Neste trabalho foram realizadas otimizações no processo de fabricação de micro cavidades na superfície do aço DIN 16MnCr5, com o objetivo de reduzir o coeficiente de atrito dinâmico entre duas superfícies. Para a confecção das micro cavidades (dimples) foi utilizado um laser com pulsos ultracurtos, de largura temporal de algumas dezenas de femtossegundos. Além de estudos de variação de fluência do laser, também foi analisado o resultado da utilização de diferentes perfis de energia do feixe. Para a caracterização das micro cavidades, foram utilizadas técnicas como a microscopia eletrônica de varredura, para análise morfológica, interferometria de luz branca e microscopia confocal para análise topográfica, dimensional e perfilométrica. Foram realizados ensaios de desgaste, em tribômetro para análise da variação do coeficiente de atrito após a texturização. Após os ensaios, percebeu-se que a texturização com pulsos ultracurtos apresenta grande vantagem na confecção de micro cavidades devido a precisão e ausência de interação térmica entre o laser e o material. Em relação ao atrito, as amostras texturizadas apresentaram redução da força e do coeficiente de atrito, porém, foram observados sinais de aumento da pressão de contato entre as superfícies. / In this work, optimizations were realized in the dimples manufacturing process on DIN 16MnCr5 steel surface, the target were to reduce the coefficient of dynamic friction between two surfaces. A laser with ultrashort pulses, temporal width of a few tens of femtoseconds, was used to manufacture dimples. In addition to studies of variation of laser beam fluency, the results of the use of different beam energy profiles were also analyzed. For analysis of dimples, techniques such as scanning electron microscopy (SEM), for morphological analysis, white light interferometry and confocal surface microscopy were used for topographic, dimensional and perfilometry. Wear tests were performed to analyze the variation of the friction coefficient in texturing surface. After the tests, it was observed that the texturing with ultrashort pulses presents a great advantage in manufacturing of dimples, due to the precision and absence of thermal interaction between the laser beam and the material. In relation to the friction coefficient, the textured samples presented a reduction of the friction force and consequently of the friction coefficient, but an increase in the contact pressure between the studied surfaces was observed.

Un grand nombre d’applications réclament des sources laser en régime impulsionnel toujours plus puissantes et énergétiques. Les progrès continus des technologies laser permettent non seulement d’améliorer les performances de l’outil laser mais aussi d’ouvrir la voie à de nouvelles applications. Cependant, l'augmentation de la puissance des sources laser est aussi accompagnée par une complexification des systèmes. Cette thèse porte sur l’étude d’amplificateurs laser de puissances qui se distinguent par la simplicité de leurs architectures : avec un ou deux passages dans le milieu laser. Dans la première partie, nous étudions le potentiel de la fibre cristalline Yb: YAG pompée par diode en tant qu’amplificateur. Les effets de confinement de l’intensité de pompe au centre de la fibre cristalline par guidage sont étudies théoriquement et expérimentalement. Deux expériences démontrent ensuite l’intérêt de la fibre cristalline Yb:YAG en tant qu’amplificateur de puissance de sources laser à fibres, l’une en régime femtoseconde et l’autre avec un laser mono-fréquence. Par ailleurs, nous explorons le potentiel de notre concept en régime de forte puissance. Une puissance de 250 W en oscillateur et une extraction de 100 W en amplificateur ont été obtenues avec une diode de pompe de 600 W. La deuxième partie traite de l’étude d’amplificateurs à base de cristaux de Nd:YVO4. Le dimensionnement de notre système est réalisé en s’appuyant sur une étude des propriétés du Nd:YVO4. L’amplificateur ainsi obtenu affiche des performances inédites qui se caractérisent par un très fort gain optique (40-60 dB) couplé à une forte extraction de puissance moyenne (10 à 15 W). / A wide range of scientific and industrial applications require pulsed laser sources delivering increasing amount of powers and pulse energies. Continuous progresses in the field of laser technology do not only bring significant process efficiency improvements but also allow developing new applications. However, the complexity of laser sources has significantly increased over the years together with their performance. In contrast, this work focuses on power amplifier architectures which are particularly simple (with one or two passes). In the first part, we study the potential of Yb:YAG single crystal fibers. Pump intensity confinement by the pump beam guiding is studied in details both theoretically and experimentally. Two experiments demonstrate the interest of Yb:YAG single crystal fibers as a power amplifier for fiber based laser sources, one in femtosecond regime and the other one with a single frequency laser. Furthermore, the potential of our architecture is also explored in high power regime. An output power of 250 W for the oscillator and 100 W power extraction with the amplifier were obtained with a 600 W pump diode. The second part describes the study of laser amplifiers using longitudinally pumped Nd:YVO4 bulk crystals. We study the effect of temperature increase in the laser crystal and evaluate the influence of the doping concentration and excited state population on the heat load. Guided by the conclusion of our study, we design a high gain amplifier characterized by very high optical gain (40-60 dB) coupled to a high average power extraction (10 to 15 W)

Lasers bombeados por diodo semicondutor emitindo em 1mm têm diversas aplicações. Para muitas destas aplicações é desejado um feixe laser com uma boa qualidade e alta potência. Um dos maiores problemas encontrado quando se utiliza altas potências de bombeamento é a forte lente térmica gerada no meio ativo. Neste trabalho estuda-se um laser de Nd:YVO4 bombeado transversalmente por diodo laser em regime contínuo. Este tipo de bombeamento possibilita aproveitar o alto coeficiente de absorção do cristal tornando possível a obtenção de altas eficiências. Duas configurações de ressonadores foram estudadas. A primeira com uma dobra em ângulo rasante na superfície de bombeamento do cristal e a segunda com duas dobras nesta mesma face. Um laser de 22 watts de potência de saída e eficiência angular de 74% foi obtido com a primeira configuração sob um bombeamento de 35 watts. A qualidade do modo era de M2 = 26 ´ 11, na horizontal e na vertical, respectivamente. Uma melhora significativa na qualidade do feixe foi demonstrada quando feita a segunda dobra dentro do cristal. Uma potência de 17 watts foi atingida com essa configuração com qualidade de feixe de M2 = 3,4 ´ 3,7, na horizontal e na vertical, respectivamente. / Within the existing variety of laser cavity geometries and gain materials there is one combination that is particularly interesting because of its reduced complexity and high efficiency: the edge-pumped slab-laser using grazing-incidence geometry and a gain media with a very high pump absorption cross-section. In this work we studied a diode side-pumped Nd:YVO4 cw laser. We describe a single and a multiple bounce laser configurations. We demonstrate 22 W of multimode output power for 35 watts of pump power with a single pass through the gain media. A high optical-to-optical conversion efficiency of 63% and a slope efficiency of 74% with a very compact and simple Nd:YVO4 cavity that uses joint stability zones was achieved. The beam quality was M2 = 26 ´ 11 in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively. With a double pass configuration we achieved 17 watts with a better beam quality of M2 = 3,4 ´ 3,7, in the horizontal and vertical direction, respectively.

Os Medidores de Distância por Triangulação a Laser são sistemas optoeletrônicos destinados à medição de pequenas distâncias ou deslocamentos, sem contato físico direto. Estes equipamentos possuem um grande campo de aplicações industriais. Este trabalho descreve as diversas configurações que este equipamento pode se apresentar, discutindo suas vantagens relativas. São estudadas também as suas partes e os componentes mais indicados. O projeto detalhado de um medidor usando sensor tipo CCD, e apresentado. Algumas aplicações industriais deste modelo são relatadas e diversos métodos e sugestões de uso são apresentadas, com base nas experiências realizadas pelo autor. / Laser Triangulation Rangefinders are non-contact, optoelectronic devices for measurement of small displacements or distances. These devices offer a broad range of industrial applications. This work explains common configurations, parts and main components, comparing their advantages. A detailed project on a CCD based Laser Rangefinder is presented. Some industrial applications for that project are related, discussing practical aspects based on authors experience. Some potential applications are also suggested.

Les approches basées sur la stimulation thermique laser restent largement privilégiées par rapport à la stimulation photoélectrique laser. Ceci est en partie du au fait que la stimulation thermique laser permet dans la plupart des cas de pointer directement le défaut cherché (bien souvent l’élément le plus sensible). Ce n’est pas forcément le cas en mode photoélectrique où de nombreuses structures sont sensibles bien qu’elles ne présentent aucune anomalie. Les techniques à base de stimulation photoélectrique laser statique sont donc peu employées. Un travail a ainsi été mené pour mieux appréhender les résultats obtenus dans le cadre de la stimulation photoélectrique laser statique, mais aussi et surtout pour évaluer le potentiel de cette technique pour des applications en laboratoire d’analyse de défaillance. Pour cela, dans un premier temps des explications ont été apportées sur l’interaction du laser photoélectrique avec les dispositifs élémentaires. La mise en application de techniques a ensuite été possible grâce au développement de méthodologies flexibles et adaptables à chaque cas d’étude, qui sont maintenant intégrées dans le flot d’analyse de défaillance. Enfin, les perspectives de la stimulation photoélectrique laser statique sont présentées, notamment les techniques qui ont été développées suite à l’évolution des technologies, ainsi qu’une étude originale révélant que le laser photoélectrique pourrait être utilisé comme outils de caractérisation électrique (fiabilité des oxydes) en plus de son utilisation traditionnelle dédiée à la localisation de défauts. / Thermal laser stimulation based approaches remain widely privileged compared to photoelectric laser stimulation ones. This is partly due to the fact that thermal laser stimulation allows in most of cases to directly highlight the looked default (often the most sensitive element). This is not necessarily the case in photoelectric mode where a lot of structures are sensitive although they do not present any anomaly. Consequently static photoelectric laser stimulation based techniques are not often used. A work has thus been led to better understand results obtained in the field of photoelectric laser stimulation, but also and overall to estimate the potential of this technique for failure analysis laboratory applications. For that, some explanations have first been brought about photoelectric laser interaction with elementary devices. The implementation of techniques has then been possible thanks to the development of flexible methodologies, adaptable to each study case, that are now integrated in the failure analysis flow. Finally, static photoelectric laser stimulation perspectives are presented, notably techniques that have been developed following technologies evolution, as well as an original study revealing that the photoelectric laser could be used as an electrical characterization tool (oxide reliability) in addition to its traditional use dedicated to default localization.

Les progrès récents des nanotechnologies permettent d'envisager de nouvelles générations de diodes laser. L'objectif de cette thèse est d'étudier l'apport des cristaux photoniques bidimensionnels pour explorer la faisabilité d'un réseau monolithique de diodes laser tout cristal photonique émettant au voisinage de 2,3 µm en filière GaSb. Chaque laser doit répondre à un certain nombre de critères : une émission monomode à une longueur d'onde stable et précise, une émission fine spectralement avec une puissance de sortie élevée, une longueur d'onde accordable, présentant aucun saut de mode sur la gamme d'accordabilité, un fonctionnement à température ambiante, sous pompage électrique et en régime continu. Ces critères répondent au cahier des charges de la technique de spectroscopie d'absorption à diodes laser accordables multiplexées (MTDLAS : Multiplexed Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy). La technique de MTDLAS est ici mise en œuvre pour les applications de détection de gaz dans le moyen infra-rouge (MIR), soit la gamme de longueur d'onde allant de 2 à 5 µm. Cette gamme de longueur d'onde présente plusieurs fenêtres de transparence (autour de 2,3 µm et de 3,4 à 4 µm) où l'absorption par la vapeur d'eau et le dioxyde de carbone est très faible. L'existence de ces fenêtres est mise à profit pour la détection de molécules gazeuses de l'atmosphère, telles que le monoxyde de carbone ou le méthane. Pour mes travaux de thèse, la longueur d'onde d'émission laser retenue est de 2,3 µm. Cette longueur d'onde correspond à la fenêtre de transparence pour la détection notamment du CH4, du CO et du HF. Ainsi, ce mémoire présente la conception de diodes laser tout cristal photonique, et le développement d'un procédé de fabrication de ces diodes lasers, qui a mené à la réalisation d'une série de composants. Nous montrons qu'une déformation de la maille photonique, associée à une optimisation de la largeur du guide, permet d'obtenir un fonctionnement monomode stable. Se basant sur ce principe, plusieurs géométries de mailles de cristaux photoniques ont été étudiées. Puis, nous nous attachons à lever le verrou technologique de la gravure profonde à fort rapport d'aspect dans les alliages AlGaAsSb. Pour cela, nous présentons des études paramétriques de gravure, conduisant à la mise au point d'un procédé optimisé de gravure profonde. Des profondeurs de gravure de 3,4 µm pour des trous de 370 nm de diamètre, soit un rapport d'aspect de plus de 9, ont ainsi pu être atteintes. Cette étape critique de gravure a été insérée dans un procédé technologique de fabrication de diodes laser tout cristal photonique, que nous avons mis au point. Cela a mené à la réalisation d'une série de composants. / Recent advances in nanotechnology allow considering new generations of laser diodes. The purpose of this thesis is to study the contribution of two-dimensional photonic crystals to design and fabricate a monolithic array of laser diodes emitting near 2.3 µm in GaSb system. Each laser in the array has to respond to stringent criteria : a stable and precisely predefined single-mode emission wavelength, high output power, tunable wavelength with no mode hopping over the tunability range. Moreover, such device should operate at room temperature, under electrical pumping and continuous regime. These criteria respond to the specifications of the technique of Multiplexed Tunable Diode Laser Absorption Spectroscopy (MTDLAS). The MTDLAS technique is here implemented for gas sensing applications in the Mid-wavelength infrared (MidIR), corresponding to the wavelength range from 2 to 5 microns. This wavelength range contains two transparency windows (around 2.3 µm and from 3.4 to 4 µm), where the absorption by water vapor and carbon dioxide is reduced. The existence of these windows is harnessed for the detection of gaseous molecules in the atmosphere, such as carbon monoxide or methane. For my thesis work, the chosen wavelength of laser emission is 2.3 µm. This wavelength corresponds to a transparency window allowing detection of CH4, CO and HF. This dissertation presents the design of all photonic crystal laser diode, and the development of a manufacturing process of such device, which led to the production of a set of components. We show that the engineering of the photonic lattice combined with an optimization of the width of the laser waveguide provide stable, single-mode emission operation. Based on this principle, several geometries for photonic crystal lattice were studied. Then we tackle the technological challenge of deep etching with high aspect ratio in AlGaAsSb alloys. For this, we present parametric studies of etching, leading to the development of an optimized process for deep etching. We succeed to etch holes of 370 nm diameter and 3.4 µm depths, corresponding at an aspect ratio in excess of 9. We have developed a technological manufacturing process of all photonic crystal laser diodes, where this critical etching step has been successful inserted. This led to the realization of a set of components.

High power thulium fiber lasers are interesting for a myriad of applications due to their potential for high average output power, excellent beam quality, compactness, portability, high operating efficiency and broad, eye-safe spectral range from 1.8-2.1 microns. Currently, the majority of thulium laser research effort is being invested into scaling average output powers; however, such output powers are being scaled with no degree of control on laser system output spectrum or temporal behavior. Thulium fiber laser technology is not useful for many of its most important applications without implementation of techniques enabling tunable, narrow spectral widths with appropriate pulse durations for particular applications. This work outlines several techniques for spectral control of thulium fiber lasers and investigates scaling of average laser powers while using these techniques to maintain a desired spectral output. In addition, an examination of operation in both nanosecond and picosecond pulsed regimes and scaling of average powers and pulse energies in these regimes to useful power levels is conducted. The demonstration of thulium fiber laser systems for applications in frequency conversion and spectral beam combination is also discussed. In addition to the experimental results, theoretical modeling of thulium fiber amplifier operation, simple thermal management analysis, as well as practical fiber and system design considerations for future power scaling are presented. Experimental and theoretical results of this work will enable the successful design of future extremely high power spectrally and temporally controlled thulium fiber laser systems.

This thesis details the design and construction of an experiment to measure the radial distribution of laser gain in a cylindrical Helium-Neon laser gain tube. This distribution is important as it can effect the transverse mode structure of a running ring laser. Earlier theoretical models of the distribution were not supported by high quality experimental data and fail to take into account some physical processes. A resolution of 8 parts per million in gain and 50 μm in radial position has been achieved. Gain distributions have been measured and are shown to be well modeled by a 0th order Bessel function with first roots at the tube walls and a central dip depending on excitation power; except for the region very near to the tube walls where a very rapid increase in gain has been observed. Hydrogen has been identified by spectroscopic analysis as the primary constituent of gas contamination and cause of the long term reduction in gain of large ring lasers. Additional work has been done to detect a proposed non-classical Lense-Thirring field around a spinning lead superconductor. It was found that any effect is at least 20 times smaller than predicted. Techniques and tools for data acquisition programming have been reviewed focusing on difficulties with coupling of user interface and application logic, monolithicity, difficulties with scripting and algorithm implementation.

This thesis presents a study of a 1.6 metre square, helium-neon based ring laser gyroscope (denoted PR-1). This device is mounted on one of the internal walls of a high rise building. After optimisation a cavity Q of 2.9x10¹¹ and a sensitivity to rotation of approximately 10⁻³ of the background Earth bias was obtained. A detailed investigation of the single mode operating regime and multi-mode thresholds was undertaken and could be well accounted for with a simple model of the gain curves. A key feature of the operation of PR-1 is persistent longitudinal mode hopping. It is shown that by running the laser at selective high powers, one obtains CW mode locked operation thereby negating the influence of mode hopping and allowing for long time data acquisition. PR-1 was used to demonstrate oscillation of the Rutherford building on its second fundamental mode during an earthquake. In a separate investigation, a range of supermirrors were studied to determine the optimum configuration in a 4 by 4 metre ring laser. The set with the highest finesse prevailed despite the comparatively low light levels on the photo detectors. The geometric stability of the lasers was not found to be a significant factor.

A coherent optical THz (1.5 THz, 200 µm) source was developed based on pulsed, near IR, fiber lasers, and frequency mixing in nonlinear crystals. The generated THz frequency is determined by the difference frequency of two high peak power pulsed fiber lasers at 1550 nm and 1538 nm. When incident to the crystal, the near IR lasers induce a polarization at their beat frequency which generates the THz radiation. The pulsed fiber lasers are single transverse mode, have high pulse energy and peak powers of 0.38 mJ and 128 kW respectively. They are transform limited at a few ns in duration with very good beam quality of M² ≈ 1.2. The pulse seed was created by modulating a constant laser beam with an electro-optic modulator. An arbitrary waveform generator was used to pre-shape these pulses to compensate for pulse distortion caused by pump gain depletion in the subsequent fiber amplifiers. Pre-amplifiers were constructed using commercial erbium doped silica fiber. Special, highly doped, large core, phosphate fiber was developed in-house to further amplify the pulses, while avoiding nonlinear scattering processes such as stimulated Brillouin scattering and stimulated Raman scattering. THz generation was achieved in both ZnGeP₂ and GaP which were chosen based on their low pump and THz absorption, as well as high nonlinear coefficient. Angle tuning was used to phase match all three optical frequencies in ZnGeP₂ thanks to its birefringence. Layers of GaP ~500 µm thick were pressed together alternately rotated 180° around the normal to quasi-phase match the pump and THz frequencies. To increase the efficiency of the THz generation an external optical cavity was used to enhance and recycle the IR pump pulses. The nonlinear crystal was placed inside the cavity and 151 times enhancement of THz power was observed.