban, and the urban supporting the rural. The town benefits from having access to produce from local farmers, while they benefit from the support of the community for their business. However, the landscape of the farmers market supports more than the rural-urban relationship: it is a community space, a place for many forms of exchange and encounters, one can find connections with animals and people, it has aspects of a park, and it also supports local artists and performers. Film became a central tool for this investigation to capture and document inherent aspects of the landscape of the farmer's market, interactions between people and those aspects, how the space performs and most importantly to reveal beauty. Beauty in the landscape involves action, narratives, attitude, feelings, images, sensory experiences, movement and time, all dynamic elements. At the farmer's market, all these combine in complex ways to constitute an experience of beauty. / Master of Landscape Architecture

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Mary Catherine (Katie) Kingery-Page / It is estimated by the Center for Disease Control and Prevention that approximately 1 in every 88 children are diagnosed with some level of autism or various degrees of Pervasive Developmental Disorders (2012). Pervasive Developmental Disorders are commonly referred to as Autism Spectrum Disorders (and hereafter referred to as autism). Many children with autism have difficulty communicating, must cope with their disorder, and may need special considerations in the classroom. Needs of children with autism vary from child to child, but they all can benefit from environments that are designed with awareness of challenges and characteristics associated with autism. Schoolyards commonly contain asphalt, turf, and traditional play structures that do not take into consideration the needs of children with mental or physical disabilities. However, schoolyards can be designed to provide therapeutic benefits on these children without segregating them from the larger school community. In order to understand how a schoolyard might be designed as a therapeutic environment for children with autism the challenges, needs, and common therapies for children with autism must be understood. The characteristics of therapeutic landscapes for children must be considered in addition. After examining both therapeutic landscapes and the many facets of autism, the researcher applied lessons learned to the design of a schoolyard master plan for Amanda Arnold Elementary School in Manhattan, Kansas.

Master of Landscape Architecture / Department of Landscape Architecture/Regional and Community Planning / Howard D. Hahn / Cities and towns across the world are in a dynamic state of change, and therefore, becoming responsive to new and innovative approaches to creating and restoring public spaces. These new approaches address the need for flexible, multifunctional spaces in order to adapt to and accommodate the changing demands and unexpected circumstances that occur within the city (Wall 1999, Temel 2006, Gehl 2011). Temporary landscapes, or site specific, time-limited designs of open space, have become an emerging approach to improving public spaces. These small scale projects provide unique experiences and offer a laboratory for experimentation where new, innovative ideas can be tested (Lydon 2012, Sargin and Savas 2012, Temel 2006). The idea of flexibility and the need for multifunctional spaces are explored through the following report by investigating how an innovative approach involving temporary landscapes can enhance streetscape quality and offer a variety of public activities. First, I developed a deeper understanding of temporary landscapes in order to identify the transition in approach to urban design from focusing on permanence to temporary, and express the importance of temporality in urban design. A design matrix exploring programmatic options and customizable design features was established through an extensive literature review and case study analysis. Through the application process, I explored the regulatory process involved in implementing a temporary landscape intended for the Aggieville Business District in Manhattan, Kansas. This procedure involved a review of the city's ordinances and liability concerns, designing a portable landscape, and constructing a prototype to be deployed off-street until approval is gained. The results from this project provide field evidence to support recommendations for future design iterations for portable landscapes that increase pedestrian comfort and support an expanded range of activities for public spaces. Prototypes of different design iterations and replications can also serve as future projects for the College of Architecture, Planning, and Design at Kansas State University. Ultimately, this project will begin a critical discussion of the future role of temporary landscapes in cities that are in a dynamic state of change.

Thesis (M. Arch.)--Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Dept. of Architecture, 1981. / MICROFICHE COPY AVAILABLE IN ARCHIVES AND ROTCH. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 147-148). / This is a study of the ways in which the forms in landscapes - natural terrain adapted and inhabited - can serve as references in architectural design. As references for design, landscapes provide a richness of responses to local and evolutionary factors and a richness of associations which are central to our own identity and the identity of places or regions. In this thesis several perspectives on ways in which landscapes serve as references are analyzed. The landscape and surrounding context of each particular site importantly define its character and offer significant references for forms to be extended or generated. More broadly, landscapes can be viewed as sources for forms which can be transposed in multiple ways; the ultimate test of their value being whether they provide habitable, usable spaces. Landscapes can also be studied for the associations which they bring. These associations may explain feelings which we have about the quality and character of places . A series of principles for design are proposed. These principles reflect convergence amongst the several perspectives on how landscapes can serve as references and constitute a collection of suggestions for design. The principles are organized along a continuum of "forms", "processes of addition and change", and "associative qualities". Design studies for a site along the Neponset River at the south edge of Boston have been undertaken to aid in the development of the principles and illustrate their application. A mix of uses and building methods have been studied. The site for the studies is near the village center known as Lower Mills. The natural topography, the river's transition from narrow rapids to open estuary, and the historic collection of industrial buildings form a landscape rich in references and associations. / by James P. Batchelor. / M.Arch.

In recent decades the canon of environmental aesthetics has expanded beyond its primary concern of understanding what is beautiful in the fine arts to the appreciation of natural and cultural landscapes. Corresponding with society's growing interest in conservation, environmental aesthetics has emerged as relevant to many conservation discussions. The preservation and interpretation of cultural landscapes is complicated by resources that are in a constant state of change. Traditional cultural landscape preservation practices have had mixed results. A focus on interpretation rather than preservation is generally considered a strategy for improving cultural landscape practices. Applying theories developed in the field of environmental aesthetics to cultural landscapes may lead to principles helpful to their preservation and interpretation. In this study, an environmental aesthetic framework is developed and applied to the Canoa Ranch, a historic property south of Tucson, Arizona, to evaluate the potential of using environmental aesthetics in appreciation of cultural landscapes.

Tourism in its modern garb is very new to China. Not until 1978 when the bamboo curtain was parted and the ‘Open Door’ policies introduced was international tourism welcomed. It is only 21 years ago, in 1984, that was tourism approved by the Chinese Government as an appropriate form of economic development that could contribute to the modernization of the country. The form that tourism takes in contemporary China, especially the development and presentation of natural sights and sites, demonstrates qualities that immediately set it apart from western forms of tourism development. While there are similar aspects – all part of the ubiquitous spread of ‘globalization’ – there is much that retains a unique Chineseness that is immediately distinctive. In analyzing the specific qualities of contemporary Chinese tourism it is argued that 4000 years of continuous culture, which has produced a body of understanding known as ‘Chinese common knowledge’, has been fundamental in directing and determining the way in which natural landscapes are utilized for contemporary tourism. The values inherent in this enduring cultural heritage are an amalgamation of Confucian thought, Doaist and Buddhist theology, folklore and an extraordinarily rich literary heritage in which the poem and calligraphy are regarded as the highest art forms. They imbue every natural landscape with a cultural overlay, drawing upon the immense strength of Chinese common knowledge in ways which make many such sights and sites incomprehensible to non-Chinese visitors because no interpretation is provided - since none is needed for their Chinese viewers. One outcome of this research is the identification of a Chinese tourist gaze that has many elements which distinguish it from the western tourist gaze. It is highly structured through sociolinguistic parameters which feature correlative and relational thinking (in which no individual entity exists in isolation but is connected to all things around it in dynamic relationships), and this has produced what I have termed ‘the relational tourist gaze’. The Chinese value system also includes a degree of anthropocentrism and anthropomorphism that stands in opposition to the western biocentric approach to conservation and maintenance of ‘naturalness’ and ‘wilderness.’ There is a pervasive view that nature is imperfect and ‘man’ has a responsibility to improve on nature to forge a symbiotic relationship, these sentiments summed up in the phrase known to all Chinese: ‘man and nature in harmony’. A significant component of a Chinese tourist gaze is thus what I have termed ‘the harmony gaze’ that contrast strongly with current western notions about wilderness and pristine nature. This thesis defines Chineseness and Chinese common knowledge, examines the particularities of the sociolinguistics of Chinese to illustrate the way in which this cultural heritage has been transmitted down through the centuries to the present day, and then analyses the manifestation of this knowledge and its attendant values in incorporating natural landscapes - mountains, caves, rivers – in contemporary tourism in China. The result is - ‘Bie you tian di’ – an altogether different world.

This thesis explores the design of landscapes for celebration. These celebrations include all types of events or rituals that mark special times in people's lives. The focus of this work is landscapes for weddings. The goal is to illuminate the importance of these spaces for celebration as well as reveal how landscape architectural design can have a profound influence on how these places are perceived by the user and their experience of their celebration. These events have characteristics that set them apart from everyday activities and these elements can be enhanced by design. There are shared qualities among landscapes for celebration that draw people and make the place meaningful, these are compiled into a sort of set of design principles for these spaces. The structure of the event, both physically and psychologically, can be enhanced by design to add more meaning to the experience of the participants. Through literature review on ritual, sacred spaces, and ritual spaces information is gathered to inform the design. Case studies of celebratory landscapes and powerful places are also performed to gather knowledge. Through this investigation a set of design principles is collected, and then applied to a wedding garden design. Thoughtful design, incorporating knowledge of ritual, ritual structure, and the event being designed for, will create places that support and enhance one in a lifetime events. Design of celebratory landscapes should strive to create spaces that are meaningful, rooted in the community, supportive of the structure of the event, and reflective of the participants. / Master of Landscape Architecture