Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-03T12:19:45Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Valter Luiz .pdf: 1272899 bytes, checksum: 4ba44e6c7cba0445d95497329369b9d8 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-09-29 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / The footwashing in Jo 13,1-17 which is the subject of this thesis aims to present their cultural and socio-religious significance. On the complex variety of meanings of the Johannine narrative focus of the analysis turns to the context of the characteristics of the cultural custom implicated in footwashing in the context of meal in the Mediterranean world of the first century of the CE. Based on the analysis of the history of the Johannine narrative essay is presented as the result of a process of recovery of traditional memory to change the value and dignity of footwashing and those to whom this task was assigned: women, slaves and children. In the context of the Johannine community the footwashing becomes not only renunciation or reversal of status, but reciprocity of roles assumed by all as a concrete gesture and symbol of the abolition of any discrimination or inequality that may exist between people. The footwashing in the two levels that describe the first interpretations prevalent in the community (Jn 13: 12-17 and John 13.6-10) is therefore not religious ritual cleansing of sin, nor only the testimony of a humble service of those who occasionally renounce their status, but the expression of the identity of a discipleship that aims to live a radical equality in the daily exercise of power and the division of tasks. / O lava-pés em Jo 13,1-17 é objeto dessa tese que tem por objetivo apresentar sua significação cultural e sociorreligiosa. Em meio à complexidade do caráter polissêmico do relato joanino o foco da análise volta-se para o contexto das características do costume cultural implicados no lava-pés em ambiente de refeição no mundo mediterrâneo do primeiro século da EC. Com base na análise da história da redação o relato joanino é apresentado como fruto de um processo de recuperação da memória tradicional para ressignificar o valor e dignidade do lava-pés e dos sujeitos aos quais essa tarefa era atribuída: mulheres, escravos e crianças. No contexto da comunidade joanina o lava-pés transforma-se em proposta não apenas de renúncia ou inversão de status, mas de reciprocidade de papéis assumida por todos como gesto concreto e, ao mesmo tempo, simbólico, de abolição de qualquer discriminação ou desigualdade que possa existir entre as pessoas. O lava-pés, nos dois estratos que descrevem as primeiras interpretações predominantes na comunidade (Jo 13, 12-17 e Jo 13,6-10), não é, pois, ritual religioso de purificação de pecado, nem apenas o testemunho de um serviço humilde de quem renuncia provisoriamente ao seu status, mas sim a expressão da identidade de um discipulado que pretende viver um igualitarismo radical no cotidiano do exercício de poder e da divisão de suas tarefas.

A Província Basáltica Continental do Paraná-Etendeka registra o intenso vulcanismo do Cretáceo inferior que precedeu a fragmentação do supercontinente Gondwana. Tradicionalmente investigações sobre estas rochas priorizaram a aquisição de dados geoquímicos e isotópicos, considerando a pilha vulcânica como uma monótona sucessão de derrames tabulares e espessos. O presente trabalho propõe a análise das características físicas deste vulcanismo aplicando conceitos de arquitetura de fácies vulcânicas, integrados a estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos. A Sinclinal de Torres é uma estrutura tectônica localizada na porção sul do Brasil onde ocorrem preservadas as sequencias vulcânicas do magmatismo Paraná-Etendeka. Na área de estudo As rochas vulcânicas básicas podem ser divididas em duas unidades: derrames e campos de derrames pahoehoe (Unidade I) e derrames rubbly simples (Unidade II). Geoquimicamente as duas unidades pertencem a serie de baixo- TiO2 e ao magma tipo Gramado. As primeiras lavas pahoehoe são olivina basaltos, mais primitivos. A unidade I é composta por inúmeros derrames pahoehoe que ocorrem sobre os arenitos eólicos da Formação Botucatu. Essa lavas ocorrem como sheet pahoehoe, compound lavas, e lavas do tipo ponded nos vales interduna. O emplacement dessas lavas esta relacionado a baixas taxas de erupção sustentadas por longos intervalos de tempo. A unidade II é formada por espessas lavas simples do tipo rubbly, estas são caracterizadas por núcleos maciços e topos fragmentados (rubbly tops). Essas lavas são formadas por altas taxas de erupção e durante a fase principal do vulcanismo na área. O vale principal da Sinclinal de Torres tem uma evolução formada por derames compostos na porção basal e derrames simples nas porções superiores, siilar a de outras Províncias Basálticas Continentais. / The Parana-Etendeka Volcanic Province records the volcanism of the Earlier Cretaceous that precedes the fragmentation of the Gondwana supercontinent. Traditionally, investigations of these rocks prioritized the acquisition of geochemical and isotopic data, considering the volcanic stack as a monotonous succession of tabular flows. This work provides a detailed analysis of the physical conditions of the emplacement of these volcanic rocks, applying the facies architecture integrated to petrographic and geochemical data. Torres Syncline is a tectonic structure located in southern Brazil and where the Parana- Etendeka basalts are well preserved. The basaltic lava flows in the area can be divided in pahoehoe flow fields (Unit I) and simple rubbly flows (Unit II). Geochemically both units are low TiO2 and Gramado magma type. The first pahoehoe lavas are more primitive and are olivine basalts with higher contents of MgO. The fist unit is build up by innumerous pahoehoe lava flows and flow fields that cover the sandstones of Botucatu Fm. These flows occur like sheet pahoehoe, compound pahoehoe, and ponded lavas in the interdune settings. The emplacement of pahoehoe flow fields is related to sustain low eruptive rates. The unit two is formed by thick simple rubbly lavas, characterized by a massive core and a rubbly top. These flows are associated to high effusion rates and were formed during the main phase of volcanism in the area. The Torres Syncline main valley has a similar evolution when compared with other lips with compound flows at the base and simple flows in the upper portions.

A Província Basáltica Continental do Paraná-Etendeka registra o intenso vulcanismo do Cretáceo inferior que precedeu a fragmentação do supercontinente Gondwana. Tradicionalmente investigações sobre estas rochas priorizaram a aquisição de dados geoquímicos e isotópicos, considerando a pilha vulcânica como uma monótona sucessão de derrames tabulares e espessos. O presente trabalho propõe a análise das características físicas deste vulcanismo aplicando conceitos de arquitetura de fácies vulcânicas, integrados a estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos. A Sinclinal de Torres é uma estrutura tectônica localizada na porção sul do Brasil onde ocorrem preservadas as sequencias vulcânicas do magmatismo Paraná-Etendeka. Na área de estudo As rochas vulcânicas básicas podem ser divididas em duas unidades: derrames e campos de derrames pahoehoe (Unidade I) e derrames rubbly simples (Unidade II). Geoquimicamente as duas unidades pertencem a serie de baixo- TiO2 e ao magma tipo Gramado. As primeiras lavas pahoehoe são olivina basaltos, mais primitivos. A unidade I é composta por inúmeros derrames pahoehoe que ocorrem sobre os arenitos eólicos da Formação Botucatu. Essa lavas ocorrem como sheet pahoehoe, compound lavas, e lavas do tipo ponded nos vales interduna. O emplacement dessas lavas esta relacionado a baixas taxas de erupção sustentadas por longos intervalos de tempo. A unidade II é formada por espessas lavas simples do tipo rubbly, estas são caracterizadas por núcleos maciços e topos fragmentados (rubbly tops). Essas lavas são formadas por altas taxas de erupção e durante a fase principal do vulcanismo na área. O vale principal da Sinclinal de Torres tem uma evolução formada por derames compostos na porção basal e derrames simples nas porções superiores, siilar a de outras Províncias Basálticas Continentais. / The Parana-Etendeka Volcanic Province records the volcanism of the Earlier Cretaceous that precedes the fragmentation of the Gondwana supercontinent. Traditionally, investigations of these rocks prioritized the acquisition of geochemical and isotopic data, considering the volcanic stack as a monotonous succession of tabular flows. This work provides a detailed analysis of the physical conditions of the emplacement of these volcanic rocks, applying the facies architecture integrated to petrographic and geochemical data. Torres Syncline is a tectonic structure located in southern Brazil and where the Parana- Etendeka basalts are well preserved. The basaltic lava flows in the area can be divided in pahoehoe flow fields (Unit I) and simple rubbly flows (Unit II). Geochemically both units are low TiO2 and Gramado magma type. The first pahoehoe lavas are more primitive and are olivine basalts with higher contents of MgO. The fist unit is build up by innumerous pahoehoe lava flows and flow fields that cover the sandstones of Botucatu Fm. These flows occur like sheet pahoehoe, compound pahoehoe, and ponded lavas in the interdune settings. The emplacement of pahoehoe flow fields is related to sustain low eruptive rates. The unit two is formed by thick simple rubbly lavas, characterized by a massive core and a rubbly top. These flows are associated to high effusion rates and were formed during the main phase of volcanism in the area. The Torres Syncline main valley has a similar evolution when compared with other lips with compound flows at the base and simple flows in the upper portions.

A Província Basáltica Continental do Paraná-Etendeka registra o intenso vulcanismo do Cretáceo inferior que precedeu a fragmentação do supercontinente Gondwana. Tradicionalmente investigações sobre estas rochas priorizaram a aquisição de dados geoquímicos e isotópicos, considerando a pilha vulcânica como uma monótona sucessão de derrames tabulares e espessos. O presente trabalho propõe a análise das características físicas deste vulcanismo aplicando conceitos de arquitetura de fácies vulcânicas, integrados a estudos petrográficos e geoquímicos. A Sinclinal de Torres é uma estrutura tectônica localizada na porção sul do Brasil onde ocorrem preservadas as sequencias vulcânicas do magmatismo Paraná-Etendeka. Na área de estudo As rochas vulcânicas básicas podem ser divididas em duas unidades: derrames e campos de derrames pahoehoe (Unidade I) e derrames rubbly simples (Unidade II). Geoquimicamente as duas unidades pertencem a serie de baixo- TiO2 e ao magma tipo Gramado. As primeiras lavas pahoehoe são olivina basaltos, mais primitivos. A unidade I é composta por inúmeros derrames pahoehoe que ocorrem sobre os arenitos eólicos da Formação Botucatu. Essa lavas ocorrem como sheet pahoehoe, compound lavas, e lavas do tipo ponded nos vales interduna. O emplacement dessas lavas esta relacionado a baixas taxas de erupção sustentadas por longos intervalos de tempo. A unidade II é formada por espessas lavas simples do tipo rubbly, estas são caracterizadas por núcleos maciços e topos fragmentados (rubbly tops). Essas lavas são formadas por altas taxas de erupção e durante a fase principal do vulcanismo na área. O vale principal da Sinclinal de Torres tem uma evolução formada por derames compostos na porção basal e derrames simples nas porções superiores, siilar a de outras Províncias Basálticas Continentais. / The Parana-Etendeka Volcanic Province records the volcanism of the Earlier Cretaceous that precedes the fragmentation of the Gondwana supercontinent. Traditionally, investigations of these rocks prioritized the acquisition of geochemical and isotopic data, considering the volcanic stack as a monotonous succession of tabular flows. This work provides a detailed analysis of the physical conditions of the emplacement of these volcanic rocks, applying the facies architecture integrated to petrographic and geochemical data. Torres Syncline is a tectonic structure located in southern Brazil and where the Parana- Etendeka basalts are well preserved. The basaltic lava flows in the area can be divided in pahoehoe flow fields (Unit I) and simple rubbly flows (Unit II). Geochemically both units are low TiO2 and Gramado magma type. The first pahoehoe lavas are more primitive and are olivine basalts with higher contents of MgO. The fist unit is build up by innumerous pahoehoe lava flows and flow fields that cover the sandstones of Botucatu Fm. These flows occur like sheet pahoehoe, compound pahoehoe, and ponded lavas in the interdune settings. The emplacement of pahoehoe flow fields is related to sustain low eruptive rates. The unit two is formed by thick simple rubbly lavas, characterized by a massive core and a rubbly top. These flows are associated to high effusion rates and were formed during the main phase of volcanism in the area. The Torres Syncline main valley has a similar evolution when compared with other lips with compound flows at the base and simple flows in the upper portions.

Nos derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral são reconhecidas numerosas ocorrências de fraturas sub-horizontais de grande continuidade lateral. Tais fraturas, de até centenas de metros de extensão, foram consideradas estruturas típicas em derrames e constituem importantes descontinuidades na estabilidade de obras de engenharia e como rotas de percolação de fluídos. Descritas inicialmente no final da década de 60, as fraturas sub-horizontais em derrames basálticos foram intensamente estudadas até o início da década de 90, por ocasião da construção de grandes barragens sobre os derrames basálticos da Formação Serra Geral. No presente trabalho, a reunião das informações disponíveis sobre as fraturas sub-horizontais em basaltos permitiu estabelecer as relações entre suas formas de ocorrência e seus processos geradores, bem como a análise crítica dos modelos apresentados na literatura no que diz respeito a movimentações sobre fraturas sub-horizontais. As fraturas sub-horizontais possuem uma ampla variação de características, atribuída a diferentes processos genéticos e atuação de agentes secundários. Tais estruturas podem ocorrer como simples juntas sub-horizontais bastante contínuas, de abertura milimétrica, ou constituírem horizontes fraturados com espessura decimétrica a métrica (até 2 metros), apresentando fortes ondulações. Esses horizontes são caracterizados por fraturas pouco persistentes, que delimitam blocos tabulares com terminações em cunha e em forma de lentes. As fraturas sub-horizontais ocorrem em porções específicas dos derrames: abaixo da zona vesiculo-amigdaloidal do topo; em meio ao basalto maciço, normalmente no limite entre diferentes níveis de disjunções colunares; ou próximo à base do derrame. Os diferentes tipos de fraturas sub-horizontais foram classificados dentro do quadro de eventos sin-, tardi- e pós-magmáticos. As fraturas sub-horizontais sin-magmáticas correspondem a feições de fluxo formadas devido a esforços cisalhantes gerados pela diferença de velocidade de fluxo da lava. As fraturas sub-horizontais tardi-magmáticas correspondem a juntas de resfriamento geradas pelo avanço das frentes de resfriamento que se deslocam das periferias para o centro do derrame. As fraturas sub-horizontais pós-magmáticas correspondem a dois principais tipos de estruturas: juntas de alívio e fraturas de cisalhamento. Tais estruturas podem ser neoformadas, ocorrendo em qualquer porção do derrame, ou se desenvolverem sobre fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes. Na literatura, as fraturas sub-horizontais foram denominadas como juntasfalhas, devido a variedade de estruturas que apresentavam correlações com feições primárias do derrame e sinais de movimentações como estrias de atrito e deslocamentos de diques e fraturas verticais. Os deslocamentos observados nas fraturas sub-horizontais podem estar associados ao processo de alívio de tensões laterais em taludes, pelo entalhamento de vales fluviais, bem como a movimentações decorrentes de esforços tectônicos regionais. Estrias de fricção ao longo de fraturas sub-horizontais preexistentes têm indicado que tais deslocamentos são compatíveis com movimentações transcorrentes na bacia. Fraturas no fundo dos vales apresentam um padrão conjugado com fraturas sub-horizontais podendo apresentar feições de cisalhamento. / In the basaltic lava flows of Serra Geral Formation, numerous occurrences of subhorizontal fractures of extensive continuity are recognized. Such fractures, of up to hundreds of meters long, were considered typical structures in lava flows and are relevant discontinuities in the stability of engineering works and as fluid percolation routes. Described initially in the late 60s, the subhorizontal fractures in basaltic lava flows were intensely studied until the early 90s, when large dams were built over the rocks of Serra Geral Formation. In this work, a reunion of available information on subhorizontal fractures in basalts allowed to establish the relations between the ways they take place and their genetic processes, as well as the critical analysis of the models presented in the literature with respect to movements on such subhorizontal fractures. Subhorizontal fractures have a wide variety of characteristics, due to different genetic processes and action of secondary agents. Such structures may occur as quite continuous simple subhorizontal joints, of millimetric opening, or fractured undulate horizons with decimetric to metric (up to 2 meters) thickness. Such horizons are characterized by low lateral continuity, limiting tabular blocks with wedge and lensshaped endings. The subhorizontal fractures occur in specific portions of the flows: below the upper crust zone; in the massive basalt, usually at the boundaries between different levels of columnar joints; or near the base of the flow. The different types of subhorizontal fractures were classified within the syn-, late- and post-magmatic events. The synmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to features of flow formed due to shear stress generated by lava flow speed difference. The late magmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to cooling joints generated by moving forward of those cooling fronts displacing from the peripheral areas to the middle of the flow. The postmagmatic subhorizontal fractures correspond to two different types of structures: release joints and shear fractures. Such structures may be neoformed, and occur in any portion of the flow, or being developed over the preexisting subhorizontal fractures. In the literature, the subhorizontal fractures were named as joint-faults, due to the variety of structures that presented correlations with the flow primary features and signs of movements such as friction striae and displacement of vertical dikes and fractures. The displacements observed in the subhorizontal fractures may be associated with the process of lateral stress release in slopes, by erosion in river valleys, as well as regional tectonic movements. Friction striae along preexisting subhorizontal fractures have shown that displacements are compatible with transcurrent movements in the basin. Fractures in the valley bottoms present a pattern of conjugate subhorizontal fractures and it may also present shear features.

Les dômes de lave sont associés à des éruptions volcaniques violentes et des indices d’explosivité élevés. L’observation et la surveillance de dômes actifs (e.g. St. Helens, Unzen, Montserrat) ont mis en évidence des modes de croissance caractérisés par des phases d’extrusion, d’explosion et des phénomènes d’effondrement, impliquant une structure interne souvent complexe de ces édifices volcaniques. L’étude du Puy de Dôme (Massif Central français), un dôme trachytique âgé de 11 000 ans, grâce à l’apport de l’imagerie géophysique et à la modélisation des données, ainsi qu’à une analyse morpho-structurale détaillée, a permis d’établir un modèle précis de la structure interne du dôme et a fourni de nouvelles contraintes concernant sa croissance et son évolution. L’analyse du Modèle Numérique de Terrain haute résolution (0,5 m) a permis d’identifier différentes unités sur le dôme, morphologiquement distinctes, et associées à des dynamismes éruptifs différents, ainsi que des structures volcano-tectoniques remarquables sur les édifices volcaniques voisins (Petit Puy de Dôme et Puy des Grosmanaux). Différentes méthodes géophysiques (tomographie des résistivités électriques – ERT -, gravimétrie et magnétisme) ont été mises en oeuvre afin d’étudier la structure interne du dôme, et de caractériser la nature des mécanismes à l’origine des zones de déformations identifiées dans l’environnement du Puy de Dôme. L’utilisation de plusieurs méthodes a permis d’étudier des paramètres physiques différents mais complémentaires, bien que l’interprétation globale des résultats géophysiques ait parfois été délicate dans le cas d’un édifice volcanique aussi complexe. Les modèles géophysiques 2D et 3D obtenus montrent que le Puy de Dôme repose sur des édifices volcaniques préexistants, un ensemble de volcans stromboliens dont la présence et/ou l’extension exacte étaient partiellement méconnues jusqu’alors. La structure interne de l’édifice, très hétérogène, est constituée d’une partie centrale très massive, entourée d’une ceinture de brèches d’effondrement, la zone sommitale du conduit étant affectée de nombreuses évidences d’une forte altération hydrothermale, caractéristique des dômes volcaniques. La partie supérieure du dôme est définie par une carapace de roches consolidées, de quelques dizaines de mètres d’épaisseur au maximum, alors que la base de l’édifice forme un talus constitué des dépôts d’effondrements gravitaires et d’écoulements pyroclastiques associés à la croissance du dôme. Enfin, les données gravimétriques et magnétiques ont permis la mise en évidence de la présence d’intrusions sous les édifices du Petit Puy de Dôme et du Puy des Grosmanaux. La géométrie de ces intrusions, déterminées grâce à différentes approches de modélisation, ainsi que la nature des roches qui les composent indiquent des processus de mise en place complexes. / Volcanic domes are associated to violent volcanic eruptions and high explosivity indexes. Observation and monitoring of active domes (e.g. St. Helens, Unzen, Montserrat) underlined growth patterns characterized by extrusion phases, explosions and collapse events, involving the complex inner structure of these volcanic edifices. The study of the Puy de Dôme volcano (French Massif Central), a 11,000 years old trachytic lava dome, through geophysical imaging and data modelling, as well as a detailed morpho-structural analysis, allowed to build a precise model of the inner structure of the dome and provided new constraints about its growth and its evolution. The analysis of the high resolution Digital Terrain Model (0.5 m) allowed to identify distinct morphological units on the dome, as well as volcano-tectonic structures on the neighboring volcanic edifices (Petit Puy de Dôme and Puy des Grosmanaux). Different geophysical methods (Electrical Resistivity Tomography – ERT -, gravity and magnetism) have been implemented in order to study the inner structure of the dome and to characterize the initiating mechanisms of the deformations areas identified in the Puy de Dôme vicinity. The use of several methods allowed to study different, but complementary physical parameters, although the overall interpretation of the geophysical results is sometimes difficult in the case of a volcanic edifice so complex. The 2D and 3D geophysical models obtained indicate that the Puy de Dôme is based on preexisting volcanic edifices, a cluster of strombolian volcanoes whose the presence and/or the exact extension were partially unknown until now. The internal structure of the edifice, highly heterogeneous, is composed of a massive central part, encompassed of collapse breccia, and its summit part highlights evidences of a strong hydrothermal alteration, characteristic feature of volcanic domes. The upper part of the dome is defined by a carapace of consolidated rocks, a few meters thick, whereas the base of the edifice forms a talus composed of collapses and pyroclastic flows deposits associated to the dome growth. Finally, gravity and magnetic data pointed out the presence of intrusions beneath the Petit Puy de Dôme and the Puy des Grosmanaux edifices. The geometry of these intrusions, determined through different modelling approaches, and the nature of the rocks that composed them, indicate complex emplacement processes.

Des structures prismées sont fréquemment observées dans les coulées de lave comme la Chaussée des Géants (Irlande). Plusieurs théories existent pour expliquer ces formations, dont la plus répandue est celle de la contraction thermique. Or cette théorie permet difficilement de comprendre certaines observations de terrain comme la séparation fréquente des coulées en plusieurs niveaux. Afin de mieux comprendre la structuration au sein des coulées basaltiques, nous avons procédé à une étude pluridisciplinaire basée sur les propriétés magnétiques, les variations structurales et géochimiques de deux coulées prismées du Massif Central (La Palisse, Ardèche et Saint-Arcons-d’Allier, Haute-Loire). Notre approche permet de montrer que les fabriques cristallographiques et magnétiques sont gouvernées par l’écoulement de la lave. L’orientation du plagioclase contrôle la distribution des titanomagnétites à l’origine des fabriques magnétiques. Notre étude montre également que l’utilisation de l’ASM est un outil fiable pour déterminer l’orientation de l’écoulement à condition d’être contrôlée par des mesures de fabriques cristallographiques. Les mesures de la quantité d’eau et les analyses isotopiques (H et O) montrent que l’effet de l’altération météorique est faible et que l’eau contenue dans la roche est essentiellement de l'eau de constitution. De plus, à l’échelle du prisme, des variations de deuxième ordre sont observées comme celle des paramètres d’hystérésis qui indique des tailles de grains de titanomagnétites plus importantes vers le centre. Ces variations au sein du prisme semblent difficilement compatibles avec une structuration des coulées par la simple contraction thermique. / Columnar jointing is frequently observed in lava flows, as in the Giant Causeway (Ireland). The most common theory explaining the formation of prisms is by the thermal contraction. However, this theory hardly explains some field observations such as the frequent existence of three parts within the lavas flows, from the base to the top. To complete our understanding of the structuring lava flows, we carried out a multidisciplinary study based on the magnetic properties, structural and geochemical characterization of two basaltic flows from the French Massif Central (La Palisse, Ardèche and Saint-Arcons-d'Allier, Haute-Loire). Our approach shows that crystallographic and magnetic fabrics are governed by the flow. The distribution of titanomagnetite grains carrying the magnetic fabrics is mainly controlled by the plagioclase orientation. Our study also shows that the use of the AMS to determine the flow direction is a reliable tool, provided punctual control by measurements of crystallographic fabrics are performed. Measurements of the water content and isotopic analyses (H and O) show a limited weathering effect in the studied areas: rock water is mostly primary water in equilibrium with the magma. Moreover, second order changes are noted across the prism section such as hysteresis parameters associated to grain size variation of titanomagnetite (larger grains in the center). The variations of magnetic properties across the prism section suggest a gradient of the crystallization rate from the center to the edge of the prism, which seems difficult to reconcile with the structuring of the flow by thermal contraction only.

Naturschutz ist inzwischen tief in unserem Denken und Handeln angekommen. Aber noch immer wird dabei zu allererst an den Schutz von Tieren und Pflanzen gedacht, gefolgt vom Schutz des oberirdischen und unterirdischen Wassers. Das ist verständlich, hat doch diese Art des Naturschutzes lange zurückliegende Wurzeln.

El presente trabajo coloca en discusión los métodos de investigación y herramientas digitales usados por tres medios peruanos en torno a un caso: Lava Jato. Durante los años 2014 y 2019, se contextualizan dos conceptos como parte del proceso: el periodismo de investigación y periodismo digital. El resultado de la relación entre ambos manifiesta dos disciplinas periodísticas que se nutren de herramientas tecnológicas para investigar, analizar y revelar diversos hallazgos del mega caso de corrupción. Estas son el periodismo de datos y periodismo transfronterizo. El siguiente estudio describe sus características y evolución a lo largo de los cinco años planteados, el empleo y enfoque que le brindan los medios Convoca; IDL-Reporteros y Ojo Público, así como lo que representan para el ejercicio periodístico. Además, se indaga en la utilidad de las herramientas digitales que forman parte del proceso investigativo y de publicación. / The aim of this paper is to discuss the research methods and digital tools used by three Peruvian media around a case: Lava Jato. During the years 2014 and 2019, two concepts were contextualized as part of the process: investigative journalism and digital journalism. The result of the relationship between the two shows two journalistic disciplines that draw on technological tools to investigate, analyze, and reveal various findings of the mega corruption case. These are data journalism and cross-border journalism. This study describes its characteristics and evolution over the proposed five years, the employment and approach provided by the Convoca media; IDL-Reporteros and Ojo Público, as well as what they each represent for journalism. Furthermore, the utility of digital tools that take part in the process of investigations and publication is explored. / Tesis

Combined anisotropy of magnetic susceptibility (AMS) and crystallographic studies were applied on a neogenne lava flow, for which we know the supposed flow path. Samples were studied under microscope, the minerals were analysed on microprobe, the orientation of olivine crystals was determined via EBSD and magnetic properties were studied. AMS data acquired from samples collected from representative outcrops of lava flow show weak preferred orientation of magnetite-ulvöspinel. EBSD analysis suggests only slight orientation of plagioclase in one sample. Analysed composition of olivine corresponds with mathematical model for eruption temperature and crystallization succession. Rootless cone (disorderly breccia cone) in lava body was found and desribed in the abandoned Machův lom quarry.