Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-05-12T18:30:43Z No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-06-27T19:54:46Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-27T19:54:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 vivianezeringotarodrigues.pdf: 1501252 bytes, checksum: 2b0228255aec40277c0d1870ac03da16 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013-02-22 / As formigas do gênero Solenopsis são comumente relatadas em ambiente urbano devido à capacidade de exploração de recursos e facilidade de encontro de locais de nidificação, o que favorece sua proliferação, vindo a acarretar acidentes. Os objetivos do presente estudo foram caracterizar os hábitos de nidificação de colônias de Solenopsis saevissima (Smith), assim como analisar sua resposta comportamental frente à perturbação das colônias em área urbana no município de Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. Para o estudo dos hábitos de nidificação foram realizadas observações quinzenais compreendidas entre 8 e 16h, de maio de 2011 a abril de 2012. Para cada colônia ativa foi registrado o tipo de substrato e as dimensões do ninho. A resposta comportamental foi estudada com auxílio de uma ferramenta (pá de metal) para a perturbação de 30 colônias, e o deslocamento foi verificado com uma régua de madeira (150cm) posicionada verticalmente sob a colônia perturbada e duas trenas perpendiculares entre si na horizontal (5m). Dados sobre temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados ao longo das coletas. A dispersão agressiva foi observada nas posições horizontal e vertical (em centímetros) durante três minutos, com coleta de dados a cada 20 segundos. Os resultados demonstraram que essas formigas estão presentes durante todo o ano nesse ambiente, permanecem ativas mesmo nos meses mais frios, e o substrato mais utilizado como base para construção dos ninhos foi a vegetação rasteira. O período seco (de abril a agosto) pode ser considerado o mais adequado para o controle destes insetos por apresentar o menor número de colônias ativas (28%). Com relação ao comportamento de deslocamento, os resultados demonstraram que a velocidade na vertical é significativamente maior que na horizontal (p=0,0007), e o deslocamento dessas formigas não tem relação com fatores abióticos e independe do tamanho externo da colônia. Os resultados deste estudo são importantes contribuições para o estudo da biologia e do comportamento agressivo de S. saevissima em ambiente urbano, podendo subsidiar estudos de controle a fim de minimizar os acidentes que essas formigas causam. / Ants of the genus Solenopsis are common in urban environments due to their capacity to explore resources and facility to establish nesting sites, which helps their proliferation and increases the occurrence of accidents with intruders. The aims of the present study were to characterize the nesting habits of Solenopsis saevissima (Smith), as well as to analyze behavioral responses to disturbances in colonies located in urban areas of Juiz de Fora, Minas Gerais. To study the nesting habits, observations were performed every two weeks from May 2011 to April de 2012, between 8:00 a.m. and 4:00 p.m. For each active colony the substrate and the dimensions of the nest were registered. To analyze the behavioral response, a shovel was used to disturb 30 colonies, and the displacement was verified with the aid of a wooden ruler (150cm long) positioned vertically over the disturbed colony and two (5m) measuring tapes perpendicular horizontally placed at the ground. Temperature and relative air humidity were registered during the observation period. The aggressive dispersion was observed in both directions, horizontal and vertical during three minutes, and the data were collected every 20 seconds. The results demonstrate that these ants are present throughout the year in this environment; that they remain active even in the coldest months and the substrate more utilized to build the nests was the undergrowth. The dry season (from April to August) can be considered more appropriate to controlling these insects due to the low number of active colonies. Regarding dislocation behavior, results show that the speed was significantly higher in the vertical than in the horizontal direction (p=0.0007), and it was not related to abiotic factors nor was dependent on the external size of the colony. These results add information on the biology and aggressive behavior of S. saevissima in urban environment.

Magmatism is a dominant process on Earth and Mars that has significantly modified and evolved the lithospheres of each planet by delivering magma to shallow depths and to the surface. Two common modes of volcanism are present on both Earth and Mars: central-vent dominated volcanism that creates large edifices from concentrating magma in chambers before eruptions and distributed volcanism that creates many smaller edifices on the surface through the independent ascent of individual magmatic dikes. In regions of distributed volcanism, clusters of volcanoes develop over thousands to millions of years. This dissertation explores the geology of distributed volcanism on Earth and Mars from shallow depths (~1 km) to the surface. On long time scales, distributed volcanism emplaces magmatic sills below the surface and feeds volcanoes at the surface. The change in spatial distribution and formation rate of volcanoes over time is used to infer the evolution of the source region of magma generation. At short time scales, the emplacement of lava flows in these fields present an urgent hazard for nearby people and infrastructure. I present software that can be used to simulate lava flow inundation and show that individual computer codes can be validated using real-world flows. On Mars, distributed volcanism occurs in the Tharsis Volcanic Province, sometimes associated with larger, central-vent shield volcanoes. Two volcanic fields in this province are mapped here. The Syria Planum field is composed three major volcanic units, two of which are clusters of 10s to >100 shield volcanoes. This area had volcanic activity that spanned 900 million years, from 3.5-2.6 Ga. The Arsia Mons Caldera field is associated with a large shield volcano. Using crater age-dating and mapping stratigraphy between lava flows, activity in this field peaked at ~150 Ma and monotonically waned until 10-90 Ma, when volcanism likely ceased.

As Brazil develops into the first South American world power many changes in its society, economy and political system are necessary for a successful transformation. Nevertheless this is no easy task as the country battles corruption, vast inequality and a severe problem with freedom of information within the media. For decades the Brazilian mainstream media has been controlled by elite political forces together with elite families influencing and controlling many factors that are responsible for social, economic and political development. As new developments and implementations in the last fifteen years have been ongoing within Brazil, such as welfare programs, social reforms, hosting of international sporting events and the emergence and popularity of social networking technology, millions within the Brazilian Nation have been able to ascend out of poverty and into a new era of diversity of information, political participation and greater awareness of the problems within their own society. The time has finally come of when the Brazilian people have the ability to react and mobilize against the forces and factors that for decades have perpetuated several unfavorable conditions within Brazil.

Master of Science / Department of Geology / Matthew W. Totten / Sedimentary beds rich in volcanic ash have been reported throughout Kansas. It is believed the source of these ashes are the large-scale eruptions from the Yellowstone Calderas. Very few of these ash units have been dated, however, and the vast majority simply reported as “Pearlette Ash.” The objective of this research was to investigate the potential of trace element geochemistry in correlating individual ash outcrops in Kansas to their eruptive source. Thirty-six previously reported ash occurrences of unknown age in Kansas were reoccupied and sampled. In addition, three unreported ash deposits were discovered and sampled. Two ash units previously identified as Huckleberry Ridge-aged and three as Lava Creek B were also collected. The samples were processed using the method of Hanan and Totten (1998) to concentrate ash shards. These ash concentrates were analyzed for specific trace and rare earth element (REE) concentrations using inductively coupled mass-spectrometry (ICP-MS) at the University of Kansas. The ash samples from known eruptions have distinct trace and REE signatures, allowing comparison to the unknown ash units. Most of the unknown ash samples correlate with specific Yellowstone eruptions. The majority of the undifferentiated “Pearlette Ash” samples correlate with the most recent Lava Creek B eruption and several unknown ashes correlate to the Huckleberry Ridge eruption. The distribution of ash units in Kansas being dominated by Lava Creek (0.60 ma) is expected because it is the most recent of the Yellowstone eruptions. The abundance of the older Huckleberry Ridge (2.10 ma) over the more recent Mesa Falls (1.27 ma) is likely the result of the much larger Huckleberry Ridge eruption.

Small-scale volcanoes represent diverse group of landforms which vary in morphology, morphometry, and mechanisms of their formation. They are the most common volcanic form on Earth, and their existence and basic characteristics were also predicted for Mars. Availability of high-resolution image data now allows to search, identify and interpret such small volcanic features on the martian surface. This thesis extends our knowledge about the small-scale volcanoes with the following objectives: (a) to document the existence of martian analogues to some of the terrestrial volcanoes, in particular scoria cones, tuff cones, tuff rings and lava domes; (b) to establish their morphological and morphometrical parameters; and (c) to examine the effect of environmental factors, which differ on Earth and Mars, on the mechanisms of formation of the scoria cones. Interpretation of remote sensing images and digital elevation models reveals that scoria cones, tuff rings and cones, and lava domes exist on different parts of the martian surface and, in some cases, far away from previously well-known volcanic provinces. Scoria cones have been identified in the volcanic field Ulysses Colles situated within the Tharsis volcanic province; tuff cones and tuff rings have been found in the Nephenthes/Amenthes region at the...

Nos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral são reconhecidas numerosas ocorrências de fraturas sub-horizontais de grande continuidade lateral. Tais fraturas, de até centenas de metros de extensão, foram consideradas estruturas típicas em derrames e constituem importantes descontinuidades na estabilidade de obras de engenharia e como rotas de percolação de fluídos. Descritas inicialmente no final da década de 60, as fraturas sub-horizontais em derrames basálticos foram intensamente estudadas até o início da década de 90, por ocasião da construção de grandes barragens sobre os derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. No presente trabalho, a reunião das informações disponíveis sobre as fraturas sub-horizontais em basaltos permitiu estabelecer as relações entre suas formas de ocorrência e seus processos geradores, bem como a análise crítica dos modelos apresentados na literatura no que diz respeito a movimentações sobre fraturas sub-horizontais. As fraturas sub-horizontais possuem uma ampla variação de características, atribuída a diferentes processos genéticos e atuação de agentes secundários. Tais estruturas podem ocorrer como simples juntas sub-horizontais bastante contínuas, de abertura milimétrica, ou constituírem horizontes fraturados com espessura decimétrica a métrica (até 2 metros), apresentando fortes ondulações. Esses horizontes são caracterizados por fraturas pouco persistentes, que delimitam blocos tabulares com terminações em cunha e em forma de lentes. As fraturas sub-horizontais ocorrem em porções específicas dos derrames: abaixo da zona vesiculo-amigdaloidal do topo; em meio ao basalto maciço, normalmente no limite entre diferentes níveis de disjunções colunares; ou próximo à base do derrame. Os diferentes tipos de fraturas sub-horizontais foram classificados dentro do quadro de eventos sin-, tardi- e pós-magmáticos. As fraturas sub-horizontais sin-magmáticas correspondem a feições de fluxo formadas devido a esforços cisalhantes gerados pela diferença de velocidade de fluxo da lava. As fraturas sub-horizontais tardi-magmáticas correspondem a juntas de resfriamento geradas pelo avanço das frentes de resfriamento que se deslocam das periferias para o centro do derrame. As fraturas sub-horizontais pós-magmáticas correspondem a dois principais tipos de estruturas: juntas de alívio e fraturas de cisalhamento. Tais estruturas podem ser neoformadas, ocorrendo em qualquer porção do derrame, ou se desenvolverem sobre fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes. Na literatura, as fraturas sub-horizontais foram denominadas como juntasfalhas, devido a variedade de estruturas que apresentavam correlações com feições primárias do derrame e sinais de movimentações como estrias de atrito e deslocamentos de diques e fraturas verticais. Os deslocamentos observados nas fraturas sub-horizontais podem estar associados ao processo de alívio de tensões laterais em taludes, pelo entalhamento de vales fluviais, bem como a movimentações decorrentes de esforços tectônicos regionais. Estrias de fricção ao longo de fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes têm indicado que tais deslocamentos são compatíveis com movimentações transcorrentes na bacia. Fraturas no fundo dos vales apresentam um padrão conjugado com fraturas sub-horizontais podendo apresentar feições de cisalhamento. / In the basaltic lava flows of Serra Geral Formation, numerous occurrences of subhorizontal fractures of extensive continuity are recognized. Such fractures, of up to hundreds of meters long, were considered typical structures in lava flows and are relevant discontinuities in the stability of engineering works and as fluid percolation routes. Described initially in the late 60s, the subhorizontal fractures in basaltic lava flows were intensely studied until the early 90s, when large dams were built over the rocks of Serra Geral Formation. In this work, a reunion of available information on subhorizontal fractures in basalts allowed to establish the relations between the ways they take place and their genetic processes, as well as the critical analysis of the models presented in the literature with respect to movements on such subhorizontal fractures. Subhorizontal fractures have a wide variety of characteristics, due to different genetic processes and action of secondary agents. Such structures may occur as quite continuous simple subhorizontal joints, of millimetric opening, or fractured undulate horizons with decimetric to metric (up to 2 meters) thickness. Such horizons are characterized by low lateral continuity, limiting tabular blocks with wedge and lensshaped endings. The subhorizontal fractures occur in specific portions of the flows: below the upper crust zone; in the massive basalt, usually at the boundaries between different levels of columnar joints; or near the base of the flow. The different types of subhorizontal fractures were classified within the syn-, late- and post-magmatic events. The synmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to features of flow formed due to shear stress generated by lava flow speed difference. The late magmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to cooling joints generated by moving forward of those cooling fronts displacing from the peripheral areas to the middle of the flow. The postmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to two different types of structures: release joints and shear fractures. Such structures may be neoformed, and occur in any portion of the flow, or being developed over the preexisting subhorizontal fractures. In the literature, the subhorizontal fractures were named as joint-faults, due to the variety of structures that presented correlations with the flow primary features and signs of movements such as friction striae and displacement of vertical dikes and fractures. The displacements observed in the subhorizontal fractures may be associated with the process of lateral stress release in slopes, by erosion in river valleys, as well as regional tectonic movements. Friction striae along preexisting subhorizontal fractures have shown that displacements are compatible with transcurrent movements in the basin. Fractures in the valley bottoms present a pattern of conjugate subhorizontal fractures and it may also present shear features.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-09-25T12:23:32Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 MARIA_JOSE_COMANDANTE_COSTA.pdf: 1369694 bytes, checksum: 2b63fa3023c60448918ab6ae6b29a54f (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-02-21 / The research was realized in four phases. In the 1st phase, interviews were accomplished with proprietors of car-washes with the objective of knowing your environmental and social impacts. In the 2nd phase synthetic effluents of car-washes were treated during 147 days in batch anaerobic reactors with five different oil and detergent concentrations. In the 3rd phase six reactors were monitored in batch form, during 20 days, with substrate containing high oil concentrations (0,5 to 2,5 g.l-1) and surfactants concentrations (5,0g.L-1). These treatments were realized with purpose to verified the relation between oil concentration and inhibition of the biologic activity. In the 4th phase six batch anaerobic reactors, with different proportions of the surfactant, were monitored during 35 days. The concentrations of organic matter influent and effluent were analyzed in all the treatments and in the sludge were determined solid concentration. Daily the biogas produced was measures and characterized. In the 2nd phase the average removal of soluble COD was about 82%, for a monitoring period of 18 days. For raw COD during 100 days of operation the average removal was approximately 76% and the production of methane was directly proportional the substrate concentrations. It was verified that the anaerobic biological activity occurs in surfactant concentration below 0,5 g.L-1, and starting from that concentration it begins to happen inhibition of the process. / O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido em quatro fases. A primeira fase teve o objetivo de levantar dados sobre os impactos ambientais e sociais causados pelos lava-jatos. Para tanto, foram realizadas entrevistas com seus proprietários. Na segunda fase, foram tratados anaerobiamente, durante 147 dias, em reatores de batelada, efluentes sintéticos de lava-jatos com cinco diferentes concentrações de óleo e detergente. Na terceira fase, foram monitorados seis reatores anaeróbios, em regime de batelada, durante 20 dias, com substratos contendo altas concentrações de óleo (0,5 a 2,5 g.L-1) e surfactantes (5,0 g.L-1). Estes tratamentos tiveram por finalidade verificar se, com o aumento da concentração de óleo, haveria inibição da atividade biológica. Na quarta fase, foram realizados, anaerobiamente, em reatores de batelada, durante 35 dias, seis experimentos com diferentes concentrações de surfactante para verificar que concentração inibiria o processo biológico anaeróbio. Para todos os tratamentos foram analisadas as concentrações de matéria orgânica (DQO) afluente e efluente, bem como as concentrações de sólidos do lodo. Diariamente, foram realizadas leituras do volume e da composição do biogás. Como resultados da segunda fase, verificaram-se remoções de DQO solúvel média de 82% aos 18 dias e para DQO bruta em torno de 76% para os cinco tratamentos, durante 100 dias de operação. A produção de metano foi diretamente proporcional às concentrações dos substratos. Constatou-se que a atividade biológica anaeróbia ocorre numa concentração de surfactante de até aproximadamente 0,5 g.L-1, sendo que a partir daí, começa a ocorrer inibição do processo.

In this collection of papers I have summarized my investigations into the field of evolutionary genetics and more specifically into patterns of biodiversity and evolutionary processes. The lizards (and frogs) studied here share common features in that they are largely present in unique environments, which are also regions that are biologically understudied. Most of these taxa show high degrees of endemism, interesting natural history characteristics, and each group manifests distinctive adaptations of general evolutionary interest. My work in the genus Telmatobius has been a progressive approach that began in my MS program, and it first focused on alpha taxonomy, morphological variation, and species boundaries. This work led to new studies initiated and completed at BYU involving further taxonomic revision (Formas et al., 2003; Chapter 1), and then revisiting and re-evaluating species boundaries established earlier (with allozyme markers) and this time with population level molecular (mitochondrial DNA) markers (Chapter 2). Our results indicate that the striking differences in size, coloration and general appearance in the various Lake Titicaca morphotypes are not genetically based. Further, there is evidence that these morphotypes have evolved very rapidly after demographic bottlenecks eroded present genetic variability. Telmatobius frogs of Lake Titicaca are listed by the International (IUCN) as critically endangered. We support this classification and further suggest studies to explore open questions like the possibility of adaptation along ecological resource gradients. Lizards of the genus Microlophus are interesting but for different reasons, and studies of this group constitutes the bulk of my dissertation work. The genus includes both Galapagos insular species, and continental taxa distributed in a linear gradient along > 4000 km of the western coast of South America. In studying Microlophus I first tackled the unresolved phylogenetic relationships within the genus (Chapter 3) and then pay attention to phylogeographic aspects of the most speciose lizard radiation in the Galapagos Archipelago (Chapter 4). Chapter 3 is a single manuscript provisionally accepted in the journal Systematic Biology. This paper introduces the lizard genus Microlophus (“lava lizards”) as a study system, and includes a large nuclear data set accompanied by an equally large mitochondrial data set (7877 characters in total). This paper explicitly differentiates among sequence alignments of gene regions that vary in tempo and class of mutational events. We show that this recognition is important and we suggest ways to appropriately deal with the alignment of multi-locus non-coding DNA data sets. A secondary finding in this study is that mtDNA and nDNA topologies are discordant with each other but that both are strongly supported, and that the nuclear topology is concordant with species distribution patterns along coastal South America. We hypothesize that in this particular region of the tree, the nuclear genome recovers a topology that is closer to the species tree, and conflicts occur due to likely secondary contact of distantly related taxa, suggesting that unique taxonomic relationships in the mtDNA gene tree are the result of hybridization. This last point highlights the value of dense taxonomic and character sampling for teasing apart different aspects of evolutionary processes. Chapter 4 is a manuscript to be submitted to the journal Evolution; in this study we further investigate the most speciose radiation of Microlophus in the Galapagos, based on an unparalleled sampling of most islands and small islets in the Archipelago. We use mtDNA sequences to both test hypothesized between-island colonization routes, as well as the expectation that within-island phylogeographic structure should be greater on older islands. Our mtDNA gene tree is strongly supported and allows rejection of previous alternatives, and we propose a novel sequence of between-island colonization events. Our results also reject the idea of phylogeographic structure been related solely to island age. Instead, we provide evidence to suggest that active volcanism as a major player in the generation of genetic diversity in within-island environments, and this is further compounded by the seemingly stochastic nature of within-island long-distance colonization routes mediated by ocean currents. We suggest that the direction and intensity of these currents, as currently understood, are insufficient to generate a priori hypotheses of oceanic colonization routes and their influence on gene flow. We do show that the standard stepping-stone model of migration, where genetic interchange is only possible among neighboring localities, does not explain much of the within-island population genetic structure unraveled by this study. From a biological conservation perspective the study of patterns of recent evolutionary history in the Galapagos provides with a window to evolutionary processes that have shaped and continue to impact the generation of biodiversity in the Galapagos Archipelago. Islands have long been viewed as natural laboratories of evolutionary change, and thus all island isolates are or could be distinctly important components of the larger, archipelago-wide processes. We provide working hypotheses for some of the demographic processes that might be generating within- and between-island biodiversity in this clade of lizards; confirmation of these explanations with independent data will have management implications for conserving the unique patterns observed in the Galapagos biota, but also the processes that generated these patterns.

Abstract not available

Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-16T13:31:38Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 RosanaNFQ_DISSERT.pdf: 1769302 bytes, checksum: 0f0d1958e7b311e2b453db02b50c277a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08-28 / It is estimated, that is being produced every month in the city of Mossoró, 6096.55 m3 of wastewater from vehicle washing possibly contaminated. In this context, this study aimed to conduct an environmental diagnosis of the wastewater of washing enterprises for vehicles in Mossoró, RN. It was divided into two phases: the first, was conducted the survey city is of the car wash , and identified 34 businesses under the consultancy SEBRAE, within this field sampling were selected, at random, 13 enterprises, applied a questionnaire directed to owners with questions pertaining to the productive process, the source and destination of the water used; in the second stage was held the physico-chemical characterization of wastewater from three of the 13 companies surveyed in the previous step. The parameters analyzed in characterization were: oils and grease, BOD, COD, OD, ST, TSS, turbidity, total Nitrogen, P-total, temperature, Turbidity and pH. The results demonstrate that the wastewater from washing vehicles feature high concentrations of organic matter, oils and greases, turbidity and solid, which are in disagreement with specific environmental legislation. The evaluation demonstrated that although companies performed a primary treatment Water Separators and Oil (SAO), the effluent are not fit to be released into water bodies; It was found that the legal adequacy of companies Lava Jato regarding the treatment of effluents occurs only structurally. The owners are not appropriate of methods and of control standards established by current legislation for effluent discharge / Estima-se, que está sendo produzida mensalmente na cidade em Mossoró, 6.096,55m3 de residuárias de lavagem de veículos, possivelmente contaminada. Neste contexto, este trabalho teve como objetivo geral realizar um diagnóstico ambiental das águas residuárias de empreendimentos de lavagem de veículos em Mossoró, RN. Para tanto, foi dividido em duas fases: na primeira, foi realizado o levantamento das empresas de lavagem de veículos da cidade, e identificou-se 34 empresas sob a consultoria SEBRAE, dentro deste campo amostral foram selecionados, aleatoriamente, 13 empreendimentos, empregou-se um questionário dirigido aos proprietários com perguntas referentes ao processo produtivo, a origem e o destino da água usada; na segunda etapa foi realizada a caracterização físico-química das águas residuárias de três das 13 empresas pesquisadas na etapa anterior. Os parâmetros analisados na caracterização foram: óleos e graxas, DBO, DQO, OD, ST, SST, turbidez, Nitrogênio total, P-total, Temperatura, Turbidez e pH. Os resultados demonstram que as águas residuárias de lavagem de veículos apresentam altas concentrações de matéria orgânica, óleos e graxas, turbidez e sólidos, que estão em discordância com a legislação ambiental específica. A avaliação demonstrou que embora as empresas realizem um tratamento primário com Separadores de Água e Óleo (SAO), os efluentes não estão aptos para serem lançados em corpos hídricos; Constatou-se que a adequação legal das empresas Lava Jato quanto ao tratamento dos efluentes gerados ocorre apenas estruturalmente. Os proprietários não estão apropriados de métodos de controles dos padrões estabelecidos na legislação vigente para lançamento de efluentes