Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-27T18:15:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Lea de Barros Cavalcanti.pdf: 7478973 bytes, checksum: 50f60da42915a6f90b5bfe31b06d1131 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-12-11 / This dissertation aims to investigate the Myth of Development and its role in shaping contemporary urban planning, focusing on the Cidade da Copa project, to be implemented in São Lourenço da Mata, a municipality in the metropolitan region of Recife, in the State of Pernambuco, Brazil. This paper examines the planning of Cidade da Copa and its function in the broader project of developing Pernambuco as a whole. The territory covered is formed by the cities of São Lourenço da Mata and Camaragibe, but their interactions with the capital, Recife, are also observed. The methodology adopted in this study has included: bibliographical and field researches, with visits to the cities for the accurate understanding of the subject; interviews with institutions directly and indirectly related with designing Cidade da Copa ; and consultations with the company responsible for planning the urban complex. The interviews and consultations aimed to gather qualitative data for a better comprehension of the impact of political, urban, social and economic phenomena in those cities. The topics here discussed include urban segregation, entrepreneurial governance of cities and models of partnerships between private and public stakeholders. Questions raised and debated in this analysis cover: the 2014 FIFA World Cup in Brazil and its influence on the erection of Cidade da Copa in São Lourenço da Mata; the preparation of municipal and state administrations for the urban growth fostered by that event; the role of private businesses responsible for Cidade da Copa in the planning and execution of the project; the levels of socio-economic and urban impact caused by Cidade da Copa to the surrounding communities and to the two municipalities as a whole; the urban nature of the future Cidade da Copa ; and, finally, the limitations of the urban complex and its possibilities in contributing to the development of the area where it will be implemented / Esta dissertação se propõe a investigar o Mito do Desenvolvimento e sua representação na configuração da produção urbana contemporânea, em especial no projeto Cidade da Copa, a ser implantado em São Lourenço da Mata, município integrante da Região Metropolitana do Recife, em Pernambuco. O planejamento dessa Cidade e seu significado no projeto de desenvolvimento do Estado é o objeto da presente pesquisa. O recorte territorial é formado pelos municípios de São Lourenço da Mata e de Camaragibe, sem deixar de lado suas relações com a capital Recife. Para formulação das análises apresentadas foram realizadas: pesquisa bibliográfica e de campo, com visitas aos municípios para apropriação do tema; entrevistas com os agentes institucionais direta e indiretamente relacionados com a concepção da Cidade; e consultas à empresa responsável pela idealização do complexo urbanístico. As entrevistas e consultas tiveram o propósito de obtenção de dados qualitativos para compreensão de como os fenômenos políticos, urbanos, sociais e econômicos atuam naqueles municípios. Temas como segregação urbana, empresariamento da produção de cidades e modelos de parcerias entre empresas e agentes públicos são discutidos. Para a pesquisa, foram elaborados questionamentos que abrangem: a Copa do Mundo de futebol no Brasil em 2014 e seu rebatimento na construção da Cidade da Copa em São Lourenço da Mata; a preparação das gestões municipais e estadual para o crescimento urbano fomentado a partir daquele evento; os agentes produtores da Cidade e seus papéis no planejamento e execução do empreendimento; os níveis de impactos socioeconômicos e urbanos que ela proporciona às populações vizinhas e aos municípios como um todo; a natureza urbanística da futura Cidade; e, por fim, uma discussão sobre os limites e as possibilidades do empreendimento contribuir para o processo de desenvolvimento da porção territorial na qual será implantado

Algumas técnicas foram criadas com o objetivo de reduzir o consumo de potência, dentre elas o uso de Mútiplas Tensões de Alimentação ajustadas de Forma Dinâmica(Multiple Dynamic Supply Voltage - MDSV). Essa técnica visa reduzir o consumo dinâmico utilizando pelo menos três tensões de alimentação diferentes dentro do chip. Para isso, é necessário que circuitos especiais de proteção sejam adicionados ao chip. Os conversores de tensão tem como objetivo aumentar ou diminuir o nível de tensão do sinal de entrada. O custo de introduzir os conversores de tensão, em circuitos que utilizam a técnica MDSV, é alto. Uma vez que isso causa aumento da área total e altera a temporização do chip. Com base nisso, esse trabalho propõem adicionar um caminho alternativo para a corrente, desviando e desligando os conversores de tensão enquanto eles não são necessários. Cabe salientar que alguns conversores de tensão ficam sem utilidade por causa da característica dinâmica dos circuitos contruídos usando MDSV. Com isso, neste trabalho é proposta uma nova construção para os conversores de tensão utilizados em conjunto com o MDSV. Nas simulações elétricas, os circuitos contendo essa nova construção apresentaram redução no tempo de propagação de até 13%, em comparação aos circuitos tradicionalmente utilizados para conversão de tensão. Além da redução no tempo de atraso, foram alcançadas reduções no consumo de potência na ordem de 14%. / Some techniques have been created with the purpose of reducing power consumption, among them the Multiple Dynamic Supply Voltage (MDSV). This technique aims to reduce the dynamic consumption using at least three different supply voltages inside the chip. Therefore, it is necessary that special protection circuits to be added to the chip. Level shifter aims to increase or decrease the voltage level of the input signal. The cost of introducing the voltage converters in circuits using the MDSV technique is high. As this causes increased total area and changes the timing of the chip. Based on this, this paper proposes to add an alternate path for current, deflecting off and the voltage converters as they are not required. It should be noted that some voltage converters are useless because of the dynamic characteristic of contruidos circuits using MDSV. Thus, this work proposes a new construction for the voltage converters used in conjunction with MDSV. In electric simulations, the circuit containing this new construction decreased to 13% in the propagation time in comparison to the circuits traditionally used for voltage conversion. In addition to reducing the delay time, reductions were achieved in the power consumption on the order of 14%.

Depuis une quinzaine d’années, l’émergence des données de télédétection à Très Haute Résolution Spatiale (THRS) et la démocratisation des Systèmes d’Information Géographique (SIG) aident à répondre aux nouveaux besoins croissants d’informations spatialisées. Le développement de nouvelles méthodes de cartographie offre une opportunité pour comprendre et anticiper les mutations des surfaces terrestres aux grandes échelles, jusqu’ici mal connues. En France, l’emploi de bases de données spatialisées sur l’occupation du sol à grande échelle (BD Ocsol GE) est devenu incontournable dans les opérations courantes de planification et de suivi des territoires. Pourtant, l’acquisition de ce type de bases de données spatialisées est encore un besoin difficile à satisfaire car les demandes portent sur des productions cartographiques sur-mesure, adaptées aux problématiques locales des territoires. Face à cette demande croissante, les prestataires réguliers de ce type de données cherchent à optimiser les procédés de fabrication avec des techniques récentes de traitements d’image. Cependant, la Photo-Interprétation Assistée par Ordinateur (PIAO) reste la méthode privilégiée des prestataires. En raison de sa grande souplesse, elle répond toujours au besoin de cartographie aux grandes échelles, malgré son coût important. La substitution de la PIAO par des méthodes de production entièrement automatisées est rarement envisagée. Toutefois, les développements récents en matière de segmentation d’images peuvent contribuer à l’optimisation de la pratique de la photo-interprétation. Cette thèse présente ainsi une série d’outils (ou modules) qui participent à l’élaboration d’une assistance à la digitalisation pour l’exercice de photo-interprétation d’une BD Ocsol GE. L’assistance se traduit par la réalisation d’un prédécoupage du paysage à partir d’une segmentation menée sur une image THRS. L’originalité des outils présentés est leur intégration dans un contexte de production fortement contraint. La construction des modules est conduite à travers trois prestations cartographiques à grande échelle commandités par des entités publiques. L’apport de ces outils d’automatisation est analysé à travers une analyse comparative entre deux procédures de cartographie : l’une basée sur une démarche de photo-interprétation entièrement manuelle et la seconde basée sur une photo-interprétation assistée en amont par une segmentation numérique. Les gains de productivité apportés par la segmentation sont, évalués à l’aide d’indices quantitatifs et qualitatifs, sur des configurations paysagères différentes. À des degrés divers, il apparaît que quelque soit le type de paysage cartographié, les gains liés à la cartographie assistée sont substantiels. Ces gains sont discutés, à la fois, d’un point de vue technique et d’un point de vue thématique dans une perspective commerciale. / Over the last fifteen years, the emergence of remote sensing data at Very High Spatial Resolution (VHRS) and the democratization of Geographic Information Systems (GIS) have helped to meet the new and growing needs for spatial information. The development of new mapping methods offers an opportunity to understand and anticipate land cover change at large scales, still poorly known. In France, spatial databases about land cover and land use at large scale have become an essential part of current planning and monitoring of territories. However, the acquisition of this type of database is still a difficult need to satisfy because the demands concern tailor-made cartographic productions, adapted to the local problems of the territories. Faced with this growing demand, regular service providers of this type of data seek to optimize manufacturing processes with recent image-processing techniques. However, photo interpretation remains the favoured method of providers. Due to its great flexibility, it still meets the need for mapping at large scale, despite its high cost. Using fully automated production methods to substitute for photo interpretation is rarely considered. Nevertheless, recent developments in image segmentation can contribute to the optimization of photo-interpretation practice. This thesis presents a series of tools that participate in the development of digitalization assistance for the photo-interpretation exercise. The assistance results in the realization of a pre-cutting of the landscape from a segmentation carried out on a VHRS image. Tools development is carried out through three large-scale cartographic services, each with different production instructions, and commissioned by public entities. The contribution of these automation tools is analysed through a comparative analysis between two mapping procedures: manual photo interpretation versus digitally assisted segmentation. The productivity gains brought by segmentation are evaluated using quantitative and qualitative indices on different landscape configurations. To varying degrees, it appears that whatever type of landscape is mapped, the gains associated with assisted mapping are substantial. These gains are discussed both technically and thematically from a commercial perspective.

La demande croissante pour l’alimentation, l’énergie et les ressources naturelles, combinée à la limitation des ressources et à la libéralisation du commerce sont parmi les facteurs ayant entrainé une nouvelle « ruée sur les terres agricoles » observée depuis quelques années. Alors que certains ont exprimé des inquiétudes sur les implications potentielles de ces projets sur les droits et les moyens de subsistance des populations rurales des pays en développement, d’autres ont souligné le potentiel de ces opportunités dans la lutte pour la sécurité alimentaire et le développement rural que constituait ces annonces d’investissements dans un secteur longtemps négligé. Cette thèse interroge la complexité économique, institutionnelle et sociale des investissements fonciers à grande échelle et leur capacité à engendrer des restructurations agraires et un changement du modèle de développement agricole au Mozambique. En raison de leur fort taux d’échec et des difficultés d’implantation des projets, il apparait que les investissements fonciers à grande échelle n’ont pas entrainé une rupture dans les structures agraires locales marquée par un changement des caractéristiques des exploitations majoritairement productrices dans le secteur agricole national. En revanche, l’intérêt des investisseurs étrangers tend à influencer les autorités nationales vers une réactivation du modèle de développement agricole qui prévalait après l’Indépendance, c’est-à-dire un secteur agricole dual avec des agriculteurs familiaux marginalisés d’une part et des exploitations agricoles à grande échelle établies avec des investissements étrangers de l’autre. Ainsi, non seulement la grande majorité des agriculteurs familiaux ne bénéficient pas de la dynamique actuelle de projets d’investissement, mais les politiques agricoles et foncières et les mesures de soutien tendent à se détourner d’eux au profit de la facilitation des investissements à grande échelle. Nos résultats remettent en cause la capacité des projets actuels à enclencher une trajectoire de développement agricole capable de répondre aux défis des économies africaines. / The growing demand for food, energy and natural resources, combined with the limited stock of natural resources available and the process of trade liberalization are among the factors that have triggered a new rush for land observed in the last years. Despite an extensive literature, most analyses of large scale land based investment are politically and ideologically anchored, reflecting strong opposing stances. On one hand, some have expressed some concerns on the potential implications of these projects on peasants’ land rights and livelihood. On the other hand, some other researchers have argued that these projects should be seen as opportunities in the struggle for food security and rural development. This thesis questions the economic, social and institutional complexity of large scale land based investment including their differentiated evolutionary dynamics and implications in terms of agricultural development and agrarian change in Mozambique. Because of a high failure rate and difficulties to establish the production structures, it appears that large scale land based investments haven’t led to a shift from small scale farming to large scale farming as the main farming organization in Mozambique. However, the rising interest of foreign investors tend to influence national authorities in rehabilitating the post-Independence agricultural development model, which was characterized by a dual system composed of marginalized subsistence farmers on one hand and foreign owned large scale farms. So, not only do smallholders benefit little from present agricultural investment dynamics, but also agricultural policies and support measures tend to shift away from the former towards the facilitation of large-scale investment. Our results questions the capacity of actual large scale land based investments to trigger a trajectory of agricultural development able to meet African economies challenges.

Les mouvements des galaxies dans l'Univers sont causés par le tir à la corde qui a lieu entre l'expansion de l'univers et la gravitation. Cette rivalité a un impact sur la formation et la croissance des grandes structures de l'univers. Par conséquent, l'univers est plus ou moins compact selon le gagnant de ce duel. Dans ce contexte, cette thèse est divisée en trois parties, allant des observations à 21 cm à la mesure du taux de croissance actuel des grandes structures de l'univers et de la compacité de l'univers local.La collaboration Cosmicflows prépare des catalogues de distances de galaxies. Jusqu'à présent, trois catalogues ont été publiés, le dernier étant Cosmicflows-3. Cette thèse présente et analyse les données obtenues à partir d'observations à 21 cm. Ces nouvelles données seront utilisées pour former le prochain catalogue de distances Cosmicflows-4 à l'aide de la relation de Tully-Fisher, afin de corriger le manque de données dans l'hémisphère céleste Nord dans le catalogue actuel.À partir de la distance d'une galaxie, il est possible d'en déduire la partie radial de sa vitesse particulière, correspondant à la composante de sa vitesse totale causée par la gravitation. Les vitesses particulières des galaxies sont des sondes non-baisées de la matière et permettent d'extraire des informations sur les grandes structures de l'univers. Deux méthodologies utilisant les vitesses particulières ont été développées durant cette thèse pour caractériser les grandes structures de l'univers local.D'une part, les catalogues de vitesses particulières peuvent être utilisés pour reconstruire des champs de vitesse tridimensionnels. De tels champs de vitesse permettent de cartographier la structure de l'univers local et sont exploités dans cette thèse, à l'aide des lignes de flux, pour identifier des bassins et vallées gravitationnels dans l'univers local.D'autre part, une méthode basée sur l'analyse des corrélations à deux points des vitesses particulières des galaxies a été développée afin d'exhiber le taux de croissance actuel des grandes structures de l'univers local à partir de données observationnelles. Cette méthodologie est appliquée au catalogue observationnel de vitesses particulières Cosmicflows-3 / Motions of galaxies in the universe are due to the rivalry between the expansion of the universe and gravitation. This tug-of-war impacts the formation and the growth of large scale structures of the universe. Thus, depending on the identity of the winner of this duel, the universe is more or less compact. Within this context, this PhD thesis is divided into three parts, spanning from HI observations to the estimate of the growth of rate of large scale structures of the universe and the compactness of the local universe.The Cosmicflows collaboration assembles catalogues of galaxy distances. Up to now, three catalogues have been published, the last one being Cosmicflows-3. This thesis presents and analyses observational data obtained from HI observations. These new data will be used to construct the new compilation of distances Cosmicflows-4 by the use of the Tully-Fisher relation, in order to correct the lack of data in the Northern celestial hemisphere in the current catalog.From the distance of a galaxy, one can derive the radial part of its peculiar velocity corresponding to the component of its total velocity caused by gravitation. Peculiar velocities allow to probe the matter content of the universe and to extract information on large scale structures of the universe. Two methodologies using peculiar velocities have been developed during this thesis to characterize large scale structures of the local universe.On the one hand, peculiar velocity catalogues can be used to reconstruct tri-dimensional velocity fields. These velocity field allow one to map the structure of the local universe and are used in this thesis to identify gravitational basins and valleys within the local universe by computing streamlines.On the other hand, a method based on the analysis of two-point galaxy peculiar velocity correlations has been developed in order to constrain the growth rate of large scale structures of the local universe from observational data. This method is applied to the Cosmicflows-3 catalogue of observed peculiar velocities

A introdução de software em sistemas de aplicações críticas traz consigo questões relacionadas à segurança (safety) que, durante muito tempo recaíram predominantemente sobre o desenvolvimento do hardware que compunha tais sistemas. Atualmente, padrões relacionados à segurança de software avaliam qualitativamente o impacto do seu uso sobre sistemas suscetíveis a falhas de natureza randômica. A pesquisa aqui desenvolvida visa, em complemento a outras investigações já realizadas, avaliar quantitativamente diversas técnicas de programação defensiva em função de sua representatividade no quesito segurança de sistemas de aplicação crítica tolerantes a erros. Como objetivo essencial, buscou-se avaliar o comportamento adquirido por um sistema tolerante a erros quando submetido a um processo de injeção de falhas por software. A tolerância a erros do sistema de aplicação crítica em estudo é alcançada, através de técnicas de programação defensiva aplicadas ao software original. Foram aplicadas diversas técnicas de programação defensiva e diversas combinações entre elas, de modo que foi possível avaliar quantitativamente e identificar possíveis padrões de níveis de segurança adquiridos em cada caso. / The introduction of software systems for critical applications raises safety issues that have long fell predominantly on the development of the hardware composing such systems. Currently, standards related to safety software qualitatively assess the impact of their use on systems sensitive to random errors. The research developed here seeks, in addition to other previous investigations, to quantitatively evaluate different techniques of defensive programming in function of their safety level in fault-tolerant safety critical systems. As a key objective, we sought to evaluate the behavior acquired by a fault-tolerant system when subjected to a software fault injection process. The fault-tolerance system, in a typical critical application under study, is achieved through the application of defensive programming techniques over the original software. Many defensive programming techniques and various combinations among them were applied, hence making it possible to quantitatively assess and identify possible patterns of safety levels acquired in each case.

Avec le développement de l'IoT, des Smart Cities, et d'autres systèmes large-échelle extrêmement hétérogènes, les systèmes distribués deviennent à la fois plus complexes et plus omniprésents de jour en jour et seront bientôt difficiles à gérer avec les approches courantes. Pour masquer cette difficulté croissante et faciliter leur gestion à tous les stages de leur cycle de vie, cette thèse soutient qu'une approche holistique est nécessaire, où la fonction d'un système est considérée comme un tout, et qui se détache du comportement des composants individuels. En parallèle à cette montée en abstraction, les blocs de base doivent devenir plus autonomes, capable de réagir aux circonstances et d'automatiser la plupart des tâches de bas niveau. Nous proposons trois contributions vers cette vision : 1) Pleiades : une approche holistique pour construire des structures complexes par assemblage, facile à programmer et soutenue par un moteur d'exécution auto-organisant et efficace, basé sur des protocoles épidémiques. 2) Mind-the-Gap : un protocole épidémique de détection des partitions dans les MANETs, grâce à des agrégations opportunistes et à une représentation stochastique compacte du réseau. 3) HyFN: une extension des protocoles épidémiques traditionnels, capable de résoudre efficacement le problème des k-plus-lointains-voisins, ce dont les méthodes standards s'étaient révélées incapables jusqu'à maintenant. Nous considérons que ces trois contributions montrent que notre vision est réaliste, et mettent en valeur ses qualités. / With the advent of the IoT, Smart Cities, and other large-scale extremely heterogeneous systems, distributed systems are becoming both more complex and pervasive every day and will soon be intractable with current approaches. To hide this growing complexity and facilitate the management of distributed systems at all stages of their life-cycle, this thesis argues for a holistic approach, where the function of a system is considered as a whole, moving away from the behavior of individual components. In parallel to this rise in abstraction levels, basic building blocks need to become more autonomous and able to react to circumstances, to alleviate developers and automate most of the low level operations. We propose three contributions towards this vision : 1) Pleiades: a holistic approach to build complex structures by assembly, easily programmable and supported by an efficient, self-organizing gossip-based run-time engine. 2) Mind-the-Gap: a gossip-based protocol to detect partitions and other large connectivity changes in MANETs, thanks to periodic opportunistic aggregations and a stochastic representation of the network membership. 3) HyFN: an extension to traditional gossip protocols that is able to efficiently solve the k-Furthest-Neighbors problem, which standard methods have been unable to up to now. We believe these three contributions demonstrate our vision is realistic and highlight its attractive qualities.

Cette thèse aborde le problème de la recherche d'images à grande échelle. Pour aborder la recherche d'images à grande échelle, il est nécessaire de coder des images avec des représentations compactes qui peuvent être efficacement utilisées pour comparer des images de manière significative. L'obtention d'une telle représentation compacte peut se faire soit en comprimant des représentations efficaces de grande dimension, soit en apprenant des représentations compactes de bout en bout. Le travail de cette thèse explore et avance dans ces deux directions. Dans notre première contribution, nous étendons les approches de quantification vectorielle structurée telles que la quantification de produit en proposant une représentation somme pondérée de codewords. Nous testons et vérifions les avantages de notre approche pour la recherche approximative du plus proche voisin sur les caractéristiques d'image locales et globales, ce qui est un moyen important d'aborder la recherche d'images à grande échelle. L'apprentissage de la représentation compacte pour la recherche d'images a récemment attiré beaucoup d'attention avec diverses approches basées sur le hachage profond proposées. Dans de telles approches, les réseaux de neurones convolutifs profonds apprennent à coder des images en codes binaires compacts. Dans cette thèse, nous proposons une approche d'apprentissage supervisé profond pour la représentation binaire structurée qui rappelle une approche de quantification vectorielle structurée telle que PQ. Notre approche bénéficie de la recherche asymétrique par rapport aux approches de hachage profond et apporte une nette amélioration de la précision de la recherche au même débit binaire. L'index inversé est une autre partie importante du système de recherche à grande échelle en dehors de la représentation compacte. À cette fin, nous étendons nos idées pour l'apprentissage de la représentation compacte supervisée pour la construction d'index inversés. Dans ce travail, nous abordons l'indexation inversée avec un apprentissage approfondi supervisé et essayons d'unifier l'apprentissage de l'indice inversé et de la représentation compacte. Nous évaluons minutieusement toutes les méthodes proposées sur divers ensembles de données accessibles au public. Nos méthodes surpassent ou sont compétitives avec l'état de l'art. / This thesis addresses the problem of large-scale image search. To tackle image search at large scale, it is required to encode images with compact representations which can be efficiently employed to compare images meaningfully. Obtaining such compact representation can be done either by compressing effective high dimensional representations or by learning compact representations in an end-to-end manner. The work in this thesis explores and advances in both of these directions. In our first contribution, we extend structured vector quantization approaches such as Product Quantization by proposing a weighted codeword sum representation. We test and verify the benefits of our approach for approximate nearest neighbor search on local and global image features which is an important way to approach large scale image search. Learning compact representation for image search recently got a lot of attention with various deep hashing based approaches being proposed. In such approaches, deep convolutional neural networks are learned to encode images into compact binary codes. In this thesis we propose a deep supervised learning approach for structured binary representation which is a reminiscent of structured vector quantization approaches such as PQ. Our approach benefits from asymmetric search over deep hashing approaches and gives a clear improvement for search accuracy at the same bit-rate. Inverted index is another important part of large scale search system apart from the compact representation. To this end, we extend our ideas for supervised compact representation learning for building inverted indexes. In this work we approach inverted indexing with supervised deep learning and make an attempt to unify the learning of inverted index and compact representation. We thoroughly evaluate all the proposed methods on various publicly available datasets. Our methods either outperform, or are competitive with the state-of-the-art.

Yeung Wing-ki. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2003. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 64-65). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Abstracts --- p.i / 摘要 --- p.iii / Acknowledgements --- p.iv / Contents --- p.v / List of Figures --- p.vii / Chapter 1. --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- Low ower Design --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- ower Consumtion in Conventional CMOS Logic --- p.2 / Chapter 1.3. --- Adiabatic Switching --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.1. --- Varying Suly Voltage --- p.7 / Chapter 1.3.2. --- Charge Recovery --- p.12 / Chapter 2. --- Adiabatic Quasi-static CMOS Logic --- p.13 / Chapter 2.1. --- AqsCMOS Logic Building Block --- p.14 / Chapter 2.2. --- AqsCMOS inverter --- p.17 / Chapter 2.3. --- ower Reduced in Sinusoidal Suly --- p.18 / Chapter 2.4. --- Clocking Scheme --- p.21 / Chapter 3. --- Contactless Smart Card --- p.23 / Chapter 3.1. --- Architecture --- p.23 / Chapter 3.2. --- Standardization --- p.26 / Chapter 3.3. --- Universal Asynchronous Receiver and Transmitter (UART) --- p.30 / Chapter 4. --- Clock Recovery --- p.35 / Chapter 4.1 --- Adiabatic Ring Oscillator --- p.35 / Chapter 4.2. --- Secial Frequencies of AqsCMOS Ring Oscillator --- p.39 / Chapter 4.3. --- ower Extraction --- p.41 / Chapter 5. --- Evaluations and Measurement Results --- p.43 / Chapter 5.1. --- Outut Transitions --- p.43 / Chapter 5.2. --- Ring Oscillator --- p.44 / Chapter 5.3. --- Synchronization --- p.47 / Chapter 5.4. --- ower Consumtion --- p.49 / Chapter 6. --- Conclusion --- p.53 / Aendix --- p.54 / Glossary --- p.62 / Reference --- p.64

Encontrar a configuração de mínimas perdas ôhmicas ou que forneça um adequado plano de restabelecimento aptos a ocorrência de faltas permanentes são problemas de natureza combinatorial, com múltiplos objetivos e restrições, que envolvem funções cujas características, em geral, dificultam o uso de técnicas de programação matemática. Algoritmos Evolutivos têm apresentado resultados animadores para esses problemas, especialmente quando aplicados em sistemas de distribuição de grande porte. Neste trabalho são propostas duas novas metodologias, baseadas em Algoritmos Evolutivos Multi-Objetivo, para reconfiguração de redes em sistemas de distribuição, que podem ser aplicadas para o tratamento dos problemas de redução de perdas ôhmicas e restabelecimento de energia em sistemas de grande porte (com milhares de barras, linhas e chaves). Para o desenvolvimento dessas metodologias, foi utilizado uma estrutura de dados para manipular grafos produzindo exclusivamente configurações radiais e conexas, chamada Representação Nó-profundidade. As metodologias propostas foram testadas para diversos sistemas, dentre os quais destaca-se um com 30:880 barras, tendo sido satisfatórios os resultados obtidos. Para o problema de restabelecimento de energia foram testados falta única e múltiplas faltas. / Find the distribution system configuration of minimum power losses or that provides an adequate service restoration plan is a combinatorial, multi-objective and multi constraint problems, which involves functions whose characteristics, in general, difficult the use of mathematical programming techniques. Evolutionary Algorithms have shown relevant results for these problems, especially for Large-Scale Distribution Systems. This work proposes two methodologies for network reconfiguration based on Multi-Objective Evolutionary Algorithms, which can be applied to treat the problems of power loss reduction and service restoration in large scale distribution systems (with thousands of buses, lines and switches). In order to develop these methodolgies, it was used a data structure to manipulate graphs producing exclusively radial and connected connections, called Node Depth Encoding. The proposed methodologies were successfully tested in several distribution systems, among them one with 30,880 buses. The problem of service restoration is analyzed considering cases of single and multiple faults.