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This thesis introduces the W2C Corpus which contains 97 languages with more than 10 million words for each of these languages, with the total size 10.5 billion words. The corpus was built by crawling the Internet. This work describes the methods and tools used for its construction. The complete process consisted of building an initial corpus from Wikipedia, developing a language recognizer for 122 languages, implementing a distributed system for crawling and parsing webpages and finally, the reduction of duplicities. A comparative analysis of the texts of Wikipedia and the Internet is provided at the end of this thesis. The analysis is based on basic statistics such as average word and sentence length, conditional entropy and perplexity. 1

This doctoral thesis is devoted to linguistic analysis of discourse relations as one of the aspects of discourse coherence. Discourse relations are semantic relations holding between propositions in a discourse (discourse arguments). The aim of the thesis is a complex description of discourse relations in Czech and its application in an annotation scheme in the Prague Dependency Treebank. The thesis is divided into three parts: The first one is focused on the theoretical description of discourse relations and on analysis of adequacy of various methodological concepts in corpus processing. The second part describes in detail the proposed scheme for the annotation of discourse relations and the process of the corpus build- up including the evaluation of consistency of the annotated data. Finally, in the last part of the thesis, we address some problematic issues arisen with the employment the proposed scheme and look for their possible solutions.

The diploma thesis deals with anglicisms in the contemporary German. The theoretical part concerns the linguistic aspects of the anglicisms in the phonetic, grammatical and lexicological field. The empirical part contains the corpus of anglicisms, which is created by the means of excerption of the internet magazine for young people YAEZ. It is followed by the corpus analysis of the chosen anglicisms. These results are incorporated into the didactic material at the end of the thesis. The aim of the thesis is to carry out the corpus-based analysis of the anglicisms and to discover the possible use of the anglicisms in the teaching German as a foreign language. The author applies the methods of corpus linguistic corpus DeReKo und its program COSMAS II in order to verify the lexical and grammatical features of the chosen words.

Mgr. Veronika Štěpánová Czech orthoepic codification Abstract This doctoral thesis deals with the codification of standard Czech pronunciation. It focuses on how the phonetic level of the language is studied and described and, more generally, on orthoepic codification, its criteria, sources, relationship to orthography, etc. A historical overview of Czech orthoepic research, in particular of the first attempts at codification, work carried out for the orthoepic manuals Výslovnost spisovné češtiny I (ed. B. Hála; 1955, 1967) and Výslovnost spisovné češtiny II (ed. M. Romportl; 1978) is presented. In addition, research into standard Czech pronunciation from the 1980s to the present day is summarised from a new perspective. The primary focus of the thesis is a critical analysis of the principal Czech orthoepic manuals: not only Výslovnost spisovné češtiny I and II but also some older and newer works. Special attention is given to features (1) whose evaluation has changed over time (e.g. the pronunciation of mě and sh, the use of the glottal stop, simplification of certain consonant clusters, or voice assimilation before sonorants) and (2) which are problematic form the point of view of the contemporary pronunciation norm. This thesis is closely connected with the recently created Monolog corpus, which...

Cette recherche analyse respectivement les politiques linguistiques de la langue chinoise et française menées sous la République populaire de Chine et la Ve République française. En adoptant une approche comparative, nous essayons de voir si les expériences vécues par la France pourront servir de modèle à la Chine qui, en matière de travaux de l’aménagement linguistique de la langue chinoise, cherche à la moderniser et diffuser à l’ère d’information tant au niveau national qu’à l’échelle internationale. La simplification des caractères chinois, la romanisation de transcription des caractères chinois et la généralisation du putonghua constituent les trois préoccupations majeures des affaires linguistiques de la Chine. À cela s’ajoute que la multiplication des échanges internationaux fait en sorte que la promotion de la langue chinoise sur la scène internationale figure dans l’ordre du jour. D’autant que l’initiative stratégique les nouvelles Routes de soie terrestre et maritime demande davantage la diffusion de la langue chinoise le long de ces régions et une construction du Vivre ensemble des langues dans cette configuration multilingue. En partant du constat que, en France existe une société multilingue riche en culture et que ce pays d’influence internationale, face à la puissance de la langue anglaise, veut renforcer la vitalité et l’influence de la langue française, la présente étude examine les travaux linguistiques menés sous la Ve République française. Que ce soit sur le statut ou le corpus de la langue, nous notons que les mesures d’interventions de la France dont les suivis de contrôles, la démarche coopérative et participative en terminologie et néologie, la promotion de la langue française appuyée sur le réseau francophone seront profitables à la Chine. Mais en Chine, un pays tellement étendu, la mise en place d’une politique linguistique sera plus scrupuleuse en tenant compte de la disparité régionale et la différence entre le corpus des deux langues exige alors un aménagement spécifique. / This study analyses respectively the Chinese and the French language policies adopted by the People’s Republic of China and France. As China intends to modernize and to promote Chinese throughout the country and abroad, we will use the comparative study to figure out if France could serve as an example in terms of language policy and language planning. The simplification of the Chinese characters, the romanization of the transcription of the Chinese characters and the promotion of the putonghua were considered as the major issues of the language affairs. With the opening and reform policy, the Chinese language is influenced by the foreign languages, especially English. Meanwhile, the authority try to promote the Chinese language over the world and reinforce its soft power, especially after the action plan the Belt and the Road Initiative was put forward. The French government does not regulate the choice of language in publications by individuals, but the use of French is required by law in commercial and work place communications. In addition to mandating the use of French in the territory of the Republic, the French government tries to promote French in the European Union and globally through institutions such as la Francophonie. We will adopt the diachronic method to demonstrate how the French government regulates its French language affairs both in language status and language corpus (language itself) and the evolution of the ideology of the language policy makers. By comparing the language affairs of the two countries in language status and corpus, the measures taken by France as the legal mechanism, the cooperation initiatives, the language promotion are of benefit to China, who shall also learn the lessons taken by France. As for the language system, the language policy and planning should take account of the specialty of the language to carry out appropriate measures favoring the use of the Chinese language.

Detta är en korpusundersökning av tankepausen spelande fingrar i svenskt teckenspråk. Ett förslag på indelning av tankepauser presenteras samt hur frekvent olika tankepauser förekommer. Spelande fingrar är den tredje största kategorin av tankepauser i materialet, de allra flesta tankepauser med spelande fingrar förekommer inuti en samtalstur och majoriteten av alla reparationer i samband med spelande fingrar är lyckade reparationer. / This is a corpus-based study of the hesitation paus wiggly-fingers in Swedish sign language. A suggestion how to categorise hesitation pauses are presented and how often different kind of hesitation pauses appears. Wiggly-fingers is the third biggest group of hesitation pauses in in the corpus, the majority of pauses with wiggly-fingers appears within a turn of conversation and a majority of all the repairs connected to wiggly-fingers are successful repairs.

The subject of this thesis is orality in informal dialogic computer-mediated communication (henceforth CMC). This type of communication is represented by internet discussions, discussion fora, and Facebook posts. All these three genres are compared with informal spoken face-to-face dialogues. The data are covered by the Koditex corpus, which contains the CMC genres, and the Ortofon corpus of spoken language. The term orality can refer both to the realized communication form - spoken or written (so- called media orality) and to the summary of linguistic characteristics associated with the prototypical informal spoken dialogue (so-called conceptual orality). This thesis focuses only on conceptual orality, which is based on nine language features divided into the three following areas: dialogicity, spontaneity, and fulfilment of pragmatic needs of communication participants. The analyses show significant similarity between the functional use of features in both spoken and written communication. This applies primarily to the features associated with spontaneity (repetition of the same words, the presence of word fragments, typos and misspellings) and the fulfilment of pragmatic needs (discourse markers, pronoun non-dropping, iteration of graphemes). It follows that the selected CMC genres appropriately...

Syftet med detta projekt är att få förståelse för hur ett forskningsprojekt fungerar och hur det är upplagt. Under våren 2020 har jag studerat förekomster av narrativa referenter och semiotiska typer i satsliknande enheter i svenskt teckenspråk. Jag gör en kvantitativ analys av samtliga referenter och semiotiska typer i tre kategorier: NarrativReferent1, NarrativReferent2 och NarrativReferent3. Resultatet visar att NarrativReferent1 har 70%, NarrativReferent2 har 28% och NarrativReferent3 har 2%. Det innebär att NarrativReferent3 har betydligt mindre referenter än övriga kategorier, däremot har kategorin NarrativReferent1 flest referenter. Det kan bero på att man med NarrativReferent1 alltid börjar konstruera en referent i satsliknande enhet, och där etablerar man referenten. Om det skulle komma en annan referent under samma tidsintervall så lägger man till den i NarrativReferent2.  Resultatet visar att referenten ’pojke’ har en central roll och semiotiska typer visar att konstruerad handling har flesta antal i NarrativReferent1. Däremot att referenten ’hund’ har flest referenter och semiotiska typer, visar att osynligt surrogat och avbildande tecken har flest antal i NarrativReferent2. / The aim of this project is to gain an understanding of how a research project works and how it is organized. During the spring 2020 I investigate occurrences of narrative referents and semiotic types in clause-like units in Swedish Sign Language. I conduct a quantitative analysis of all referents and semiotics types of three categories: NarrativeReferent1, NarrativeReferent2 and NarrativeReferent3.  The results show that NarrativeReferent1 has 70%, NarrativeReferent3 has 28% and NarrativeReferent3 has 2%. This means that NarrativeReferent3 has considerably fewer referents than the other categories, whereas the category NarrativeReferent1 has the highest number of referents. This could be a result of NarrativeReferent1 being used first to construct a referent in a clause-like unit, but when the referent has already been established and another referent appears within the same time span, this will be added to NarrativeReferent2. The results show that the referent ‘boy’ clearly has a central role, and semiotic types show that constructed action has the highest number of cases in NarrativeReferent1. However, the referent ‘dog’ has the most referents and semiotics types show that invisible surrogate and depicting signs have the highest number of cases in NarrativeReferent2.

This master's thesis analyses the lexicographical treatment of interjections in current German- Czech commercial dictionaries, special focus is laid on user aspect. The goal of this thesis is to provide an overview of possible issues in the lexicographical processing of interjections. The focus is on both the macrostructure with the selection of lemmas and microstructure of the respective analysed entries. Compared to corpus data and to monolingual dictionaries, problems include especially part of speech specifications, selection of Czech translation equivalents, lack of examples demonstrating the pragmatic function of the interjections, or insufficient metalanguage comments. The example of the dictionary entry of the lemma ach shows which steps and decisions must be made by the lexicographical work. At the end, concrete solutions for the lexicographical treatment of interjections are proposed, such as the exact classification of the respective meanings, metalanguage comments on these meanings, necessary attention to the prosodic and syntactic properties, and dialogical examples.