Les peptides lasso sont des peptides bioactifs bactériens issus de la voie de biosynthèse ribosomale et subissant des modifications post-traductionnelles, caractérisés par une structure entrelacée dite en lasso. Ils possèdent un cycle macrolactame en position N-terminale, traversé par la queue C-terminale. Cette topologie de type rotaxane, maintenue par piégeage de la queue C-terminale dans le cycle via des acides aminés encombrant et/ou des ponts disulfure, confère à ces peptides une structure compacte et stable. Les actinobactéries recèlent la plus grande diversité et gamme d'activités biologiques parmi les peptides lasso (antibactériens, anti-VIH, antagonistes de récepteurs..), et l'exploration de génomes suggère une diversité encore plus grande, puisque certains clusters portent des gènes codant des enzymes de modifications post-traductionnelles jamais observées auparavant. Cependant, l'expression de ces peptides semble être rigoureusement contrôlée, rendant leur production en laboratoire difficile à partir de la bactérie productrice. Le rôle écologique et les mécanismes de régulation des peptides lasso ne sont pas très documentés. Leur compréhension permettrait d'améliorer la production et de mieux exploiter les activités biologiques des peptides lasso. / Lasso peptides are ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides produced by bacteria, characterized by a remarkable mechanically-interlocked structure. The lasso topology, reminiscent to a rotaxane, consists in an N-terminal macrolactam ring threaded by a C-terminal tail. This compact and stable structure is stabilized by steric entrapping of the tail in the ring, through bulky amino acid(s) and/or disulphide bonds. Lasso peptides produced by Actinobacteria display the greatest chemical diversity and a range of biological activities (antibacterial, anti-HIV, receptor antagonist…), therefore are of high pharmaceutical interest. Genome mining revealed that Actinobacteria have enormous potential to biosynthesize novel lasso peptides, e.g. harbouring new post-translational modifications. However, the expression of these peptides is generally controlled by complex regulatory systems, making their production under laboratory conditions difficult. Understanding the ecological role and regulation mechanisms of lasso peptides would help to improve production and better exploit the biotechnological potential of these molecules. The first part of my work deals with the identification of new lasso peptides from Actinobacteria, using heterologous expression in Streptomyces hosts. The second part of my work deals with the regulation mechanism and ecological role of lasso peptides using sviceucin, a lasso peptide produced by Streptomyces sviceus, as the model for study.

Peptides are small proteins that are crucial in many biological pathways such as antimicrobial defense, hormone signaling, and virulence. They often exhibit tight specificity for their targets and therefore have great therapeutic potential. Many peptide-based therapeutics are currently available, and the demand for this type of drug is expected to continue to increase. In order to satisfy the growing demand for peptide-based therapeutics, new engineering approaches to generate novel peptides should be developed. Ribosomally synthesized and post-translationally modified peptides (RiPPs) are a group of peptides that have the potential to be effective scaffolds for in vivo peptide engineering projects. These natural RiPP peptides are enzymatically endowed with post-translational modifications (PTMs) that result in increased stability and greater target specificity. Many RiPPs, such as microcin J25 and micrococcin, can tolerate considerable amino acid sequence randomization while still being capable of receiving unique post-translational modifications. This thesis describes how we successfully engineered E. coli to produce the lasso peptide microcin J25 using a two-plasmid inducible expression system. In addition, we characterized the protein-protein interactions between PTM enzymes in the synthesis of micrococcin. The first step in micrococcin synthesis is the alteration of cysteines to thiazoles on the precursor peptide TclE. This step is accomplished by three proteins: TclI, TclJ, and TclN. We found that a 4-membered protein complex is formed consisting of TclI, TclJ, TclN, and TclE. Furthermore, the TclI protein functions as a central adaptor joining two other enzymes in the Tcl pathway with the substrate peptide.