This study took place in the city of Rasht, which is the capital of Gilan Province, situated in North-Western Iran. The aim has been to investigate how a group of young Rashti women constitute their identities through their talk-in-interaction, and how they relate to the concept of Rashti, be it the dialect, people living in a geographical area, or a notion of collective characteristics. The participants constitute their identities by using different social categories to position and categorise themselves and contrast themselves with others. In positioning and categorising they use various discursive means, such as code-switching, active voicing, and extreme-case formulations. Moreover, the social categories also overlap and work together when the participants negotiate and re-negotiate their identities, making an intersectional approach highly relevant. The methods used in this study are of a qualitative nature and belong in the third wave of sociolinguistics (Eckert 2012). The analysed data consists primarily of staged conversations, whereas participant observation, field notes, and natural conversations have been used to help the researcher in understanding the field. The study adopts an emic or participants’ perspective through the use of membership categorisation analysis and conversation analysis, but also within a theoretical intersectionality framework. In many of the conversations, the culture of Rasht and Gilan is a re-emerging theme, and it is contrasted with that of the rest of the country. Gender norms and gender roles are very central to the study, as these young women describe themselves as much freer and less controlled than women in other parts of the country. Gender is made relevant when the participants discuss how the local traditions surpass both national (religious) laws and social codes in other places. The Rashti and Gilaki language varieties also play a role in the constructing of the Rashti identity of the participants. There is, however, a discrepancy between the participants’ values vis-à-vis Rashti and Gilaki as a dialect or a language, and how they value being a Rashti as well as the Rashti and Gilaki culture. In the majority of conversations the participants express a highly positive opinion regarding their Rashti identity, while at the same time the Rashti and Gilaki language varieties are mostly valued in very negative ways.

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Данная магистерская диссертация посвящена разработке эффективной системы упражнений по культуре речи для освоения курса школьной морфологии. В первой главе представлена теоретическая база, в которой описаны история учения о культуре речи, языковые нормы, типы норм, а также проанализировано содержание школьных программ и учебников по русскому языку и русскому (родному) языку для учащихся 5-7 классов. Во второй главе представлена система упражнений по обучению грамматическим нормам русского литературного языка учащихся среднего звена на уроках русского языка в 5–7 классах общеобразовательных школ. Система упражнений по формированию речевой культуры включает задания, направленные на получение практических умений в употреблении форм существительных, прилагательных, числительных, глаголов и местоимений, составления словосочетаний и предложений, акцентологические задания, задания на сочетаемость слов и т.п. Материал распределен в соответствии с частями речи. В каждом разделе сначала представлены теоретические сведения о проблемных участках грамматических норм, а после этого даны задания и упражнения по соответствующим темам. / This master's thesis is devoted to the development of an effective system of exercises on the culture of speech for the development of the course of school morphology. The first chapter presents a theoretical framework that describes the history of teaching about the culture of speech, language norms, types of norms, as well as analyzes the content of school programs and textbooks on the Russian language and Russian (native).) language for students of grades 5-7. The second chapter presents a system of exercises for teaching grammatical norms of the Russian literary language to middle-level students at Russian language lessons in grades 5-7 of secondary schools. The system of exercises for the formation of speech culture includes tasks aimed at obtaining practical skills in the use of forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals, verbs and pronouns, composing phrases and sentences, accentological tasks, tasks for the compatibility of words, etc. The material is distributed in accordance with the parts of speech. Each section first presents theoretical information about the problem areas of grammatical norms, and then gives tasks and exercises on the relevant topics.

Les élèves nouvellement arrivés en France (ENAF) sont inscrits dans un établissement scolaire pour apprendre la langue du pays et d’autres disciplines non linguistiques. A l’intérieur de l’établissement, un dispositif spécifique a été mis en place pour que ces allophones prennent des cours de langue de français non maternel. Il s’agit de la classe d’initiation (CLIN) et les élèves y passent quelques heures de la journée. Le but de cette recherche est d’explorer et étudier l’appropriation du français par ces élèves dans deux types d’espaces en périmètre scolaire ; celui du cadre formel (la classe) et celui du cadre informel (en dehors de la classe). La recherche se situe donc au carrefour de trois disciplines directrices que sont la sociologie, la didactique des langues et le socio-interactionnisme. Le croisement de ces disciplines est essentiel pour cette recherche parce qu’il m’a permis d’obtenir des résultats de souche disciplinaire différente. J’ai mené des analyses en trois temps. La première série d’analyses concernait la dimension sociologique de la recherche, dans laquelle la concentration était orientée vers la construction et le développement d’un réseau social de communication orale des ENAF. Il en découle qu’il existe deux réseaux sociaux ; dans les espaces où les contraintes sont fortement présentes, le réseau social est subi et dans les espaces où les contraintes sont moins, voire pas du tout présentes, le réseau social est choisi. Lorsque les ENAF se trouvent dans le réseau subi ou dans le réseau choisi, l’appropriation de la langue est s’effectue différemment. La deuxième série d’analyses s’est concentrée sur l’appropriation du français dans le cadre formel à travers la communication didactique. L’étude sur les interactions didactiques montre que le répertoire linguistique des ENAF contient du français standard, des écarts linguistiques et du français non standard. De plus, le comportement interactionnel des élèves durant les échanges est réglementé. La troisième série d’analyses s’est focalisée sur l’appropriation du français dans le cadre informel à travers la communication ordinaire. Les interactions examinées dévoilent que l’appropriation qui se fait dans ce genre d’espace est plutôt interactionnelle que linguistique et que c’est le français non standard qui structure le plus souvent les énoncés des uns et des autres. Au final, cette recherche encourage à approfondir la dimension sociologique dans l’appropriation du français par les ENAF dans le périmètre scolaire et à explorer les « coulisses » de l’immersion totale et interroger ce qui se passe dans le soubassement de l’immersion totale / Children arriving in France from abroad have to get enrolled in a French school in order to learn French and other school subjects. Within the school a special class has been set up for these new comers to learn French as a foreign language. It is called “CLIN” and these pupils spend more than 10 hours in this class per week. The aim of this research work is to study the French (as a foreign) language learning by these foreigner pupils, particularly, the classroom learning and the outside-of-the-class learning. That involves two learning “zones”; informal and formal. The research is based on three main theorical approaches which imply sociology, language pedagogy and social interactionism. The results obtained embed elements of the approaches mentioned above. Data analysis was done and divided into three categories. The first one is about the sociological aspect of the research. It sheds light on the construction and development of the pupils’ social networks. Two types of social network emerge from the results; the chosen social network and the imposed social network. Whatever the network, learning of the French language is done differently. The second one is about learning French in classroom through the communicative language teaching. Studies show that the pupils’ speeches contain French standard linguistic forms as well as French linguistic gap-forms. The third one is about the informal language learning through everyday communication. Results reveal that the linguistic aspect is overshadowed by the communicative and interactional urge throughout the pupils’ discussions. Non-standard linguistic forms are often considered within these exchanges. Finally, the present research work outlines the sociological aspect that needs to be strongly considered when one is learning French as a foreign language (especially the foreign pupils in France) in the school environment. This research also helps to have a better understanding of the “behind the learning scenes” of language immersion in school contexts