Cette thèse de doctorat, qui fait partie du projet des « Plus anciens documents linguistiques de la France », s’inscrit à la fois dans le domaine de la linguistique et dans celui de la philologie. L’étude lexicologique qu’elle propose est basée sur des documents d’archives du XIIIe siècle et s’accompagne de la transcription de deux corpus de chartes inédites. L’analyse détaillée de cinquante mots liés au champ lexical de l’agriculture, présentée sous forme de dossiers lexicologiques, constitue le noyau du travail. Les apports nouveaux que les dossiers permettent d’obtenir en matière de sens et de formes nouveaux, de réseau sémantique et d’étymologies corrigées sont présentés à la suite des dossiers. La méthode d’analyse intensive qu’ils adoptent fournit un complément indispensable à la lexicographie existante et sa méthode extensive. L’étude comporte en outre une réflexion sur le rôle des chartes vernaculaires dans l’élaboration et le changement linguistiques, à travers notamment le lexique. / This doctoral thesis studying the words related to agriculture in medieval charters is situated in the fields of historical linguistics and philology. It is part of the research project “The most ancient linguistic documents of France” and provides a transcription of two corpuses of charters as well as a lexicological study of 50 words related to agriculture. Each word is treated separately in an article including the word’s etymology, the different writings appearing in the charters, a semantic description, a short context of each occurrence, the information from the most important Old French dictionaries as well as a critique of the latter. The articles, forming the main part of the thesis, are followed by a chapter that sums up their results concerning new words or meanings, etymology, hyperonyms and (co)hyponyms. The words are thus studied in an intensive manner forming a complement to the extensive description provided by the dictionaries. The study also includes a reflection on the role the charters play in language elaboration through their vocabulary.

The lack of terminology in Zulu can be overcome if it is developed to meet international scientific and technical demands. This lack of terminology can be traced back to the absence of proper language policy implementation with regard to the African languages. Even though Zulu possesses the basic elements that are necessary for its development, such as orthographical standards, dictionaries, grammars and published literature, a number of problems exist within the technical elaboration and standardisation processes: * Inconsistencies in the application of standard rules, in relation to both orthography and terminology. * The lack of standardisation of the (technical) word-formation patterns in Zulu. (Generally the role of culture in elaboration has largely been overlooked). * The avoidance of exploiting written technical text corpora as a resource for terminology. (Text encoding by means of corpus query tools in term extraction has just begun in Zulu and needs to be properly exemplified). * The avoidance of introducing oral technical corpora as a resource for improving the acceptability of technical terminology by, for instance, designing a type of reusable corpus annotation. This study contributes towards solving these problems by offering a practical approach within the context of the real written, standard and oral Zulu language, mainly within the medical terminological domain. This approach offers a reusable methodological foundation with proper language exemplification that can guide terminologists in terminological research, or to some extent even train them, to achieve effective technical elaboration and eventual standardisation. This thesis aims at attaining consistent standardisation on the orthographical level in order to ease the elaboration task of the terminologist. It also aims at standardising the methods of word- (term-) formation linking them to cultural factors, such as taboo. However, this thesis also emphasises the significance of using written and oral technical corpora as terminology resource. This, for instance, is made possible through the application of corpus linguistics, in semi-automatic term extraction from a written technical corpus to aid lemmatisation (listing entries) and in corpus annotation to improve the acceptability of terminology, based on the comparison of standard terms with oral terms. / Linguistics / D. Litt et Phil. (Linguistics)

The lack of terminology in Zulu can be overcome if it is developed to meet international scientific and technical demands. This lack of terminology can be traced back to the absence of proper language policy implementation with regard to the African languages. Even though Zulu possesses the basic elements that are necessary for its development, such as orthographical standards, dictionaries, grammars and published literature, a number of problems exist within the technical elaboration and standardisation processes: * Inconsistencies in the application of standard rules, in relation to both orthography and terminology. * The lack of standardisation of the (technical) word-formation patterns in Zulu. (Generally the role of culture in elaboration has largely been overlooked). * The avoidance of exploiting written technical text corpora as a resource for terminology. (Text encoding by means of corpus query tools in term extraction has just begun in Zulu and needs to be properly exemplified). * The avoidance of introducing oral technical corpora as a resource for improving the acceptability of technical terminology by, for instance, designing a type of reusable corpus annotation. This study contributes towards solving these problems by offering a practical approach within the context of the real written, standard and oral Zulu language, mainly within the medical terminological domain. This approach offers a reusable methodological foundation with proper language exemplification that can guide terminologists in terminological research, or to some extent even train them, to achieve effective technical elaboration and eventual standardisation. This thesis aims at attaining consistent standardisation on the orthographical level in order to ease the elaboration task of the terminologist. It also aims at standardising the methods of word- (term-) formation linking them to cultural factors, such as taboo. However, this thesis also emphasises the significance of using written and oral technical corpora as terminology resource. This, for instance, is made possible through the application of corpus linguistics, in semi-automatic term extraction from a written technical corpus to aid lemmatisation (listing entries) and in corpus annotation to improve the acceptability of terminology, based on the comparison of standard terms with oral terms. / Linguistics and Modern Languages / D. Litt et Phil. (Linguistics)