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A linguistic study of advertising English in the Hong Kong pressWong, Yuk-yue, Viola., 黃玉華. January 1977 (has links)
published_or_final_version / Language Studies / Master / Master of Arts
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English Teachers´Views on the Use of the Target Language in the ClassroomSjöberg, Helén January 2007 (has links)
<p>In our ever more international world, the English language plays an important role. This is</p><p>also reflected in its prominent position as a core subject in the Swedish school system. It is</p><p>therefore important that English teachers offer students an environment in which they have</p><p>the best possible opportunities to be successful in reaching the goals specified in the</p><p>syllabuses. One variable in a successful foreign language classroom is the teacher's usage</p><p>ofthe target language.</p><p>This study is about English teachers' views on the issue of target language usage in the</p><p>classroom, versus usage of the mother tongue. In this study, at Upper Secondary level, the</p><p>interviews show that the teachers are, more or less, in agreement that the target language</p><p>should be used all the time in the classroom. There are, however, occasions in which the</p><p>interviewed teachers do not work according to their own beliefs and methods and revert to</p><p>using Swedish. The main such occasions can briefly be said to be: explanation of grammar,</p><p>non-subject related "mentor's issues" and classroom management issues. In addition, this</p><p>study argues that the governing documents, previous research, as well as well-known</p><p>theories on the subject support a high usage of the target language by the teacher.</p>
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English Teachers´Views on the Use of the Target Language in the ClassroomSjöberg, Helén January 2007 (has links)
In our ever more international world, the English language plays an important role. This is also reflected in its prominent position as a core subject in the Swedish school system. It is therefore important that English teachers offer students an environment in which they have the best possible opportunities to be successful in reaching the goals specified in the syllabuses. One variable in a successful foreign language classroom is the teacher's usage ofthe target language. This study is about English teachers' views on the issue of target language usage in the classroom, versus usage of the mother tongue. In this study, at Upper Secondary level, the interviews show that the teachers are, more or less, in agreement that the target language should be used all the time in the classroom. There are, however, occasions in which the interviewed teachers do not work according to their own beliefs and methods and revert to using Swedish. The main such occasions can briefly be said to be: explanation of grammar, non-subject related "mentor's issues" and classroom management issues. In addition, this study argues that the governing documents, previous research, as well as well-known theories on the subject support a high usage of the target language by the teacher.
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SEX DIFFERENCES IN LANGUAGE USAGE IN AN OLDER POPULATION.Nye, Nan Kay, 1945- January 1983 (has links)
No description available.
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Izincomo phakathi kwesiduna namabhinqa esiXhoseniRalarala, Knowledge Monwabisi 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--University of Stellenbosch, 2003. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study aims to investigate the speech act of complimenting in Xhosa. The study
constitutes of six chapters with respective to execute this aim.
Chapter one provides special details regarding the aim of this study, the method that has
been followed, and the organisational structure of the study.
Chapter two focuses on both speech act and politeness theories. The central notion
relates to (a) the acts of locution, (b) illocution and (c) perlocution. These elements of
speech acts entail the notion that utterances that are produced by participants in a
conversation comprises of (a) the actual sounds and words uttered, and those words and
sounds (b) are intended towards the fulfilment of the force or intention behind them and (c)
the effect of that force is intended to the hearer. Although there are other related
elements, this notion is prominent in this chapter.
Chapter three examines speech acts of complimenting in Xhosa along with their
responses. This examination is informed by various ideas from respective researchers.
For an effective and successful investigation of speech acts, a guideline which serves as a
base follows a model of ethnography of communication. Almost all these researchers are
putting emphasis on this view. This chapter takes this issue further by exploring the
differences in compliments and responses with reference to gender, along with other
qualities that have been mentioned. The elements of the responses the principles, their
nature, structure and appearance in general conversations with specific reference to
complimenting, are other key properties examined in this chapter.
Chapter four focuses on the functions of the compliments. For example, almost all the
researchers in the field are in agreement that compliments serve to revitalize, establish or
create or encourage solidarity. Although there are other functions relating to this speech
act, such as replacing other conversational formulas, e.g. greetings, softening criticism, the
function of solidarity is perceived to be central. Another area which receives attention is
the structural qualities of the compliment, along with syntactic and lexical features. This
analysis explores the syntactic categories that relate to this work, together with the
formulaic nature of this speech act. In addition, the status and gender of the participants in an interaction, as informed by situations or friends who like to be complimented, are all
matters that receive scrutiny in this chapter.
Chapter five constitute the central part of the study. The differences in compliments and
responses receive attention with the aim of establishing possible difference between
compliments given by males and females.
Chapter six is the last chapter, it presents the findings and conclusion of the study. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie het as doelstelling die ondersoek van die spraakhandeling van
komplimentering in Xhosa. Die tesis beslaan ses hoofstukke wat gestruktureer is om
uitvoering te gee aan hierdie doelstelling.
Hoofstuk een gee spesifieke besonderhede betreffende die doelstelling van die studie, die
metode wat gevolg word, en die organisasie van die studie.
Hoofstuk twee fokus op spraakhandelingsteorie en hoflikheidsteorie. Die sentrale konsep
hou verband met (a) die handelinge van lokusie, (b) ilokusie en (c) perlokusie. Hierdie
elemente van spraakhandelinge behels die begrip dat die uitinge wat deur deelnemers in
'n gesprek geproduseer word bestaan uit (a) die werklike klanke en woorde wat geuiter
word, en wat (b) die intensie het om uitdrukking te gee aan die fors daaragter, en (c) die
effek is gerig op die hoorder. Hierdie oorweging is sentraal in die hoofstuk.
Hoofstuk drie ondersoek die spraakhandeling van komplimentering in Xhosa tesame met
die response daarop. Hierdie ondersoek word ingelig deur sieninge van verskillende
navorsers. Vir die effektiewe ondersoek van spraakhandelinge, is 'n rigtinggewende basis
vanuit die etnografie van kommunikasie nodig. Hierdie hoofstuk ondersoek die verskille in
komplimente en die response daarop met betrekking tot gender en ander eienskappe. Die
aspekte van die response, hulle beginsels, aard, en struktuur, en die gebruik daarvan in
gesprekke wat komplimente bevat, word ondersoek.
Hoofstuk vier fokus op die funksies van komplimente. Feitlik al die navorsers in die veld
van komplimentering stem saam dat komplimente die doel het om solidariteit te skep of te
versterk. Alhoewel daar ander funksies is van komplimentering, bv. die verplasing van
gespreksformules, soos groet, kritiek, is die bevestiging van solidariteit sentraal. 'n Ander
area wat aandag kry in die hoofstuk, is die strukturele kenmerke van komplimente,
insluitende sintaktiese en leksikale kenmerke. Die analises behels 'n ondersoek na die
sintaktiese kategorieë wat komplimente realiseer, tesame met die formule-agtige aard van
komplimente as spraakhandelinge. Voorts word die status en gender van die
gespreksgenote ondersoek.
Hoofstuk vyf vorm die sentrale deel van die studie betreffende die bepaling van moontlike
gender verskille in komplimente. Hoofstuk ses bied die samevatting en gevolgtrekkings van die studie. / ISISHWANKATHELO: Esi sifundo sikwiphulo lokuphanda ngezenzo zentetho zezincomo. Kuqulunqwe izahluko
ezintandathu ezineenjongo ezahlukiyo ukufezekisa eli phulo.
Isahluko sokuqala sinika umkhombandlela malunga nenjongo yesifundo, imethodi
elandelweyo kananjalo nolwakhiwo zinikwa ingqwalasela.
Isahluko sesibini sinika ingqwalasela kwithiyori yezenzo zentetho kananjalo neyentlonelo.
Uluvo olungundoqo nolunika umdla kule ngxelo luqulathe izenzo ze (a) ilokhushini, (b) 1-
ilokhushini ne (c) nephelokhushini.
Ezi zenzo zixhibe ingcamango yokuba intetho eveliswa ngabo bathatha inxaxheba
kunxibelelwano iqulathe (a) izandi zolwakhiwo Iwesigama, ukuze eso sigama (b) sijoliswe
kwinjongo ethile ekuyimfuneko ukuba iphunyezwe ekugqibeleni (c) ifuthe laloo mpumelelo
lingqale lowo kunxityelelwano naye okanye umphulaphuli. Nasekubeni ekhona namanye
amasolotya axhagileyo, kodwa le ngcamango iphawuliweyo iphume izandla kwesi
sahluko.
Isahluko sesithathu siphonononga izenzo zeentetho zezincomo kananjalo neempendulo
zazo. Olu phononongo lungqongwe zizimvo zeengcali eziphuma kwiinkalo ngeenkalo.
Umkhombandlela osisikhokhelo kwiphulo lophando Iwezenzo zeentetho naziphi na, ukuze
lube yimpumelelo kwaye lusulungeke kufuneka luiandeie imodeli okanye umgaqo weethinografi
yonxibelelwano phantse bonke aba baphandi babeke umnwe kule ngcamango.
Ngokunxusa oku, esi sahluko, xa sihlabela mgama, siphawula ngeyantlukwano yezincomo
neempendulo zazo ngesini, nangezinye iimpawu ezikhankanyiweyo. Uqulunkqo
Iwemigaqo yokuphendula, ubunjani, ubume nembonakalo yayo entethweni gabalala
ngokunxulumene nezincomo ngamanye amasolotya abalulekileyo nanika umdla kwesi
sahluko.
Isahluko sesine sinika ingqwalaselo kwimisebenzi yesincomo. Umzekelo, phantse zonke
ezi ngcali zikweli phulo ziyayingqina nento yokuba izincomo zivuselela , ziyila okanye
zikhuthaza umanyano. Nangona ibonakala ikhona eminye imisebenzi ekhankanywayo
engqonge esi senzo sentetho njengokuthabatha indawo yezinye zeefomuia zonxulumano, umz. imibulisi, ukuthomakalisa ugxeko-ncomo, olu luvo lomanyano lubonwa
njengoluhamba phambili. Enye indima ephononongwayo ziimpawu zolwakhiwo
Iwezincomo, kananjalo neempawu zesintaksi neleksikali. Olu hlalutyo lulo oludulisa izigaba
zentetho ezibandakanyekayo kananjalo nobufomula besi senzo sentetho. Ukwaleka,
iwonga nesini sabo bathabatha inxaxheba kolu nxibelelwano ngokulawulwa ziimeko
okanye izihlobo ezikholisa ukunconywa, konke oku yimibandela efumana ukuphicothwa
kwesi sahluko.
Isahluko sesihlanu siqulathe umongo wesi sifundo. Uhlalutyo Iwezincomo neempendulo
zazo lunikwa ingqwalasela ngamehlo abukhali; ngeenjongo zokufumanisa umahluko
ongaba ukhona phakathi kwezincomo zamaduna namabhinqa.
Isahluko sesithandathu nesokugqibela sinika iziphumo zophando nesiphelo sesi sifundo.
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Ulukuhlo nelima kumzantsi Afrika otshintshayoMashiyi, Phozisa Christina 03 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2004. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study focuses on a critical examination of the communication-theoretic properties of
persuasive messages in the Volunteer campaign in South Africa. Five articles have been
analysed according to two premises which form the theory of Larson (1975), entailing
content premises and process premises. The content premise is used in the analysis of
two articles of this study, namely: the first and the fifth article, and it concentrates solely on
the theme on both articles. The theme concentrates on persuasive messages in the
letsema/ilima volunteer campaign in South Africa. In the analysis of the content premises
emphasis is put on the cause to effect reasoning. The other articles focus on the process
premises only.
The process premises focus on the three different types of processes, namely: the need,
the attitude and consistency. As regard the need, the study puts emphasis on the esteem
need. As regard attitude, emphasis is put on the evaluative responses. As regard the
consistency, emphasis is put on the two types of consistency, namely: consonance and
dissonance. In terms of consonance, emphasis is on the analysis of reassurance of
security. In terms of dissonance, emphasis is on the analysis of sense of guilt. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie fokus op 'n kritiese ondersoek van die kommunikasie-teoretiese eienskappe
van oorredende boodskappe in die Vrywilligerveldog in Suid-Afrika. Vyf artikels word
ontleed in die studie binne die raamwerk van twee premises van Larson (1975), nl. die
inhoudpremis en die prosespremis. Die inhoudpremises word aangewend in die analise
van twee artikels, nl. die eerste en die vyfde artikel, en daar word uitsluitlik gefokus op die
tema van hierdie artikels. Die tema in hierdie artikels hou direk verband met oorredende
boodskappe in die letsema/ilima vrywilligerveldtog. In die analise van die inhoudpremises
word veral klem geplaas op die oorsaak-effek redenasie. Die analise van die ander drie
artikels fokus op die prosespremise.
Die prosespremise fokus op drie verskillende prosesse, naamlik die behoeftepremis, die
houdingpremis, en die konsekwentheidpremis. Aangaande die behoeftepremis, word klem
geplaas in die ondersoek op die waarde-behoefte. Ten opsigte van die houdingspremis, is
die klem op die evaluatiewe response. Rakende die konsekwentheidspremis, beklemtoon
die analise twee soorte konsekwentheid, naamlik konsonansie en dissonansie. Die
ondersoek van konsonansie fokus op die versekering van sekureiteit, terwyl die analise
van dissonansie, klem plaas op die analise van skuld. / ISIXHOSA ISISHWANKATHELO: Esi sifundo sijolise kwimiyalezo elukuhlayo ejolise kwilima eMzantsi Afrika. Ekwenzeni
oku, kuhlalutywe amaphetshana amahlanu ngokwezindululo zesiseko ezibini ezize
noLarson (1975) ezizezi: Isiqulatho sesindululo sesiseko nenkqubo yesindululo sesiseko.
Isiqulatho sesindululo sesiseko sisetyenziswe kumaphetshana amabini angala: elokuqala
nelesihlanu, kwaye siqwalasela umxholo kuwo omabini la maphetshana. Lo mxholo
uqwalaselweyo ngulowo ujongene nemiyalezo yolukuhlo kwiphulo lokwenza ilima
eMzantsi Afrika. Kwisiqulatho sesindululo sesiseko kugxininiswe kwingqiqo kanobangela
ukuya kwisiphumo. Kwamanye amaphetshana kuqwalaselwe inkqubo yesindululo
sesiseko kuphela.
Inkqubo yesindululo sesiseko inike ingqwalasela kwiindidi ezintathu zeenkqubo ezizezi:
Imfuno, isimilo nokungaguquguquki. Kwimfuno ingqwalasela ibekwe ibekwe kwimfuno
yokuzingca. Kwisimilo ingqwalasela ibekwe kwiimpendulo zokuhlola. Kukungaguquguquki
ingwalasela ibekwe kuzo zombini iindidi zokungaguquguquki ezizezi: Isivumelwano
nokungavumelani. Kwisivumelwano kubekwe ingqwalasela ikakhulu kwisiqinisekiso
sokhuseleko. Ekungavumelanini kugxininiswe kuhlobo Iwako olubizwa ngokuba luluvo
lokuba netyala.
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The speech act of complaining in isiXhosaManjiya, Monelwa Precious 12 1900 (has links)
Thesis (MA)--Stellenbosch University, 2001. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: This study investigates the speech act of complaining in Xhosa. It is organized into six
chapters.
Chapter 1 states the aim of the study. The method, design and the organization of the
study are also presented.
In Chapter 2 the speech acts and politeness theories are presented as the basic
framework of this study. It is clear that people do not only produce utterances, which
contain grammatical structures and words when attempting to express themselves, but
they always perform actions via those utterances. The actions people perform via their
utterances are done in accordance within a certain area of linguistic pragmatics.
Chapter 3 deals with the speech act of complaining as discussed by various theorists.
Chapter 4 is concerned with complaints strategies. Here it is revealed that one must be
able to voice one's annoyance or anger while at the same time it is important to avoid
embarrassment by creating a situation in which it becomes impossible for him/her to face
the aversiveness of taking the blame.
Chapter 5 deals with complaint situations in Xhosa. In order to make sense of what is said
during an interaction, various factors have been examined, which relate to social distance
and closeness. The relative status of the participants is based on social values.
Complaint situations are divided into three social groups: power relations, friendship and
strangers. Power relations involve people of superior and low status. This group is
divided into two subgroups: people with superior status to people with low status and vice
versa; those speakers with a lower status in a Xhosa speaking context tend to mark social
distance between themselves and higher status speakers.
Among friends, there is no social distance because people tend to treat one another as
equals. The same is true of strangers, although they don't know each other; they tend to
treat one another with mutual respect.
Most of the time complaints in Xhosa express disapproval or negative feelings towards the
source of the complaint. Complaints sometimes can be impolite. They can lead to conflict
as they are sometimes very threatening, accusing and cursing. That is why a number of
strategies have been introduced to a complainant who wants to avoid direct confrontation
with the complainee. The indirect accusation strategy is the number one tool, which is
always used by the complainers to avoid conflict, unlike annoyance, direct accusation and
explicit blame of the accused's action or of the accused as a person.
People who use indirect accusations do not want to run the risk of losing face, unlike the
direct accusation, which is face-threatening. Responding to a complaint is also an
important factor as it promotes further interaction. Response serves as a way of
displaying interest in what the speaker is saying. It has been noticed that response gives
the speakers the opportunity to voice their feelings.
Finally, Chapter 6 presents the conclusions of the investigation and the main findings of
the study are summarized. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Hierdie studie ondersoek die spraakhandeling van klagte in Xhosa. Dit is georganiseer in
ses hoofstukke.
Hoofstuk 1 bied die doelstelling van die studie. Die metode, ontwerp en organisasie van
die studie word ook bespreek.
In Hoofstuk2 word die spraakhandelinge en beleefdheidsteorieë bespreek as die
raamwerk van die studie. Dit word duidelik gemaak dat mense nie slegs uitinge produseer
wat grammatikale strukture en woorde bevat nie, maar hulle voer altyd aksies uit via die
uitinge. Hierdie aksies wat mense uitvoer via hulle uitinge word gedoen in
ooreenstemming in bepaalde area van linguistiese pragmatiek.
Hoofstuk 3 behandel in die besonder die spraakhandeling van klagte soos ondersoek deur
verskillende navorsers.
Hoofstuk 4 behandel klagte-strategieë. Hier word aangedui dat 'n spreker in staat moet
wees om hy/sy se ontevredenheid of woede te lug terwyl dit terselfdertyd belangrik is om
verleentheid te vermy deur die skep van 'n situasie waar dit vir hom/haar onmoontlik maak
om te staan te kom voor die neem van die blaam.
Hoofstuk 5 ondersoek klagte-situasies in Xhosa. Ten einde sin te maak oor wat gesê
word en 'n interaksie, is verskeie faktore ondersoek wat verband hou met sosiale opstand
en nabyheid. Die realtiewe status van die deelnemers word gebaseer op sosiale waardes.
Klagte-situasies kan verdeel word in terme van drie sosiale groepe: magsverhoudinge,
vriendskap en vreemdelingskap. Magsverhoudinge hou verband met die verhoudinge
tussen mense met hoë en lae status. Hierdie groep word verdeel in twee sub-groepe:
mense met superieuse status en mense met lae status en omgekeerd. Persone met 'n
laer status in 'n Xhosasprekende konteks is geneig om sosiale afstand te markeer tussen
hulleself en hoër status sprekers.
Daar is geen sosiale opstand tussen vriende nie, omdat sulke persone geneig is om
mekaar as gelykes te behandel. Dieselfde is waar van vreemdelinge, want alhoewel hulle
mekaar nie ken nie, is hulle geneig om mekaar met respek te behandel.
Die meeste van die klagtes oor tyd in Xhosa gee druk misnoeë of negatiewe gevoelens uit
met betrekking tot die bron van die klagte. Klagtes kan soms onbeleefd wees. Hulle kan
lei tot konflik, aangesien hulle soms baie bedreigend aantygend en beledigend kan wees.
Daarom is 'n aantal strategieë beskikbaar vir 'n klaer wat direkte konfrontasie wil vermy
teenoor die persoon waarteen gekla word. Die indirekte aantyging strategie is die
voorkeur strategie wat deur die klaers gebruik word kom konflik te vermy, in teenstelling
met kwaad word direkte aantyging en eksplisiete blaam van die aangetygde persoon se
aksie of die persoon self.
Persone wat indirekte aantygings gebruik, wil nie die risiko loop om "gesig" (face) te
verloor nie, in teenstelling met die direkte aantyging, wat gesig-bedreiging is. Om te
reageer op 'n klagte, is ook 'n belangrike faktor, aangesien dit verdere interaksie
aanmoedig. Die gee van 'n reaksie is 'n wyse om aan te toon dat daar belangstelling is in
wat die spreker sê. Daar is aangetoon dat 'n reaksie vir sprekers die geleentheid gee om
hulle gevoelens te lug.
Laastens, gee Hoofstuk 6 die gevolgtrekkings van die ondersoek, en die belangrikste
bevindinge van die studie word opgesom.
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English in designs in Hong KongNg, Man-yi, Emily., 吳敏儀. January 2001 (has links)
published_or_final_version / English Studies / Master / Master of Arts
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Cultural Experimentation as Regulatory Mechanism in Response to Events of War and Revolution in Russia (1914-1940)Tarnai, Anita January 2014 (has links)
From 1914 to 1940 Russia lived through a series of traumatic events: World War I, the Bolshevik revolution, the Civil War, famine, and the Bolshevik and subsequently Stalinist terror. These events precipitated and facilitated a complete breakdown of the status quo associated with the tsarist regime and led to the emergence and eventual pervasive presence of a culture of violence propagated by the Bolshevik regime. This dissertation explores how the ongoing exposure to trauma impaired ordinary perception and everyday language use, which, in turn, informed literary language use in the writings of Viktor Shklovsky, the prominent Formalist theoretician, and of the avant-garde writer, Daniil Kharms. While trauma studies usually focus on the reconstructive and redeeming features of trauma narratives, I invite readers to explore the structural features of literary language and how these features parallel mechanisms of cognitive processing, established by medical research, that take place in the mind affected by traumatic encounters. Central to my analysis are Shklovsky's memoir A Sentimental Journey and his early articles on the theory of prose "Art as Device" and "The Relationship between Devices of Plot Construction and General Devices of Style" and Daniil Karms's theoretical writings on the concepts of "nothingness," "circle," and "zero," and his prose work written in the 1930s. My analysis probes into various modes in which trauma can present itself in a text, in forms other than semantic content, and points to what distinguishes a modernist text from one written under the impairing conditions of trauma, despite their structural similarities.
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The impact of the use of English as the medium of instruction to grade four learners in the Mankweng CircuitDikgale, Senaba Joshua January 2013 (has links)
Thesis (M.A. (Translation Studies and Linguistics)) --University of Limpopo, 2013 / Refer to the document
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