To be human is to seek to understand the known and unknown world. The Covid-19 pandemic offers researchers the opportunity to examine online meaning-making on a more ubiquitous magnitude than ever experienced in history, without positioning the digital world as less authentic, or distinct, from the physical. Using mixed-methods grounded theory, this study posed the research question: (RQ) How do high school parents use an online community to (re)conceptualize aspects of contemporary society? The NRC Emotion Intensity lexicon (Mohammed, 2018) was used to score online forum posts from 2018-2021 using eight emotions to quantitatively represent changes over time. The qualitative data focused on core issues in education and observations during the Covid-19 pandemic using constructivist thematic coding - initial, focused, and theoretical – to identify prevailing themes. The convergence mixed-methods model was used to combine QUAN+QUAL data and identify the prevailing theory that can be concluded from the research. With relation to the research question, the findings establish that reconceptualization occurs in an online community through various agents engaged in dialogic conversation, and further reveals that (A) extreme coping mechanisms are used to adapt to new and reoccurring threats and Covid-19 is a catalyst for this behavior, (B) parents are extremely dissatisfied with contemporary education independently of the pandemic and in reaction to poor adaptability during it, and (C) variation in emotion may occur relative to context each year, but the priority categories of concern produce greater variation.

This study was designed to investigate the relationship between arithmetic and reading comprehension, as measured by the Grades 6 and 7 Florida Standards Assessment (FSA), and student success in algebra, as measured by the Florida Algebra I End-of-Course Assessment (EOCA). The intent of the study was to bridge the gap in the literature regarding student performance on the Grades 6 and 7 FSA English Language Arts and Mathematics and subsequent performance on the Algebra I EOCA. Furthermore, this study sought to identify specific skills related to arithmetic and reading comprehension that contribute to student performance in Algebra I. Sequential multiple regression was used to determine the relationship between the overall scale scores and curricular strand sub-scores for the Grades 6 and 7 FSA English Language Arts and Mathematics and the scale scores for the Algebra I EOCA, while controlling for student demographic variables. Additionally, multivariate analyses of variance were used to determine the differences between the Algebra EOCA performance levels in the sub-scores of each middle school assessment. Each of the final models for the scale scores and the sub-scores for all four FSAs were found to be statistically significant and meaningful predictors of student performance on the Algebra I EOCA in at least one regression model. Sub-scores from the FSA Mathematics in Grades 6 and 7 were the most commonly significant and meaningful predictors, particularly knowledge of the number system, ratios and proportions, and expressions and equations. Finally, it was found that there were statistically significant differences in the FSA sub-scores between student groups identified by their performance on the Algebra I EOCA. This study has numerous implications in the areas of data analysis, curriculum design and implementation, mathematics content area reading instruction, and the overall approach to mathematics education for Students with Disabilities, English Learners, and students with low socioeconomic status.

The purpose of this study was to explore how a teacher educator (myself) and preservice teachers engaged in joint reflection-for-action, reflection-in-action, and reflection-on-action during an approximation of practice in a TeachLivETM setting using sentence frames to support English Language Learners' (ELLs') writing. Four elementary education preservice teachers participated in this study based on set inclusion criteria. This action research study included video-recorded approximations of practice, the sentence frames preservice teachers submitted in the skill seven module, reflective journaling, and analytic memoing. Instructional sequence analysis through transcription, holistic coding, message units, action units, interaction units, instructional sequences, and phase units were used to analyze the data and create instructional maps of the interactions. Findings showed improvements to my practice of using joint reflection with preservice teachers at each cycle. These improvements included decreasing the interruptions to the preservice teachers, supporting the preservice teachers in identifying the problem and multiple solutions, incorporating further reflection within reflection-on-action, holding the reflective conversation, and supporting judgment by identifying the pros and cons of each solution. Additionally, through the creation of instructional maps, I identified the reflective phase units, instructional sequences, and interactions made to engage in joint reflection with the preservice teachers. Looking more closely, using questioning as a reflective move facilitated reflection while informing provided the preservice teacher with content knowledge on using sentence frames with ELLs. These findings contribute to the field by demonstrating one way teacher educators can (a) incorporate reflection within their courses to develop preservice teachers' pedagogical skills and (b) the reflective moves that support joint reflection on pedagogical decisions between teacher educators and preservice teachers.

The purpose of this study was to contribute to the literature and to policy and practice in the educational field on how individual student diagnostic scores was affected in the area of reading. This study specifically examined full or partial fidelity of implementation of the iReady reading instructional and computerized program was applied in seven middle schools in a school district in Central Florida for all students in intensive reading courses. Additionally, this study contributed to how individual student diagnostic scores was affected in the area of reading for students on free or reduced lunch. Data were analyzed from the second and third diagnostic assessments from i-Ready. The second diagnostic assessment was administered in January of 2021 after students returned from Winter Break and 1,774 students completed that assessment. The third diagnostic assessment was administered in March of 2021 after students returned from Spring Break and 1,687 students completed that assessment. Overall, 3,461 students completed the assessments. Analyses showed that students in schools who used the i-Ready reading program to full fidelity had slightly higher scores than students in schools that used the i-Ready reading program only to partial fidelity, yet the data was not statistically significant. Further analyses found that students who were on free or reduced lunch performed far worse than students who were not considered on free or reduced lunch, there was a statistically significant difference, and that implementing the i-Ready reading program to complete fidelity actually had a significant negative effect for students on free or reduced lunch.

When the Covid-19 pandemic first hit the world in March 2020, all aspects of life were drastically disrupted, and the education sector underwent radical changes. An almost overnight shift from traditional classrooms to delivering instruction online became an enforced necessity rather than an option to continue education during the pandemic, which required teachers around the world to adapt to the new reality on very short notice. Because little research has been undertaken to understand language teaching practices globally during the pandemic from the teachers' perspectives, shedding light on how English as a foreign language (EFL) teachers responded to the emergency remote teaching (ERT) is important. Examining those experiences showed what impact this mode of instruction had on English language teaching in general and what plans there are for more successful teaching practices of similar possible scenarios in the future. This case study approach examined five Palestinian EFL instructors' perceptions and practices shifting to ERT during the Covid-19 outbreak. Through Zoom semi-structured interviews, the respondents reported changes to their pedagogical practices to adjusting to ERT, including changes to their communication, pedagogical, and classroom management strategies. While participants faced pedagogical challenges, as well as issues related to technology, communication, assessment, classroom management, lesson planning, and course delivery, distinct benefits emerged as a result of the switch to online teaching. Furthermore, participants reported their beliefs that online teaching and learning will persist in the post-pandemic era.

Stance and engagement are important rhetorical resources for writers to construct interaction with readers and ideas by marking epistemic evaluation and bringing readers into the texts. Building on previous research that suggests notable differences in the use of stance and engagement in academic discourse, this comparative study investigates the use of stance and engagement in scientific research articles. By comparing two corpora that contain 144 research articles in total across 16 scientific disciplines, this study examines if the numbers of stance and engagement differ between manuscripts (unpublished research papers) that are produced by nonnative writers and those that are published in leading scholarly journals. Further analyses are also conducted to examine four types of stance (hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and self-mentioning) and five types of engagement (reader pronouns, questions, directives, appeals to shared knowledge, and personal asides) between two corpora. Quantitative analyses indicated that manuscripts written by nonnative writers featured markedly more hedges and attitude markers than those published in leading journals; published research articles used self-mentioning and directives significantly more frequently than those unpublished manuscripts. Moreover, results revealed that unpublished and published research articles shared similar patterns with regard to the numbers of using hedges, boosters, attitude markers, and directives. In this study, research articles published in leading journals are treated as the "norm" in terms of using stance and engagement. Results are discussed by comparing patterning of using stance and engagement and presenting examples extracted from published research articles. Study limitations, pedagogical implication, and future research directions are suggested.

Writing and self-advocacy skills are important for all students, including individuals with disabilities. Within the K-12 setting, those skills are taught, but emphasis changes as students progress through the grade levels. At the elementary level, writing is more prominent; whereas, in high school, self-advocacy becomes a focus. In this study, the researcher used a phenomenological research design to explore the lived experiences and preferences of elementary students with disabilities and their use of self-advocacy strategies in the inclusive setting, both in writing and speaking. The phenomenon was explored over an eleven-week period in a second grade, inclusive classroom. The conceptual framework for the study was the theoretical framework of self-advocacy by Test, Fowler, Wood, Brewer, and Eddy (2005). The child development of Piaget (1964) and disability theory of Tashakkaori and Teddlie (2003) served as secondary frameworks. The data collected are reflective of the self-advocacy experiences and preferences of two students with disabilities, their parents and classroom teacher. The themes of knowledge of self, knowledge of rights, effective communication skills, and leadership skills are discussed in detail. Implications for practice within the elementary classroom and recommendations for future research for students with disabilities in the inclusive environment are provided.

Technological modernization has impacted various fields such as the field of education, teaching, and learning. The traditional classroom and teaching methodologies no longer meet the needs of the new tech-savvy generation. Thus, recently there have been changes in teacher preparation programs in order to prepare teacher candidates to have the skills to respond to such high technological demands. Additionally, the demographics of students attending schools in countries with exceptionally high numbers of immigrants such as the United States is another reason to seek novel ways to prepare teachers who have had adequate practice and developed teaching skills needed to reach the English learners (ELs) in their classrooms. Using Multi-User Virtual Environments (MUVEs) has been one solution in order to bridge this gap. EL TLE TeachLivE, which was the focus of this study, is a computer simulated environment that combines real-life participants and digital personas or avatars. The participants of this study were teacher candidates who experienced using EL TLE TeachLivE to practice the teaching strategies and skills they had been learning about during their teacher preparation program (n=20). This research investigated the perceptions of these teacher candidates about using this mixed-reality classroom environment through observations, questionnaires, focus groups, and individual interviews. A qualitative transcendental phenomenological approach was taken to have a more in-depth understanding of the participants' perceptions about the phenomenon of EL TLE TeachLivE as a mixed-reality classroom environment in teacher preparation and the meaning they made of their experiences. Through the data analysis three main categories emerged: TCs' general perceptions about the avatars and EL TLE TeachLivE as a mixed-reality classroom environment, TCs' perceptions of the current use of the EL TLE TeachLivE in their teacher preparation program, and TCs' perceptions about the future use of EL TLE TeachLivE. The Teacher Candidates' General Perceptions of EL TLE TeachLivE consisted of the following sub-themes: (a) Video game dissimilarities, (b) Avatar believability and real-life features, (c) Personification of the EL cases, (d) Fear of the unknown, (e) Avatar movement restrictions, and (f) Suspension of disbelief. The Teacher Candidates' Perceptions about the Current Use of EL TLE TeachLivE included: (a) Importance of prerequisites, (b) Advantages over role-playing, (c) Teaching in front of peers, (d) Group teaching and random selection, (e) Importance of feedback, and (f) Teaching strategies and aha moments. Finally, the Teacher Candidates' Perceptions about the Future Use of EL TLE TeachLivE incorporated: (a) Changes in the implementation, (b) Elementary vs secondary classrooms, and (c) Gradual practice.

The goal of this study was to develop and validate an instrument to measure the task-specific self-efficacy beliefs of elementary literacy coaches. In order for this to happen, a synthesis of literature regarding literacy coaching tasks including the International Literacy Association's standards for literacy coaches were used to write several items on the survey. In addition, the Teachers' Sense of Efficacy Scale and the researcher's experiences as an elementary literacy coach were used to write other items on the survey. Experts in the field of literacy coaching and self-efficacy provided content validity. Construct validity was established through correlation statistics with other established instruments that were previously determined as valid. Exploratory factor analysis was performed on the Elementary Literacy Coach Self-Efficacy (ELCSE) survey to determine the underlying constructs the instrument was intended to measure. Data analysis indicated that the ELCSE has a high level of internal reliability and correlated with areas it was intended to correlate with and with areas it was not intended to correlate with, it did not. Data from factor analysis confirmed that the ELCSE measures one construct as intended. Thus, construct validity was established. The results from this study provide opportunities to assess and understand the beliefs of elementary literacy coaches regarding tasks specific to their roles. Additionally, the ELCSE survey offers opportunities to provide training or professional development specific to the needs of elementary literacy coaches. The use of the ELCSE in a practical K-12 educational setting offers school districts and administrators the opportunity to identify tasks the elementary literacy coach feels they would need more support in performing.

The present study, a One-Group Posttest-Only Repeated-Measures Design, examined the effect of speech elicitation method on second language (L2) phonemic accuracy of high functional load initial phonemes found in frequently occurring nouns in American English. This effect was further analyzed by including the variable of first language (L1) to determine if L1 moderated any effects found. The data consisted of audio recordings of 61 adult English learners (ELs) enrolled in English for Academic Purposes (EAP) courses at a large, public, post-secondary institution in the United States. Phonemic accuracy was judged by two independent raters as either approximating a standard American English (SAE) pronunciation of the intended phoneme or not, thus a dichotomous scale, and scores were assigned to each participant in terms of the three speech elicitation methods of word reading, word repetition, and picture naming. Results from a repeated measures ANOVA test revealed a statistically significant difference in phonemic accuracy (F(1.47, 87.93) = 25.94, p = .000) based on speech elicitation method, while the two-factor mixed design ANOVA test indicated no statistically significant differences for the moderator variable of native language. However, post-hoc analyses revealed that mean scores of picture naming tasks differed significantly from the other two elicitation methods of word reading and word repetition. Moreover, the results of this study should heighten attention to the role that various speech elicitation methods, or input modalities, might play on L2 productive accuracy. Implications for practical application suggest that caution should be used when utilizing pictures to elicit specific vocabulary words–even high-frequency words–as they might result in erroneous productions or no utterance at all. These methods could inform pronunciation instructors about best teaching practices when pronunciation accuracy is the objective. Finally, the impact of L1 on L2 pronunciation accuracy might not be as important as once thought.