Orientador: Angelo Berchieri Júnior / Banca: Antonio Carlos Alessi / Banca: Nilce Maria Soares Queiroz Gama / Resumo: Devido ao grande número de casos de toxinfecção alimentar e aos prejuízos sócio-econômicos causados pela Salmonella Enteritidis aos seres humanos, tornam-se necessário estudos sobre a prevenção e controle desta bactéria nos plantéis avícolas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise do emprego de bacterinas inativadas oleosas contra Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) em aves de postura comercial, visando prevenir a excreção fecal e a contaminação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas três formulações de bacterinas comerciais de SE em emulsão oleosa. As aves foram vacinadas na oitava e décima sexta semana de idade e foi mantido um grupo de aves sem vacinação (controle). Na vigésima semana de idade, treze aves de cada tratamento foram desafiadas com uma dose oral de aproximadamente 109 células viáveis de SE fagotipo 4 (resistente ao ácido nalidíxico e a espectomicina), sendo que este procedimento foi repetido na vigésima quinta e trigésima primeira semanas de idade. A eficácia das vacinas empregadas foi conferida através de exames laboratoriais, para pesquisa de SE no conteúdo cecal, baço, ovário e ovos. A vacinação conferiu proteção parcial contra colonização de SE no ceco e contra eliminação da bactéria nas fezes e nos ovos, portanto, recomenda-se que o uso das bacterinas seja complementado com outras formas de controle para SE. / Abstract: Due to the great number of outbreaks of food poisoning and the socioeconomic issues caused to the human beings by the Salmonella Enteritidis, it becomes necessary the study on the prevention and control of this bacterium in the poultry flocks. Thus, the objective of this work was the analysis of the use of bacterins against Salmonella Enteritidis infection in commercial birds, aiming to prevent the fecal excretion and the contamination of eggs. Have been used three Salmonella Enteritidis oil-emulsion commercial bacterins formulations. The laying hens were vaccinated in the eighth and sixteenth weeks old and one group of birds was kept as nonvacinated control. On twentieth weeks ago, thirteen birds of each treatment were challenged with an oral dose of approximately 109 viable cells of phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis (resistant to the acid nalidixic and the espectomicin), this procedure was repeated in the twentieth fifth and thirtieth first weeks ago. The efficacy of employed vaccines was conferred through laboratorial examinations, for research of SE from fecal samples, spleen, ovary and eggs. The vaccination conferred partial protection against caecal colonization and against shedding of SE in the feces and eggs, therefore, it is recommended that the use of the killed bacterins be complemented with other forms of SE control. / Mestre

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:27:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2007-01-31Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:17:35Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 moura_amg_me_jabo.pdf: 217826 bytes, checksum: a7582335f0d6673050625302eb64e73a (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Devido ao grande número de casos de toxinfecção alimentar e aos prejuízos sócio-econômicos causados pela Salmonella Enteritidis aos seres humanos, tornam-se necessário estudos sobre a prevenção e controle desta bactéria nos plantéis avícolas. Assim, o objetivo deste trabalho foi a análise do emprego de bacterinas inativadas oleosas contra Salmonella enterica sorovar Enteritidis (SE) em aves de postura comercial, visando prevenir a excreção fecal e a contaminação dos ovos. Foram utilizadas três formulações de bacterinas comerciais de SE em emulsão oleosa. As aves foram vacinadas na oitava e décima sexta semana de idade e foi mantido um grupo de aves sem vacinação (controle). Na vigésima semana de idade, treze aves de cada tratamento foram desafiadas com uma dose oral de aproximadamente 109 células viáveis de SE fagotipo 4 (resistente ao ácido nalidíxico e a espectomicina), sendo que este procedimento foi repetido na vigésima quinta e trigésima primeira semanas de idade. A eficácia das vacinas empregadas foi conferida através de exames laboratoriais, para pesquisa de SE no conteúdo cecal, baço, ovário e ovos. A vacinação conferiu proteção parcial contra colonização de SE no ceco e contra eliminação da bactéria nas fezes e nos ovos, portanto, recomenda-se que o uso das bacterinas seja complementado com outras formas de controle para SE. / Due to the great number of outbreaks of food poisoning and the socioeconomic issues caused to the human beings by the Salmonella Enteritidis, it becomes necessary the study on the prevention and control of this bacterium in the poultry flocks. Thus, the objective of this work was the analysis of the use of bacterins against Salmonella Enteritidis infection in commercial birds, aiming to prevent the fecal excretion and the contamination of eggs. Have been used three Salmonella Enteritidis oil-emulsion commercial bacterins formulations. The laying hens were vaccinated in the eighth and sixteenth weeks old and one group of birds was kept as nonvacinated control. On twentieth weeks ago, thirteen birds of each treatment were challenged with an oral dose of approximately 109 viable cells of phage type 4 Salmonella Enteritidis (resistant to the acid nalidixic and the espectomicin), this procedure was repeated in the twentieth fifth and thirtieth first weeks ago. The efficacy of employed vaccines was conferred through laboratorial examinations, for research of SE from fecal samples, spleen, ovary and eggs. The vaccination conferred partial protection against caecal colonization and against shedding of SE in the feces and eggs, therefore, it is recommended that the use of the killed bacterins be complemented with other forms of SE control.

Orientador: Carlos Ducatti / Banca: Ariel Antonio Mendes / Banca: Marcelo Zacharias Moreira / Banca: José Roberto Sartori / Banca: Fabiana Ribeiro Caldara / Resumo:O estudo objetivou rastrear a inclusão de farinha de carne e ossos bovina (FCOB) em dietas de poedeiras comerciais, por meio da análise dos ovos e suas frações (gema e albúmen), pela técnica dos isótopos estáveis do carbono e nitrogênio, assim como avaliar o índice analítico mínimo detectável. Foram utilizadas 240 galinhas poedeiras da linhagem Shaver White de 73 semanas de idade, em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram de níveis de inclusão (0; 1,5; 3,0; 4,5 e 6,0%) de FCOB na dieta a base de milho e farelo de soja. No 35º dia foram tomados aleatoriamente 24 ovos por tratamento, dos quais 12 serviram para amostragem de gema e albúmen e os outros 12 para ovo (gema + albúmen). Os resultados isotópicos foram submetidos à análise multivariada de variância e a partir das matrizes de erro, com 95% de confiança, foram determinadas elipses para identificar as diferenças entre os tratamentos experimentais (dietas com FCOB) e o grupo controle (0% de FCOB). No ovo e na gema a partir do par isotópico do tratamento com inclusão de 3,0% de FCOB houve diferenciação do par do tratamento controle, no albúmen a diferenciação ocorreu a partir do tratamento com 1,5% de FCOB. Conclui-se que, a técnica dos isótopos estáveis é capaz de rastrear a FCOB, utilizada na alimentação de poedeiras, no produto final, em nível mínimo de inclusão de 1,5% no albúmen e 3,0% no ovo e na gema. / Abstract: The aim of this study was to trace the inclusion of bovine meat and bones meal (BMBM) in diets of laying hens analyzing eggs and theirs fractions (yolk and albumen), by carbon (δ13C) and nitrogen (δ15N) stable isotopes, as well as to evaluate the detectable analytical minimal index. Two hundred forty (240) Shaver White laying hens aging 73 weeks never fed with animal origin ingredients were randomly distributed in five treatments and fed with a corn and soybean based diet (control) and four increasing levels (0; 1.5; 3.0; 4.5 and 6.0%) of BMBM. At the 35th day, 24 eggs per treatment were randomly collect, twelve for yolk and albumen sampling and twelve for egg (yolk + albumen) sampling. The isotopic results were analyzed in a multivariate analysis of variance. Through an error matrix (95% confidence) the ellipses were determined to identify the differences among the treatments (diets BMBM inclusion) from the control group (0% BMBM group). It was possible to detect BMBM inclusion through the isotopic pair of yolk and egg at 3.0% of inclusion. In the albumen it was possible to detect the 1.5% BMBM inclusion. In summary, the stable isotopes technique is able to trace BMBM in laying hens feed, in the final product at a minimal level of inclusion of 1.5% in the albumen and 3.0% in the egg and yolk. / Doutor

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa avaliar o efeito de diferentes densidades de galinhas poedeiras alojadas em gaiolas convencionais (50x45x40 cm) nos índices produtivos, na viabilidade, qualidade dos ovos e comportamento das aves. A pesquisa foi realizada na cidade de Bastos (SP) com duração de 18 semanas. Foram utilizadas 500 aves, da linhagem ISA Brown, distribuídas em 5 tratamentos com 25 repetições cada. Os tratamentos foram: tratamento 1: 6 aves/ gaiola (375,0 cm²), tratamento 2: 5 aves/gaiola (450,0 cm²); tratamento 3: 4 aves/gaiola (562,5 cm²); tratamento 4: 3 aves/ gaiola (750,0 cm²) e tratamento 5: 2 aves/gaiola (1.125,0 cm²). Adotou-se o delineamento inteiramente aleatorizado, este contendo cinco tratamentos e 25 repetições. De acordo com os resultados, verificou-se que o tratamento 1 apresentou as menores médias percentuais de produção quando relacionado aos demais tratamentos, diferindo-se estatisticamente. A viabilidade e qualidade dos ovos, não apresentaram diferença estatística entre os tratamentos. Já com relação ao comportamento das aves foi possível observar que o tratamento 5 (menor densidade) foi o que expressou diferentes comportamentos e diferiu-se estatisticamente dos demais. Observou-se também que, quanto à atividade, o tratamento 5 passou menor parte do tempo \"parado\". De acordo com esses resultados, conclui-se que com o aumento da densidade, ocorreu uma significativa redução na produção e na viabilidade, porém, quanto a qualidade dos ovos, não sofreu influência significativa, em relação aos comportamentos das aves, observouse que os animais expressaram melhor o seu comportamento natural quando estavam em menor densidade, ou seja, maior espaço. / The objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of different densities of laying hens housed in conventional cages (50x45x40 cm) in production rates, viability, quality of eggs and bird behavior. The survey was conducted in the city of Bastos (SP) lasting 18 weeks. They were used 500 birds, ISA Brown hens, distributed in 5 treatments with 25 repetitions each. The treatments were: Treatment 1: 6 / Bird Cage (375.0 cm²), treatment 2: 5 birds / cage (450.0 cm²); treatment 3: 4 birds / cage (562.5 cm²); Treatment 4: 3 birds / cage (750.0 cm²) and treatment 5: 2 / Bird Cage (1125.0 cm²). Adopted a completely randomized design, this containing five treatments and 25 repetitions. According to the results, it was found that the treatment 1 had the lowest average percentage of production when related to other treatments, differing statistically. The viability and quality of eggs, there was no statistical difference between treatments. In relation to the behavior of birds was observed that the treatment 5 (lower density) was expressed that the different behaviors and differed statistically from the others. It was also observed that, as the activity, treatment 5 spent less of their time \"stopped\". According to these results, we conclude that with the consolidation of the cages, it was noticeable that the production and mortality has a significant worsening, as the quality of eggs, there was no influence of the different densities of the conduct of the birds, it is observed that the animals best express their natural behavior when they are in lower density, or larger space.

The awareness of environmental sustainability drives the composite industry to utilize natural fibres. Natural fibres are a readily available resource with a relatively low price. In this study natural fibre flax reinforced polylactic acid (PLA) biocomposites were made using a new technique incorporating an air-laying nonwoven process. Flax and PLA fibres were blended and converted to fibre webs in the air-laying process. Composite prepregs were then made from the fibre webs. The prepregs were finally converted to composites by compression moulding. The relationship between the main process variables and the properties of the biocomposite was investigated. It was found that with increasing flax content, the mechanical properties increased. As the moulding temperature and moulding time increased, the mechanical properties decreased. The physical, thermal and morphological properties of the biocomposites were also studied. The appropriate processing parameters for the biocomposites were established for different fibre contents. The biodegradability and water absorption properties of the composites were evaluated. The composites were incubated in compost under controlled conditions. The percentage weight loss and the reduction in mechanical properties of PLA and biocomposites were determined at different time intervals. It was found that with increasing flax content, the mechanical properties of the biocomposites decreased more rapidly during the burial trial. The increasing of flax content led to the acceleration of weight loss due to preferential degradation of flax. This was further confirmed by the surface morphology of the biodegraded composites from Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) image analysis. This study also investigated the manufacturing of 3D PLA/Flax nonwoven prepregs by using a new system of 3D nonwoven web formation, and 3D biocomposite was made using these prepregs. A new mould unit for web and a new aluminium mould for biocomposite were developed. The physical properties of 3D biocomposites were investigated and it was found that there is no significant difference between 2D and 3D biocomposites in density and void content. The effects of fibre content and processing variables on the crushing behaviour, energy absorption and failure mode of 3D shell biocomposites were experimentally studied.

Ovarian cancer is a deadly gynecological disease that ranks fifth in all cancer-related deaths inwomen. The disease is often detected at an advanced stage and lack of sensitive predictive biomarkerscontribute to its poor prognosis, which is also responsible for the current five-year survival rate of only47%. Our laboratory has previously shown that a whole flaxseed supplemented diet decreases the onsetand severity of ovarian cancer in the laying hen, the only known animal model of spontaneous ovariancancer. Flaxseed is rich in omega-3 fatty acids (OM3FA), mostly α-Linoleic acid (ALA), which getsconverted to Docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) by the action of delta-6 desaturase enzyme. We have also shownthat the flaxseed diet in hens induces CYP1A1 expression in the liver while suppressing both CYP1B1 andCYP3A4 expressions. The upregulation of CYP1A1 parallels the increase in 2-hydroxyestradiol and the 2-methoxyestradiol (2MeOE2) level in the serum of the chickens. Flaxseed diet induces apoptosis to ovariantumors and not in the normal ovarian tissues. The current work explores the pro-apoptotic actions of oneof the biologically derived compounds of flaxseed diet, 2MeOE2, and describes one of its novel molecularactions. Our results indicate that 2MeOE2 -mediated pro-apoptotic actions are partly dependent on thecatalytic activation of protein kinase C delta (PKCd), which is responsible for key apoptotic histonemodifications and p38 MAPK (MAPK14) phosphorylation. Phosphorylated MAPK14, in turn, results inmore caspase-3 cleavage which activates more PKCd, therefore amplifying the apoptotic signal.The other part of this work explains one of the key anti-cancer actions of a flaxseed diet. Flaxseedreduces the number of endothelial cells and increases pericytes to endothelial cell ratio in ovarian tumorscompared to control diet-fed birds, indicating a reduction in tumor angiogenesis and an improvement inblood vessel maturation. Flaxseed decreases a-smooth muscle actin expression in ovarian tumors, whichmarks a decrease in cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs) in the tumor stroma. Flaxseed also reduces fibrosisin ovarian tumors. Flax -mediated reduction of ovarian fibrosis parallels an increased infiltration ofimmune cells in the preneoplastic ovaries and ovarian tumors. Therefore, this work describes how the flaxdiet differentially targets the ovarian tumor cells and the tumor stroma in preventing the incidence andseverity of ovarian cancer. Dietary supplementation with flaxseed can, therefore, be a healthy lifestylechoice as well as a potential adjuvant therapy for immunotherapy-based treatment modalities.

<p> Social learning, defined as learning from other individuals has been well studied in vertebrates and social insect species. I used fruit fly egg laying site selecting as a paradigm to test for social learning in a non-social insect. Focal females that experienced novel food together with mated females (models), who had laid eggs on that food, subsequently exhibited a stronger preference for laying eggs on that food over another novel food than focal females that experienced the same food alone. This socially influenced learning was also observed when focal females experienced both foods, one with mated models and their eggs and one alone. In contrast to the strong effect of a food with mated models and their eggs, neither a food with virgin models nor the aggregation pheromone (cVA) alone generated socially influenced learning. These results provide the first evidence for social learning about egg laying substrate in fruit flies. Further research utilizing fruit flies as a model system may help us gain a better understanding of the evolution and neurogenetics of social learning.</p> / Thesis / Master of Science (MSc)

Light-emitting diode (LED) is an improved light delivery technology that provides better energy efficiency, longer lifespan, and the ability to select a specific wavelength of light. We evaluated the effect of blue and red-LED on performance, behavior, egg quality, hormonal concentration, and prevalence of Avian pathogenic E. coli (APEC) like E. coli in pullets and laying hens raised in cageree housing system. Results showed that birds raised in blue-LED during the pullet phase had higher body weight and earlier onset of early lay. Red-LED increased the yolk percentage, illustrating that red-LED can stimulate reproduction. Red-LED also decreased the relative spleen percentage, which is an indication of decreased immunity. Overall egg production was not affected by the light treatment. Irrespective of the light treatment, a higher prevalence of APEC like E. coli was found in colonies isolated from the trachea suggesting a possible route of transmission in cageree housing system.

I investigated the maternal effects that take place in a joint-nesting bird: the smooth-billed ani. Female anis were shown to respond to increasing group size by increasing the number of eggs produced per capita, by tossing and burying more eggs per capita, and by taking longer to reach the dedicated incubation phase. These results support the hypothesis that females respond to increased egg laying competition by trying to skew the contents of the final incubated clutch of eggs in their own favor. I showed that in ani groups, yolk testosterone and estradiol deposited by females in eggs increased from early- to late-laid eggs. Increases in yolk steroid levels over the laying sequence may function to mitigate the disadvantage of being a later-hatched chick. This maternal influence may not be a mere reflection of a female's hormonal status as female plasma circulating levels of testosterone and estradiol did not vary in the same direction as yolk hormone profiles. I showed that yolk corticosterone levels, an indicator of maternal physiological stress, increased with laying order in multi-female groups, but not in single-female groups. Results suggest that laying females experience higher levels of stress in multifemale groups. The above results suggest that communal life in anis generates competition and egg production waste that likely reduces short-term per capita reproductive benefits. Female anis can vary egg quality via deposition of hormones in eggs, and also lay eggs of different sizes. I showed that circulating plasma testosterone levels were higher in nestlings with better begging abilities. Furthermore, nestlings hatched from eggs laid late in the laying sequence had better begging abilities. These results suggest that testosterone is an important controlling mechanism of begging behaviour, and that female testosterone depositions in eggs rave long lasting effects on offspring development and behavior. / Thesis / Doctor of Philosophy (PhD)

Genetic selection for improved performance has necessitated the frequent update of amino acid requirements to support this improvement. The first objective of this dissertation was to investigate the tryptophan requirement of laying hens in peak production and the lysine and sulfur amino acid requirements of broiler chicks under a phase feeding scenario using different models. Digestible tryptophan requirements were estimated to be 137 for egg production, 133 for egg mass, and 133 for feed efficiency using the linear broken-line model. The lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement were estimated by conducting 3 experiments within the starter phase from 2 to 5, 5 to 8, and 8 to 11 days of age. The linear broken line estimate for digestible lysine was 1.22, 1.17 and 1.16% for BWG and 1.31, 1.21, and 1.14% for FCR in experiments 1, 2, and 3, respectively. The linear broken line estimate for sulfur amino acids was 0.82, 0.81 and 0.94% for BWG and 0.82, 0.80, and 0.90 for FCR in experiments 4, 5, and 6, respectively. The lysine requirements decreased from 2 to 5 to 8 to 11 days, however the sulfur amino acid requirements increased during that same period. This could be due to other roles that sulfur amino acids play in the body other than growth. The second objective of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of a direct fed microbial (DFM) on broilers exposed to a cyclic heat stress in 2 consecutive experiments. In this experiment, the heat stress treatment reduced body weight gain and lean tissue accretion from 0 to 35 d in both experiments. In Experiment 2, when the litter was reused BWG was increased by 36 g/bird with supplementation of DFM. Ileal digestibility at 28 d (2 hr post HS) was improved with DFM supplementation in both experiments. Serum FITC-d increased with HS at both 28 and 35 d. Serum FITC-d was generally decreased with DFM at 28 d but the response was inconsistent at 35 d. Overall, the results suggest that HS reduced broiler performance and DFM treatment improved intestinal permeability and nutrient digestibility responses to HS in both experiments but did not improve performance until built up litter was used in Experiment 2. The last objective of this dissertation was to investigate the effects of sulfur amino acids (SAA) on broilers exposed to a cyclic heat stress. As expected, HS reduced BWG and worsened FCR. The supplementation of SAA had no effect on live performance. At 28 d of age, supplementation of SAA to birds exposed to HS resulted in reduced intestinal permeability. The interaction was lost at 31 d, but HS still increased intestinal permeability (P ≤ 0.05). Potential oxidative damage was reduced by increased SAA supplementation as indicated by an increase in the reduced glutathione to oxidized glutathione ratio. These data suggest that intestinal permeability is compromised acutely to at least three days of heat exposure before the bird can adjust, but oxidative damage is more chronic building over the entire 7 d HS period. SAA might have some protective effect on both intestinal permeability and oxidative stress responses to HS. / Doctor of Philosophy / To provide low-cost meat and eggs to consumers, the poultry industry must focus on improving efficiency as well as reduce the impact of stressors within the environment. This is achieved mostly by genetic selection which has resulted in significant improvements in both egg production in laying hens and body weight in broiler chickens. To support this improvement in growth rate birds would require a higher amino acid dense diet to support the increased protein output. One objective of this dissertation was to update the requirement of three key amino acids (tryptophan, lysine, and sulfur amino acids) in both laying hens and broilers for better formulation of diets. These amino acids that were investigated are essential in poultry diets and cannot be produced by the birds. The results from the tryptophan experiment indicated that laying hens need 137 mg of tryptophan per day to maintain maximum egg production. Results from the lysine and sulfur amino acid requirement experiment in broiler chickens indicated that broilers need 1.31% lysine and 0.90% sulfur amino acids to support maximal growth, but these requirements change over time and would need to be adjusted based on the broiler's age. Heat stress in the poultry industry is a major challenge which can affect the growth rate as well as the welfare of broiler chickens. The second objective of this dissertation was to investigate different strategies to ameliorate the effects of heat stress. Supplementing direct fed microbials or probiotics in broiler diets has been proposed as one of those strategies. An experiment was conducted to investigate the effect of the supplementation of a DFM on broiler chickens exposed to heat stress. The results indicated that the DFM was able to ameliorate the negative impacts of the heat stress on nutrient digestibility and intestinal permeability but did not improve the growth of the chickens. Another experiment was conducted to evaluate another strategy to ameliorate the effects of heat stress on broiler chickens which was the supplementation of sulfur amino acids. The sulfur amino acids are not only used for protein synthesis but have other physiological roles in the body that are important specifically during heat stress. Results from this experiment indicated that sulfur amino acids were able to ameliorate the negative effect of heat stress on intestinal permeability and oxidative stress but did not improve the performance of chickens subjected to the heat stress.