The reversible and topotactic insertion of guest species within layered host lattices, known as intercalation is a widely studied phenomena. The Layered Double Hydroxides (LDHs) or Anionic Alloys are important class of layered solids with its own distinct ion-exchange host-Guest Chemistry. The LDH structure may be derived from that of Brucite, Mg(OH)2, by random isomorphous substitution of Mg2+ ions by trivalent cations like Al3+, Ga3+ etc. This substitution leaves an excess positive charge on the layers, which is compensated by interlamellar anions. These ions are exchangeable and thus new functionalities can be introduced to ion exchange reactions. Insertion of neutral, non-polar or poorly water-soluble guest molecules remains a challenge. In the present study, two methodologies were adopted to extend the host-guest chemistry of LDHs to neutral and non-polar species, first by using Hydrophobic interaction and second, charge transfer (CT) interaction as driving force. Hlydrophobic interaction as driving force involves functionalization of the Mg-Al-LDH galleries as bilayers, thus covering the essentially hydrophilic interlamellar space of the LDH to one that is hydrophobic and able to solubilize neutral molecules like Anthracene. CT interaction as driving force, involves pre-functionalization of the galleries of the LDH with a donor species e.g. 4-aminobenzoic acid by conventional ion exchange methods to form a LDH-donor intercalated compound. This compound can selectively adsorb acceptor species like Chloranil, Tetracyanoquinodimethane etc. into the interlamellar space of the solid by forming donor-acceptor complexes. The confined donor-acceptor complexes have been characterized by X-Ray Diffraction, UV-Visible, Fourier Transformed Infra-Red and Raman Spectroscopy, Molecular Dynamics Simulations were able to reproduce the experimental results. One dimensional gold nanostructure like nanorods (AuNRs) have received great attention due to their size dependent optical properties, Extending these applications requires assembling the AuNRs into one-, two- and if possible three-dimensional architectures. Several approaches have been developed to assemble AuNRs in two-orientation modes namely end-to-end and side-to-side. The present study self-assembly of the AuNRs has been achieved by anchoring β-cyclodextrin (β-CD) cavities to the nanorods surface. The host-guest chemistry of β-CD has been exploited to assemble the AuNRs. Our strategy was to use a guest molecule that is capable to link β-CD into 1:2 host-guest fashions to link up two β-CD capped nanorods. The guest molecule chosen for the present study was 1,10-phenanthroline. Linkage between the ends of rods leading to V-shaped rods dimmer assembly and side-to-side assembly was achieved by varying the extent of cyclodextrin capping of the AuNRs followed by the addition of linker, 1,10-phenanthroline. The formation of the assembly was characterized using UV-Visible-Near-IR Spectoscopy and Transmission Electron Microscopy.

Lignin is one of the most abundant and underutilized biopolymers on earth. Primarily composed on three monolignol units (sinapyl, coniferyl, and p-coumaryl alcohol), lignin is formed through a radical pathway resulting in an assortment of linkages, of which the β-O-4 linkage is the most prevalent (up to 60% in some hardwood species). In planta, lignin plays an important role in water transport and in protecting plants from chemical and biological attack. Traditional attempts to depolymerize lignin have focused on the cleavage of β-O-4 linkages via thermal or reductive routes. However these pathways lead to low-value, unstable product mixtures. Moreover, typical product yields are low and the highly corrosive reaction medium results in added expense. More recently, catalytic oxidations have been studied as a viable means to lignin utilization. The present work will review the state-of-the-art of lignin oxidations, and focus on stoichiometric and catalytic attempts to oxidize lignin and lignin model compounds in order achieve selective stepwise depolymerization of lignin. Specifically, activated dimethyl sulfoxides and LDH catalysts were evaluated for lignin and/or lignin model compound oxidations leading, in some cases, to unexpected products.

A brief introduction to the current state of research in the Origins of Life field is given in Part I of this work. Part II covers original research performed by the author and co-workers. Layered Double Hydroxide (LDH) systems are anion-exchanging clays that have the general formula M(II)xM(III)(OH)(2x+2)Y, where M(II) and M(III) are any divalent and trivalent metals, respectively. Y can be nearly any anion, although modern naturally occuring LDH systems incorporate carbonate (CO32-), chloride (Cl-), or sulfate (SO42-) anions. Intercalated cobalticyanide anion shows a small yet observable deviation from local Oh symmetry causing small differences between its oriented and non-oriented infrared spectra. Nitroprusside is shown to intercalate into 2:1 Mg:Al LDH with decomposition to form intercalated ferrocyanide and nitrosyl groups of an unidentified nature. The [Ru(CN)6]4- anion is shown to intercalate into layered double hydroxides in the same manner as other hexacyano anions, such as ferrocyanide and cobalticyanide, with its three-fold rotational axis perpendicular to the hydroxide sheets. The square-planar tetracyano-nickelate(II), -palladate(II), and platinate(II) anions were intercalated into both 2:1 and 3:1 Mg:Al layered double hydroxides (LDH). The basal spacings in the 2:1 hosts are approximately 11 Å, indicating that the anions are inclined approximately 75 degrees relative to the hydroxide layers, while in the 3:1 hosts the square-planar anions have enough space to lie more nearly parallel to the LDH cation layers, giving basal spacings of approximately 8 Å. It has been found that the LDH Mg2Al(OH)6Cl catalyzes the self-addition of cyanide, to give in a one-pot reaction at low concentrations an increased yield of diaminomaleonitrile and in addition, at higher ($0.1M) concentrations, a purple-pink material that adheres to the LDH. We are investigating whether this reaction also occurs with hydrotalcite itself, what is the minimum effective concentration of cyanide, and what can be learned about the products and how they compare with those reported at high HCN concentrations in the absence of catalyst.

Os materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos constituem uma classe especial compostos, obtidos pela combinação adequada entre duas ou mais fases (orgânica e inorgânica), que têm recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos. Quando combinados em escala molecular, os nanocompósitos formados promovem o sinergismo entre as propriedades destas fases podendo produzir materiais com características e propriedades únicas e inusitadas que não são encontradas nas partes individuais. As particularidades dos novos materiais podem resultar em aplicações como melhoria de propriedades mecânicas, da estabilidade térmica, permeabilidade de gases, retardadores de chama, polímeros eletrólitos, dentre outras. As siliconas aniônicas são materiais poliméricos utilizados como agentes dispersantes, espumantes, emulsificantes e complexantes promovendo a compatibilidade entre a silicona e outros polímeros, permitindo a formulação de géis estáveis e limpos com aplicações principalmente na indústria de cosméticos. Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) são materiais cuja estrutura lamelar é constituída de camadas de um hidróxido duplo carregadas positivamente, com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. A esfoliação de HDL é um processo que permite a separação em escala nanométrica das contrapartes inorgânica (do hidróxido duplo) do ânion interlamelar (que pode ser orgânico ou não). O foco do presente trabalho é a preparação e a caracterização de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos através da utilização de siliconas aniônicas funcionalizadas com os grupos fosfato, sulfato, ftalato e succinato como matriz orgânica e as lamelas esfoliadas de um HDL do sistema Zn-Al como aditivo inorgânico. Novos compósitos foram preparados, em blocos e na forma de filmes, a partir da interação entre as siliconas aniônicas e diferentes cargas do HDL esfoliado utilizado como aditivo. Os compósitos apresentaram modificações em suas características como aumento da estabilidade térmica, resistência mecânica e maleabilidade comparada às siliconas puras. Tais características podem ser aproveitadas para aplicações até então inexploradas por estes materiais. / Hybrid composites are a class of materials obtained by the appropriate combination of two or more phases (organic and inorganic), which have nowadays received a lot of attention. When these composites are combined at the molecular scale, the resulting nanocomposites resulting promote the synergism among the properties of the lonely phases and can then produce materials with unique and unusual characteristics and properties not found in individual species. The particularities of the new materials can result in applications such as the improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, permeability of gases, flame retarder, polymeric electrolytes, etc. Anionic silicones are polymeric materials used as dispersant, foaming, emulsifiant and complexant agents capable of promoting compatibility among the silicone and the other polymers, thus allowing the formulation of stable and clean gels for applications mainly in the cosmetic industry. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are lamellar materials constituted of positively charged layers of a double hydroxide, with hydrated anions in the interlayer domain. The exfoliation of LDH is a process that allows to separate the inorganic sheets (of the double hydroxide) from the interlayer anion (which can be organic or not) at nanometric scale. The present work focus on the preparation and the characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials by using anionic silicones functionalized with the phosphate, sulfate, ftalato and succinate groups (organic matrix) and the layer of the exfoliated LDH of the Zn-Al system as the inorganic additive. New composites in block and films forms were prepared, starting from the interaction between the anionic silicones and different loads of LDH exfoliated as additive. The composites presented modifications in their characteristics such as the increase of thermal stability, mechanical resistance and malleability compared to pure silicones. Such characteristics can be used for applications in unexplored areas of these materials.

Hidróxidos duplos lamelares (LDHs) são uma classe materiais lamelares com fórmula química [M_(1-x)^II M_x^III (OH)_2 ] [A^(n-)]_(x/n).yH_2 O (onde M^II e M^III são metais di e trivalentes, respectivamente) formados pelo empilhamento de camadas positivamente carregadas de hidróxidos metálicos intercaladas por espécies aniônicas A^(n-). Este trabalho descreve uma estratégia inédita para a produção de nanotubos de LDHs autossuportados (Ø 20 nm e comprimentos >= 100 nm) através da coprecipitação de Zn^(2+), Al^(3+) e Eu^(3+) em pH controlado e sua auto-organização sobre micelas cilíndricas do surfactante Plurônico® P-123. A subsequente extração destes agentes estruturantes através de lavagem com metanol resulta em uma rede de nanotubos cilíndricos, ocos e interconectados, formados pela deposição de multicamadas de hidróxidos duplos intercalados pela molécula sensibilizadora ácido benzeno-1,3,5-tricarboxílico (ácido trimésico, BTC). A combinação de Eu3+ nas camadas de hidróxidos e BTC no meio interlamelar resulta em nanotubos com propriedades luminescentes, demonstrando de maneira notável como modificações químicas e morfológicas nos LDHs podem levar ao remodelamento das suas propriedades físico-químicas e consequentemente direcionar suas aplicações de maneira desejável. / Layered double hydroxides are a class of lamellar compounds with chemical formula [M_(1-x)^II M_x^III (OH)_2 ] [A^(n-)]_(x/n).yH_2 O (with M^II and M^III being di and trivalent metals, respectively) that are formed by the stacking of positively charged mixed-valence metal hydroxide sheets intercalated by anionic species A^(n-). This work describes a new strategy for the synthesis of self-supporting mesoporous LDH nanotubes (Ø 20 nm and length >= 100 nm) by coprecipitation of Zn^(2+), Al^(3+) and Eu^(3+) around non-ionic worm-like micelles of Pluronic® P-123 in controlled pH. Subsequent extraction of the structure-directing agent with methanol results in a network of interconnected, well-defined, multi-walled and hollow cylindrical LDH nanotubes intercalated by the sensitizing ligand BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxilate). The combination of Eu^(3+) in the hydroxide layers and BTC in the interlayers results in nanotubes with luminescence properties in a notable demonstration on how chemical and morphological changes in LDHs can lead to materials with tuned physico chemical properties that can be tailored towards a range of applications.

Submitted by Ana Hilda Fonseca (anahilda@ufba.br) on 2016-09-05T17:55:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação (Fredson Santos Guimarães).pdf: 3047547 bytes, checksum: ab4e997db06f03d33d60e156a51abba1 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Vanessa Reis (vanessa.jamile@ufba.br) on 2016-09-06T10:42:39Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação (Fredson Santos Guimarães).pdf: 3047547 bytes, checksum: ab4e997db06f03d33d60e156a51abba1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-09-06T10:42:39Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Dissertação (Fredson Santos Guimarães).pdf: 3047547 bytes, checksum: ab4e997db06f03d33d60e156a51abba1 (MD5) / CAPES / A hidrotalcita é um hidroxicarbonato de magnésio e alumínio que consiste em camadas do tipo brucita e ocorre na natureza como lâminas contorcidas e folheadas e/ou massa fibrosa. Quando Mg2+ e Al3+ são trocados completamente ou parcialmente com M2+ (M = Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe) e M3+ (Cr e Fe) respectivamente, materiais cristalinos com estrutura hidrotalcita podem ser obtidos. A fórmula geral do LDH é [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]+(An-x/n)yH2O, onde M2+ e M3+ são respectivamente cátions metálicos di e trivalentes. Neste trabalho, pigmentos híbridos derivados de hidróxidos duplos lamelares (LDHs) com o corante vermelho congo (diazo) e o corante negro de eriocromo T (azo) foram preparados por dois métodos diferentes: i) adsorção de uma solução de corante sobre MgAl-LDH, previamente preparado por coprecipitação em pH = 11 empregando Na2CO3; ii) automontagem por coprecipitação em pH = 11 dos íons Mg2+ e Al3+ com NaOH em uma solução contendo o corante (self assembly). Análises de DRX mostraram que o espaçamento basal (d003) da matriz MgAl-LDH dos pigmentos preparados por adsorção não sofreu variação, sugerindo que as moléculas dos corantes estão adsorvidas na superfície externa dos cristais de LDH enquanto que os preparados pelo método self assembly revelaram que parte dos corantes azo encontra-se intercalada. Análises TG/DTG mostraram que as temperaturas de decomposição oxidativa dos corantes foram deslocadas para valores superiores, sugerindo que as moléculas do corante são termicamente mais estáveis na estrutura do LDH. As análises de microscopia eletrônica de varredura corroboraram os resultados de DRX, mostrando que os pigmentos preparados pelos métodos da adsorção e self assembly tem morfologia lamelar, típica de compostos tipo hidrotalcita ratificando os resultados das análises de DRX. Quando submetidos a testes de estabilidade em solventes de diferentes polaridades (água, etanol e acetonitrila), os pigmentos híbridos mostraram-se mais estáveis quando o solvente foi a água. Pode-se atribuir essa estabilidade a diferenças estruturais mais significativas na estrutura dos corantes com a molécula da água quando comparado com outros solventes. / Hydrotalcite is a hydroxycarbonate of magnesium and aluminium and occurs in nature in foliated and contorced plates and/or fibrous masses. When Mg2+. and Al3+. are replaced wholly or partially with M2+. (M.Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Fe) and M3+. (M.Cr, Fe), respectively, crystalline materials with the hydrotalcite can be obtained. The general formula of LDH is [M2+1-xM3+x(OH)2]+(An-x/n)yH2O, where M2+ and M3+ are respectively metallic cations divalents and trivalents. In this work, hybrid pigments, derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) with the diazo dye congo red and azo dye eriochrome black t , were prepared using two different methods: i) adsorption of aqueous solution of congo red onto MgAl-LDH, previously prepared by coprecipitation at pH = 11, using Na2CO3; and ii) coprecipitation of Mg2+and Al3+ in a congo red containing solution, at pH = 11, using NaOH as precipitating agent (self assembly); iii) adsorption of aqueous solution of eriochrome black t onto MgAl-LDH, previously prepared by coprecipitation at pH = 11, using Na2CO3; and ii) coprecipitation of Mg2+and Al3+ in a eriochrome black t containing solution, at pH = 11, using NaOH as precipitating agent (self assembly). X-ray diffraction show in the samples prepared by adsorption no change in the basal space (d003) was observed, suggesting that intercalation of the anionic dye did not occur significantly. In the sample prepared by self-assembly, it was observed the formation of a LDH containing at least part of the dye in the interlayer region. In the thermogravimetric analysis TGA show the temperature of oxidation decomposition of the dyes occurs at a temperature higher, indicating that the thermal stability of pigment is enhanced by intercalation in the layered host. Scanning electron micrographs analysis shows the morphology of the hybrid pigments prepared by adsorption and self assembly show morphology characteristic of hydrotalcite materials which was observed for all samples. When to subdue the stability tests in solvents of polarity different (water, ethanol , acetonitrile), the hybrids pigments show higher stabily when the solvents is water.

Os materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos constituem uma classe especial compostos, obtidos pela combinação adequada entre duas ou mais fases (orgânica e inorgânica), que têm recebido muita atenção nos últimos anos. Quando combinados em escala molecular, os nanocompósitos formados promovem o sinergismo entre as propriedades destas fases podendo produzir materiais com características e propriedades únicas e inusitadas que não são encontradas nas partes individuais. As particularidades dos novos materiais podem resultar em aplicações como melhoria de propriedades mecânicas, da estabilidade térmica, permeabilidade de gases, retardadores de chama, polímeros eletrólitos, dentre outras. As siliconas aniônicas são materiais poliméricos utilizados como agentes dispersantes, espumantes, emulsificantes e complexantes promovendo a compatibilidade entre a silicona e outros polímeros, permitindo a formulação de géis estáveis e limpos com aplicações principalmente na indústria de cosméticos. Hidróxidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL) são materiais cuja estrutura lamelar é constituída de camadas de um hidróxido duplo carregadas positivamente, com ânions hidratados no domínio interlamelar. A esfoliação de HDL é um processo que permite a separação em escala nanométrica das contrapartes inorgânica (do hidróxido duplo) do ânion interlamelar (que pode ser orgânico ou não). O foco do presente trabalho é a preparação e a caracterização de materiais híbridos orgânico-inorgânicos através da utilização de siliconas aniônicas funcionalizadas com os grupos fosfato, sulfato, ftalato e succinato como matriz orgânica e as lamelas esfoliadas de um HDL do sistema Zn-Al como aditivo inorgânico. Novos compósitos foram preparados, em blocos e na forma de filmes, a partir da interação entre as siliconas aniônicas e diferentes cargas do HDL esfoliado utilizado como aditivo. Os compósitos apresentaram modificações em suas características como aumento da estabilidade térmica, resistência mecânica e maleabilidade comparada às siliconas puras. Tais características podem ser aproveitadas para aplicações até então inexploradas por estes materiais. / Hybrid composites are a class of materials obtained by the appropriate combination of two or more phases (organic and inorganic), which have nowadays received a lot of attention. When these composites are combined at the molecular scale, the resulting nanocomposites resulting promote the synergism among the properties of the lonely phases and can then produce materials with unique and unusual characteristics and properties not found in individual species. The particularities of the new materials can result in applications such as the improvement of mechanical properties, thermal stability, permeability of gases, flame retarder, polymeric electrolytes, etc. Anionic silicones are polymeric materials used as dispersant, foaming, emulsifiant and complexant agents capable of promoting compatibility among the silicone and the other polymers, thus allowing the formulation of stable and clean gels for applications mainly in the cosmetic industry. Layered double hydroxides (LDH) are lamellar materials constituted of positively charged layers of a double hydroxide, with hydrated anions in the interlayer domain. The exfoliation of LDH is a process that allows to separate the inorganic sheets (of the double hydroxide) from the interlayer anion (which can be organic or not) at nanometric scale. The present work focus on the preparation and the characterization of organic-inorganic hybrid materials by using anionic silicones functionalized with the phosphate, sulfate, ftalato and succinate groups (organic matrix) and the layer of the exfoliated LDH of the Zn-Al system as the inorganic additive. New composites in block and films forms were prepared, starting from the interaction between the anionic silicones and different loads of LDH exfoliated as additive. The composites presented modifications in their characteristics such as the increase of thermal stability, mechanical resistance and malleability compared to pure silicones. Such characteristics can be used for applications in unexplored areas of these materials.

Hidróxidos duplos lamelares (LDHs) são uma classe materiais lamelares com fórmula química [M_(1-x)^II M_x^III (OH)_2 ] [A^(n-)]_(x/n).yH_2 O (onde M^II e M^III são metais di e trivalentes, respectivamente) formados pelo empilhamento de camadas positivamente carregadas de hidróxidos metálicos intercaladas por espécies aniônicas A^(n-). Este trabalho descreve uma estratégia inédita para a produção de nanotubos de LDHs autossuportados (Ø 20 nm e comprimentos >= 100 nm) através da coprecipitação de Zn^(2+), Al^(3+) e Eu^(3+) em pH controlado e sua auto-organização sobre micelas cilíndricas do surfactante Plurônico® P-123. A subsequente extração destes agentes estruturantes através de lavagem com metanol resulta em uma rede de nanotubos cilíndricos, ocos e interconectados, formados pela deposição de multicamadas de hidróxidos duplos intercalados pela molécula sensibilizadora ácido benzeno-1,3,5-tricarboxílico (ácido trimésico, BTC). A combinação de Eu3+ nas camadas de hidróxidos e BTC no meio interlamelar resulta em nanotubos com propriedades luminescentes, demonstrando de maneira notável como modificações químicas e morfológicas nos LDHs podem levar ao remodelamento das suas propriedades físico-químicas e consequentemente direcionar suas aplicações de maneira desejável. / Layered double hydroxides are a class of lamellar compounds with chemical formula [M_(1-x)^II M_x^III (OH)_2 ] [A^(n-)]_(x/n).yH_2 O (with M^II and M^III being di and trivalent metals, respectively) that are formed by the stacking of positively charged mixed-valence metal hydroxide sheets intercalated by anionic species A^(n-). This work describes a new strategy for the synthesis of self-supporting mesoporous LDH nanotubes (Ø 20 nm and length >= 100 nm) by coprecipitation of Zn^(2+), Al^(3+) and Eu^(3+) around non-ionic worm-like micelles of Pluronic® P-123 in controlled pH. Subsequent extraction of the structure-directing agent with methanol results in a network of interconnected, well-defined, multi-walled and hollow cylindrical LDH nanotubes intercalated by the sensitizing ligand BTC (1,3,5-benzenetricarboxilate). The combination of Eu^(3+) in the hydroxide layers and BTC in the interlayers results in nanotubes with luminescence properties in a notable demonstration on how chemical and morphological changes in LDHs can lead to materials with tuned physico chemical properties that can be tailored towards a range of applications.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-12T19:19:51Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Matheus Gomes Ferreira.pdf: 3047516 bytes, checksum: 3232f27bdf2c2fd0b3942a410158e76e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-12T19:19:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2015 - Matheus Gomes Ferreira.pdf: 3047516 bytes, checksum: 3232f27bdf2c2fd0b3942a410158e76e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-07-10 / CAPES / In this work were prepared by coprecipitation and characterized by powder XRD and FTIR compounds of the hydrotalcite type, known as Layered Double Hydroxides (LDH), intercalated with the glyphosate anion (GLYP), and the conditions of preparation and the stoichiometric ratio Mg:Al:GLYP were studied. The best condition observed was under reflux for 30 hours and stoichiometric ratio 2: 1: 1 for Mg+2, Al+3 and GLYP, as indicated by the characteristic bands of LDH intercalated with glyphosate and no other bands present, which could be assigned to other intercalated ions or to free glyphosate. Under those preparation conditions the LDH interlamellar spacing was 0.62 nm, compatible with the intercalation of glyphosate. The controlled release of glyphosate was studied using ion exchange reactions of Layered Double Hydroxides containing glyphosate with an aqueous medium containing carbonate, chloride or nitrate anions. In those cases the glyphosate was quantified spectrophotometrically by Ruhemann's purple method (?max = 570 nm), and the initial releasing rates of 0.65 mg/ml/h (carbonate), 0.14 mg/ml/h (nitrate) and 0.08 mg/ml/h (chloride) were measured. Regarding the XRD patterns of the ion-exchanged products, it was observed that the structure of HDL was maintained, but with the reduction of the interlayer spacing in all cases, having a sufficient size for the anion of the involved ion exchange, but not enough for the presence of GLYP, demonstrating so that the exchange was successful. / Neste trabalho foram preparados por coprecipita??o e caracterizados por DRX de p? e FTIR compostos do tipo hidrotalcita, conhecidos como Hidr?xidos Duplos Lamelares (HDL), intercalados com o ?nion glifosato (GLYP), e foram estudadas as melhores condi??es de prepara??o e a raz?o estequiom?trica Mg:Al:GLYP. A melhor condi??o foi sob refluxo por 30 horas e raz?o estequiom?trica 2:1:1 para Mg+2, Al+3, e GLYP, a partir da observa??o das bandas caracter?sticas no espectro de FTIR de um HDL intercalado com glifosato, sem outras bandas presentes que pudessem ser atribu?das a outros ?ons intercalados ou ao glifosato livre. Nessas condi??es de preparo o espa?amento interlamelar do HDL foi de 0,62 nm, compat?vel com a intercala??o do glifosato. A libera??o controlada do glifosato foi estudada atrav?s de rea??es de troca i?nica dos Hidr?xidos Duplos Lamelares contendo glifosato com um meio aquoso contendo os ?nions carbonato, cloreto ou nitrato. Nestes casos o glifosato foi quantificado espectrofotometricamente pelo m?todo do p?rpura de Ruhemann (?max = 570 nm), e foram obtidas as taxas de libera??o iniciais de 0,65 mg/ml/h para carbonato, 0,08 mg/ml/h para cloreto e 0,14 mg/ml/h para nitrato. Nos difratogramas de raios-X dos produtos das trocas i?nicas, em todos os casos foram observadas a manuten??o da estrutura do HDL e a diminui??o do espa?o interlamelar, de 0,62 nm para valores entre 0,33 e 0,35 nm, tamanho suficiente para o ?nion da troca i?nica envolvido, mas n?o suficiente ainda para a presen?a de GLYP, demonstrando assim que a troca foi bem sucedida.

Ein fundiertes Verständnis der Mechanismen der Gummi-Vulkanisation von Dien-Kautschuken ist noch immer eine der größten Herausforderungen in der Chemie und Technologie der Elastomere. Die Schwefelvulkanisation von Elastomerwerkstoffen ist ein seit langem verwendeter, aber dennoch sehr anspruchsvoller Prozess, mit dessen Hilfe moderne Reifen hergestellt werden. Bei dieser chemischen Reaktion spielt Zinkoxid, zusammen mit den anderen Hilfsstoffen der Schwefelvulkanisation eine entscheidende Rolle. Um die Produkteigenschaften von mit Schwefel vulkanisierten Elastomermaterialien zu verbessern, sollten die Mechanismen der chemischen Vernetzung - und insbesondere auch die Rolle von Zink enthaltenden Verbindungen bei der Vulkanisationsreaktion besser verstanden werden. Zum Beispiel könnte das Eigenschaftsprofil von Reifen durch die Ausbildung von geeigneten Netzwerken aus Schwefel oder anderen Netzknoten optimiert werden. Nitrilkautschke aus der Klasse der Spezialelastomere und die meisten nicht-Tire- Kautschuk in der ganzen Welt eingesetzt, wecken ein großes Interesse der Forschung wegen ihrer einzigartigen Vulkanisationschemie bei der Vernetzung mittels Zinkverbindungen und wegen der besonderen Eigenschaften der dadurch erzeugten Elastomerwerkstoffe. In dieser Arbeit wurde besonderes Augenmerk darauf gelegt, die Rolle von verschiedenen Zinkverbindungen in der Schwefelvulkanisation von carboxylierten Nitrilkautschuken zu verstehen. In der vorliegenden umfangreichen und eingehenden Untersuchung konnte die Ausbildung einer weiteren Polymerphase im Elastomer nachgewiesen werden. Durch dieses Ergebnis kann nun das dynamische mechanische Verhalten von solchen Polymerwerkstoffen besser verstanden werden. Teile dieser Arbeit beschäftigen sich mit der Erforschung der Rolle von Zinkchlorid bei der Vernetzung von Nitrilkautschuken. Hierzu wurde festgestellt, dass Zinkchlorid einen besonderen Einfluss auf die chemische Vernetzung des NBR aufweist, auch in Abwesenheit anderer Vernetzungs- oder Vulkanisationsadditive. Die so vernetzten Elastomere weisen ein stark hydrophiles Verhalten auf, im Gegensatz zu den allgemeinen Eigenschaften solcher Elastomerwerkstoffe. Eine detaillierte Analyse dieser neuartigen Netzwerkstruktur, gebildet durch eine Koordinationsbindung zwischen dem Zinkatom des Zinkchlorids und dem Nitrilkautschuk, wurde durchgeführt. Carboxylierter Nitrilkautschuk (XNBR) wurde ebenfalls eingesetzt, um funktionale Kautschukmischungen mit neuartigen flammhemmenden Eigenschaften zu entwickeln. Zu dieser Thematik wurden Zink enthaltende Doppelhydroxide (Layered Doube Hydroxides, LDH) als multifunktionale Füllstoffe in XNBR-Kautschuk eingesetzt. Neben dem Flammschutzverhalten zeigt LDH einzigartige Eigenschaften als verstärkenden Füllstoff und gleichzeitig als aktivierendes Additiv für die Schwefelvulkanisation. Eine weitere Zink enthaltenden Verbindung, Zinkstearat, wurde eingesetzt um mechanoadaptive elastomere Materialien durch gezieltes Einstellen des kristallinen bzw. amorphen Charakters dieser Verbindung zu entwickeln. Dies könnte einen wichtigen Beitrag zur Entwicklung zukünftiger Reifenmaterialien mit intrinsisch adaptiven Eigenschaften liefern.