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The multidimensional construct of perfectionism is well studied as it relates to coping with stress and burnout (Flett & Hewitt, 2002). Bontempo and Napier (2011) identify the personality trait of conscientiousness, which includes perfectionistic traits, as beneficial to an interpreter’s job performance. In contrast, several studies suggest that constructs related to maladaptive perfectionistic traits play a role in the development of burnout among interpreters, although perfectionism has not been explicitly identified or used as a research variable (Qin, Marshall, Mozrall, & Marschark, 2008). These studies identify key components of both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in the assessment of stress-related outcomes, thereby laying the groundwork for a more focused study on the particular role of perfectionism among interpreters who experience burnout. The multidimensional construct of perfectionism is well studied as it relates to coping with stress and burnout (Flett & Hewitt, 2002). Bontempo and Napier (2011) identify the personality trait of conscientiousness, which includes perfectionistic traits, as beneficial to an interpreter’s job performance. In contrast, several studies suggest that constructs related to maladaptive perfectionistic traits play a role in the development of burnout among interpreters, although perfectionism has not been explicitly identified or used as a research variable (Qin, Marshall, Mozrall, & Marschark, 2008). These studies identify key components of both adaptive and maladaptive perfectionism in the assessment of stress-related outcomes, thereby laying the groundwork for a more focused study on the particular role of perfectionism among interpreters who experience burnout. The current study evaluated the relationship between perfectionism, stress, coping resources and burnout in a sample of sign language interpreters. The results provided support for the mediating role of stress in the association of maladaptive perfectionism and burnout within a sign language interpreting sample. Coping resources did not serve as a moderator between perfectionism variables and burnout or a moderated mediator between perfectionism variables and perceived stress. The implications of these findings for sign language interpreters are discussed. The current study evaluated the relationship between perfectionism, stress, coping resources and burnout in a sample of sign language interpreters. The results provided support for the mediating role of stress in the association of maladaptive perfectionism and burnout within a sign language interpreting sample. Coping resources did not serve as a moderator between perfectionism variables and burnout or a moderated mediator between perfectionism variables and perceived stress. The implications of these findings for sign language interpreters are discussed.

Sign language interpreters (SLI) provide a vital service to the deaf community but also experience high levels of pain and suffer from career threatening musculoskeletal disorders. Balancing work and rest (recovery) may be a useful intervention to help address these concerns. This thesis addresses two specific questions, parsed out of a larger study seeking to determine ideal work to rest ratios for sign language interpreting. The aims of this specific body of work were to evaluate sign language interpreters (SLIs) perceptions of the mental and physical demands associated with different work to rest ratios; and, to measure kinematics during signing, comparing kinematic outcomes between novice and experienced SLIs and over time using the work to rest ratio that was perceived as the least demanding (as identified in aim 1). Nine novice and nine experienced interpreters participated in the study, each interpreting the same ten hours of a university level lecture, over the course of six visits to the laboratory. During each session interpreters worked (“hands in the air”) for 60 minutes, but used a different work to rest strategy in each session. These strategies ranged from 10-minute work, 10-minute rest, to 60 minutes of continuous work with no rest. During each session, participants were instrumented with motion capture and electromyography sensors while interpreting in a simulated working environment. In addition, SLIs were asked to provide feedback about their perceptions of the mental and physical demands associated with each session. The first study in this thesis reports on participant’s subjective feedback about the six different sessions (paper #1); where participants identified the 15-minute work to rest ratio as ideal. The second paper reports on kinematic data from this perceived ideal work to rest ratio (paper #2). Despite interpreting in a work to rest ratio that SLIs perceived as ideal, kinematic variables with known associations to injury risk (joint position, velocity, micro-breaks) readily exceeded reported thresholds. / Thesis (Master, Kinesiology & Health Studies) -- Queen's University, 2014-05-29 17:46:11.133

Submitted by Filipe dos Santos (fsantos@pucsp.br) on 2016-12-22T11:11:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinícius Batista Nascimento.pdf: 3374436 bytes, checksum: 1e1b36c785b0d4d86c25b3759b39b908 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-22T11:11:13Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Marcus Vinícius Batista Nascimento.pdf: 3374436 bytes, checksum: 1e1b36c785b0d4d86c25b3759b39b908 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-12-06 / Conselho Nacional de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico - CNPq / This dissertation aims to generally discuss the unpredictability, immediateness, discursivity and norms of interlanguage interpretation and its effects on the professional training of experienced or beginning Brazilian Sign Language and Portuguese Language Interpreters. We explore the enunciative-discursive complexity of this language activity as we consider the semiotic-ideological dimensions of the languages involved and the concreteness of its realization based on the needs of the interactants of the communicative situation and its striking dimension of its “language-as-work” condition. By means of a theoretical triangulation between Bakhtinian studies, ergology and interpreting studies, we transferred the self-confrontation methodology, originally developed by French linguist Daniel Faïta in the Activity Clinic context, to work activity intervention, to the context of professional training with a group of interpreters in a pós-graduação lato sensu [graduate continuing education program] in a course dedicated to the training interpretation in Libras-LP directionality of Brazilian Sign Language/Portuguese Translation and Interpretation offered by a private university in Sao Paulo. Students were divided into three pairs, and in each pair one student played the role of the Main Interpreter and the other, of the Supporting Interpreter. They also changed roles during the activity, in which they had to interpret texts from three different discourse genres, viz., Valedictorian speech, militant political discourse, prosaic opinionative discourse, at two moments: during the first class with no prior professional training action in sensu stricto and during the last class, after their professional training was over. In the last part of the course, the pairs watched the two video recordings and commented on the interpretations based on simple self-confrontation (when they talked about what they had done) and crossed self-confrontation (when the other peers talked about what they had done). The data show that the main interpreters of the interpretation activities, when placed before their own interpretation performance during self-confrontation, were able to learn, in the activity, much beyond what they know about their performance. In the first video, they recognized that their knowledge was a result of prior experience, and in the second that they discursively re-elaborated this knowledge according to their professional training. They also realized that the mobilized genres summoned for specific knowledge related to the interpretation activity: in the second video recording they used strategies they had learned during the professional training program, which were not used in the first one. This dialogical movement related to the interpretation activity before and after the professional training program prompted them to mobilize discourses on the I-for-myself, I-for-the-other, and other-for-me during self-confrontation, contributing, thus, to a shift in the perception of the I and the other classmates as workers who deal with an unpredictable, immediate, and striking activity. We hope that this research may contribute to the teaching/professional training of sign language interpretation, to studies on the relationship between language and work, and to discourse studies / Esta tese tem por objetivo geral discutir a imprevisibilidade, imediatismo, discursividade e normas da interpretação interlíngue e seus efeitos para a formação de Intérpretes de Língua Brasileira de Sinais (Libras) e Língua Portuguesa (LP) experientes e iniciantes. Explora-se a complexidade enunciativo-discursiva desta atividade de linguagem considerando a dimensão semiótico-ideológico das línguas envolvidas, a concretude de sua realização a partir das necessidades interacionais dos sujeitos participantes da situação comunicativa e a dimensão dramática de sua condição de “linguagem como trabalho”. Por meio de uma triangulação teórica entre os estudos bakhtinianos, a ergologia e os estudos da interpretação, realizou-se um deslocamento da metodologia da autoconfrontação, originalmente elaborada pelo linguista francês Daniel Faïta no contexto da Clínica da Atividade para a intervenção na atividade de trabalho, para o contexto de formação profissional com um grupo de intérpretes em um curso de pós-graduação lato sensu em Tradução e Interpretação de Libras/Português de uma instituição de educação superior privada na cidade de São Paulo. Foram montadas três duplas – sendo que, nelas, um sujeito assumiu a posição de intérprete de turno (IT) e outro a de intérprete de apoio (IA), mudando a posição durante a atividade – para interpretar três gêneros discursivos diferentes (discurso de formatura, político-militante e prosaico-opinativo) em uma disciplina dedicada à apreensão da direcionalidade interpretativa Libras-LP em dois momentos: na primeira aula, sem qualquer ação formativa stricto sensu; e o segundo na última aula, após terem passado pela formação. Na última parte da disciplina, as duplas, diante das duas gravações, comentaram as interpretações por meio da autoconfrontação simples (eles falando sobre o que eles fizeram) e da autoconfrontação cruzada (colegas comentando sobre o que eles fizeram). Os dados mostram que os intérpretes protagonistas da atividade interpretativa no contexto de formação, ao se depararem com seu fazer nas autoconfrontações, reconheceram, na atividade, muito além daquilo que sabiam sobre o seu fazer. Reconheceram, no primeiro vídeo, um saber marcado pela experiência e, no segundo vídeo, uma reelaboração discursiva desse saber de acordo com a formação. Observaram, também, que os gêneros mobilizados convocaram saberes específicos ligados a atividade interpretativa o que os mobilizou à utilização, no caso da segunda gravação, de estratégias abordadas no processo formativo que não foram utilizadas no primeiro. Esse movimento dialógico sobre a atividade interpretativa antes e depois da formação conduziu os sujeitos a mobilizarem discursos sobre o eu-para-mim, o eu-para-o-outro e o outro-para-mim durante as autoconfrontações contribuindo, com isso, para uma mudança na percepção de si e dos outros participantes da aula como trabalhadores que lidam com uma atividade imprevisível, imediata e dramática. Espera-se que esta pesquisa contribua com a pedagogia da interpretação das línguas de sinais, com os estudos do binômio linguagem e o trabalho e com os estudos do discurso

Teckenspråkstolkar hanterar till vardags olika typer av tolkuppdrag, till exempel möten på arbetsplatser, offentliga uppdrag på scen, i utbildningssammanhang eller hos tandläkaren. Syftet är alltid detsamma, nämligen att möjliggöra kommunikation mellan personer som inte delar samma språk. Situationernavarierar dock och kan äga rum i alla tänkbara kontexter i livet, från vaggan till graven. Det ingår i tolkensprofession att anpassa sig till situationen. Det handlar både om en språklig och kulturell anpassning och en anpassning av sitt yttre för att inte vara ett störningsmoment för de närvarande parterna under uppdraget. Kläderna är en viktig del inom tolkning eftersom teckenspråket är visuellt baserat och mottagaren uppfattar språket via synen. Den här studien fokuserar på yrkesverksamma teckenspråkstolkars uppfattning om klädkoden inom professionen samt hur klädvalet anpassas efter uppdragen. I uppsatsen genomfördes sju kvalitativa forskningsintervjuer för detta ändamål. Analysen visar att det förekommer anpassningar ifråga om vad tolkar väljer att ta på sig beroende på vilken typ av uppdrag som står på agendan. Det kan handla både om att vara praktiskt klädd inför uppdrag och att signalera professionalitet till omgivningen. Klädkoden inom tolkkåren är en oskriven regel som alla känner till och följer, men som inte är specifikt uttalad när man väl är klar med utbildningen. Samtidigt uppger flera tolkar om att de inom ramen för den rådande klädkoden ändå på kreativa sätt kan variera sin klädsel och markera sin personliga identitet. / Sign language interpreters handle different types of interpreting assignments with regards to work-related situations such as meetings at workplaces, public assignments on stage, in educational contexts, or at the dentist. The purpose is always the same, to enable communication between people who do not share a language. Situations, however, vary greatly and can occur in all conceivable contexts in life from the cradle to the grave. A part of the interpreter's profession is to adapt to these situations. It includes linguistic and cultural adaptation, as well as adaptation of the interpreter’s appearance in order to not interfere with the parties involved in the assignment. Clothing is an important part of interpretation as the sign language is visual and the recipients understand the language through signs. This study focuses on the professional sign language interpreter’s perception of the dress code in the profession and how the choice of clothing is adapted to the assignments. The study conducted seven qualitative research interviews for this purpose. The analysis shows that there are adjustments in terms of what interpreters choose to wear, which depend on the type of assignment, to be both practically dressed and to signal professionalism in the environment. This dress code within the interpreting corps is an unwritten rule that everyone knows and follows, but which is not specifically stated once the education is completed. At the same time, several interpreters state that within the framework of the prevailing dress code, they can still creatively vary their attire and mark their personal identity.

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The initial purpose of this study was to describe and analyse the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital. This was seen as a microcosm of the language situation in urban South Africa. As such, this study set out to identify problems and offer suggestions in resolving the difficulties experienced in communication in this hospital as well as in other medical institutions in the rest of the country. Before attempting such an investigation, a sound theoretical framework had to be established. In order to gain familiarity with the research field, concepts on sociolinguistics had to be researched and described. In order to apply particular concepts to the situation under investigation, the concepts had to be defined and interpreted first. This study has made a contribution to the theoretical debate regarding various sociolinguistic concepts, in that it has shown how these concepts apply to the South African situation. The next step in the research process involved making a decision about which method would be most appropriate for collecting data. Therefore, various approaches were investigated in order to find the appropriate one. The techniques of data collection and the recruitment of respondents had to be refined before the main data collection process could begin. Then began the journey of discovery. The detailed description of the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital presented in chapter 3 forms the crux of this study. This is the first time that such a comprehensive, qualitative description of the entire language situation in this hospital has been done. An appropriate method for data analysis had to be devised. This entailed various levels of analysis and interpretation. A description of the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital would have been incomplete without presenting a few of the various scenarios that took place in this hospital. Many important conclusions were reached during the course of the research. The most important of these were: 1. A huge communication problem exists at Baragwanath Hospital. 2. Either interpreters will have to be hired to overcome this problem; or nurses will have to be paid more for their interpreting services. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.

The initial purpose of this study was to describe and analyse the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital. This was seen as a microcosm of the language situation in urban South Africa. As such, this study set out to identify problems and offer suggestions in resolving the difficulties experienced in communication in this hospital as well as in other medical institutions in the rest of the country. Before attempting such an investigation, a sound theoretical framework had to be established. In order to gain familiarity with the research field, concepts on sociolinguistics had to be researched and described. In order to apply particular concepts to the situation under investigation, the concepts had to be defined and interpreted first. This study has made a contribution to the theoretical debate regarding various sociolinguistic concepts, in that it has shown how these concepts apply to the South African situation. The next step in the research process involved making a decision about which method would be most appropriate for collecting data. Therefore, various approaches were investigated in order to find the appropriate one. The techniques of data collection and the recruitment of respondents had to be refined before the main data collection process could begin. Then began the journey of discovery. The detailed description of the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital presented in chapter 3 forms the crux of this study. This is the first time that such a comprehensive, qualitative description of the entire language situation in this hospital has been done. An appropriate method for data analysis had to be devised. This entailed various levels of analysis and interpretation. A description of the language situation at Baragwanath Hospital would have been incomplete without presenting a few of the various scenarios that took place in this hospital. Many important conclusions were reached during the course of the research. The most important of these were: 1. A huge communication problem exists at Baragwanath Hospital. 2. Either interpreters will have to be hired to overcome this problem; or nurses will have to be paid more for their interpreting services. / African Languages / D. Litt. et Phil.