A grande quantidade de resíduos sólidos gerados nas cidades é um desafio para o saneamento ambiental no Brasil. A fim de se reduzir os impactos gerados ao meio ambiente e à saúde pública, é necessário que haja um gerenciamento adequado, desde a coleta até a disposição final, desses resíduos sólidos urbanos. Os aterros sanitários permitem um maior controle ambiental, desde que sejam bem projetados e operados. A decomposição da matéria orgânica presente nesses resíduos, somada às águas das chuvas gera o lixiviado, líquido com alto potencial poluidor. Várias formas de tratamento são propostas com a finalidade de tornar o lixiviado menos poluente ao meio ambiente. Wetlands construídos tem se mostrado uma alternativa eficiente para a remoção de poluentes em lixiviados, além dos baixos custos operacionais e de implantação. O presente estudo investigou o uso de wetlands subsuperficiais em escala-piloto para o tratamento de um lixiviado prétratado. Os wetlands foram monitorados com a finalidade de se obter remoções de matéria orgânica e nitrogênio amoniacal. As maiores reduções percentuais de concentração de nitrogênio amoniacal, DQO e COD foram, 91%, 42% e 35%, respectivamente. As maiores reduções percentuais em carga de nitrogênio amoniacal e DQO foram, 67% e 50%, respectivamente. Os resultados dos ensaios de toxicidade realizados com os organismos Vibrio fischeri e Danio rerio revelaram que, a toxicidade do lixiviado foi reduzida ao ser tratado pelo wetland. / Large amounts of solid wastes are generated in cities and this is a challenge for environmental sanitation in Brazil. In order to reduce impacts to the environment and to public health, it is necessary to manage these municipal solid wastes appropriately, from their collection to their final disposal. Landfills allow a greater environmental control, provided that they are well designed and operated. Landfill leachate generation results from the decomposition of the organic matter in the wastes, combined with the rainwater that percolates the waste. Landfill leachate has a high pollution potential. Various forms of treatment are proposed in order to attenuate the potential of the leachate to pollute the environment. Constructed wetlands seem to be efficient alternatives in removing leachate pollutants with low operational and implementation costs. The present study investigated the use of subsurface wetlands in pilot scale in a pretreated leachate treatment. The wetlands were monitored in order to obtain results in reducing the concentration and loads of pollutants. The best removal performance of the concentration of ammonia nitrogen, COD and DOC were 91%, 42% and 35%, respectively. The best removal performance of the load of ammonia nitrogen and DOC were 67% and 50%, respectively. The results of the toxicity tests conducted with Vibrio fischeri and Danio rerio revealed that wetlands were effective in reducing the toxicity of the leachate.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia de construção, de plantio, de manutenção, de operação e a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento por wetland construído como etapa de polimento da Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado (ETC) de Aterro já encerrado de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Parte do efluente tratado por lodos ativados na ETC foi direcionado e tratado no wetland construído. Foi escolhido o projeto de Fluxo Horizontal Subsuperficial e a vegetação selecionada foi a taboa (Typha latifolia) que é nativa da área do aterro. Em média, foram feitas três amostragens mensais do afluente e do efluente do wetland, de maio a outubro de 2013. A eficiência do sistema foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e de parâmetros coletivos específicos. A eficiência de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) foi de 60%, nitrogênio amoniacal de 67%, nitrito de 72% e nitrato de 57%. Outro parâmetro avaliado foi a toxicidade aguda, foram utilizados os organismos teste Danio rerio (peixe), a Daphnia similis (microcrustáceo) e a Aliivibrio fischeri (bactéria luminescente). Durante o período foram coletados diariamente as vazões de entrada e saída, a condutividade elétrica e o índice pluviométrico. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de wetland como etapa de polimento pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado. / This paper aims to evaluate the methodology of construction, planting, maintenance and efficiency of a constructed wetland treatment system as a constructed wetland polishing step of the leachate treatment (ETC) of the closed Landfill station. One amount of the effluent from the activated sludge plant was directed and treated in a constructed wetland. We used an Horizontal Subsurface Flow plant and the selected vegetation was the Cattail (Typha latifolia) which is native to the disposal area. Three samples of influent and effluent of the constructed wetland were made on average per month in the period from May up to October 2013. The system efficiency was evaluated by physical-chemical parameters and parameters of specific groups. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal efficiency was 60%, ammonia nitrogen was 67%, nitrite and nitrate was 72% and 57%, respectively. It was also evaluated acute toxicity, the test organisms used were: Danio rerio, a Daphnia similis e a Aliivibrio fischeri. It was collected flow rates of input and output, eletric conductivity and rainfall daily. The results showed that the use of wetland, as a polishing step, may be an alternative for treatment of leachate.

O presente trabalho tem o objetivo de avaliar a metodologia de construção, de plantio, de manutenção, de operação e a eficiência de um sistema de tratamento por wetland construído como etapa de polimento da Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado (ETC) de Aterro já encerrado de Resíduos Sólidos Urbanos na Região Metropolitana do Rio de Janeiro. Parte do efluente tratado por lodos ativados na ETC foi direcionado e tratado no wetland construído. Foi escolhido o projeto de Fluxo Horizontal Subsuperficial e a vegetação selecionada foi a taboa (Typha latifolia) que é nativa da área do aterro. Em média, foram feitas três amostragens mensais do afluente e do efluente do wetland, de maio a outubro de 2013. A eficiência do sistema foi avaliada por meio de parâmetros físico-químicos e de parâmetros coletivos específicos. A eficiência de remoção de Demanda Química de Oxigênio (DQO) foi de 60%, nitrogênio amoniacal de 67%, nitrito de 72% e nitrato de 57%. Outro parâmetro avaliado foi a toxicidade aguda, foram utilizados os organismos teste Danio rerio (peixe), a Daphnia similis (microcrustáceo) e a Aliivibrio fischeri (bactéria luminescente). Durante o período foram coletados diariamente as vazões de entrada e saída, a condutividade elétrica e o índice pluviométrico. Os resultados mostraram que o uso de wetland como etapa de polimento pode ser uma alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado. / This paper aims to evaluate the methodology of construction, planting, maintenance and efficiency of a constructed wetland treatment system as a constructed wetland polishing step of the leachate treatment (ETC) of the closed Landfill station. One amount of the effluent from the activated sludge plant was directed and treated in a constructed wetland. We used an Horizontal Subsurface Flow plant and the selected vegetation was the Cattail (Typha latifolia) which is native to the disposal area. Three samples of influent and effluent of the constructed wetland were made on average per month in the period from May up to October 2013. The system efficiency was evaluated by physical-chemical parameters and parameters of specific groups. The COD (chemical oxygen demand) removal efficiency was 60%, ammonia nitrogen was 67%, nitrite and nitrate was 72% and 57%, respectively. It was also evaluated acute toxicity, the test organisms used were: Danio rerio, a Daphnia similis e a Aliivibrio fischeri. It was collected flow rates of input and output, eletric conductivity and rainfall daily. The results showed that the use of wetland, as a polishing step, may be an alternative for treatment of leachate.

A presente pesquisa abordou o estudo em escala real do tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário em um sistema composto por dois filtros anaeróbios seguidos de dois banhados construídos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido na estação de tratamento de lixiviado do aterro sanitário pertencente à Central de Resíduos do Recreio, localizada em Minas do Leão/RS. Pretendeu-se verificar a eficiência do sistema na remoção de matéria orgânica e de nitrogênio amoniacal. A fase 1 da pesquisa, que avaliou o desempenho dos filtros anaeróbios quando operados em série, indicou que a quase totalidade da remoção de matéria orgânica facilmente biodegradável ocorreu no primeiro filtro, evidenciando que, para o tratamento do lixiviado em questão, não é interessante a utilização de dois filtros anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente semelhantes em série. A fase 2 avaliou o desempenho dos filtros anaeróbios operados em paralelo e dos banhados construídos. Foi possível concluir-se que: filtros anaeróbios de fluxo ascendente são excelente alternativa para o tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário, pois podem viabilizar remoções de matéria orgânica superiores a 50%; banhados construídos representam uma ecotecnologia interessante para o complemento do tratamento de lixiviado, pois podem viabilizar elevadas remoções de N-amoniacal. / This study discussed the sanitary landfill leachate treatment in a full scale system composed by two upflow anaerobic filters followed by two constructed wetlands. The research was developed at the landfill leachate treatment station owned by Recreio Central Waste, located in Minas do Leão/RS. The objective of the study was to verify the efficiency of the system in the removal of organic matter and ammonia nitrogen. The phase 1 of the study, which evaluated the performance of anaerobic filters when operated in series, indicated that almost all of the removal of organic matter readily biodegradable occurred in the first filter, showing that, for the treatment of leachate concerned, it is not interesting the use of two similar upflow anaerobic filters in series. The phase 2 assessed the performance of the anaerobic filters, operated in parallel, and the constructed wetlands. It could be concluded that: upflow anaerobic filters are excellent alternative for the sanitary landfill leachate treatment, as they may facilitate removal of organic matter greater than 50%; constructed wetlands represent an interesting eco-technology to complement the leachate treatment, which can enable high removals of N-ammonia.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-05-20T12:43:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) Dissertação - Tatiane.pdf: 2400927 bytes, checksum: e91e3e168b7881ff6ab88a037e3529ff (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-04-24 / CNPq / O lixiviado é definido como a mistura do líquido gerado na decomposição anaeróbia da matéria orgânica (MO) juntamente com a umidade natural e a água que constitui a MO presente dentro da massa de resíduos sólidos urbanos, além da água de infiltração proveniente das precipitações. No Brasil, um dos processos mais utilizados para o tratamento de lixiviados é os sistema de lagoas. Todavia, com o passar do tempo, irá se acumular em no fundo das lagoas, reduzindo seu volume útil e, consequentemente, o tempo de detenção hidráulica e a eficiência do sistema. Neste contexto, o lodo gerado do tratamento do lixiviado é um problema atual para o meio ambiente, dado a sua forma semi-sólido e elevada concentração de MO resultar em um fator complicador para o transporte e disposição final. Nesse caso é necessário reduzir o volume de água do lodo por meio de técnicas como a secagem natural ou térmica, filtro prensa, adensador, centrífugas e as geomembranas. Essas são confeccionadas em tecido de polipropileno de alta resistência e desempenha a função de reter as partículas sólidas, assim como permitir a drenagem do líquido. Neste estudo foi avaliado o desague do lodo gerado na Estação de Tratamento de Lixiviado do Aterro da Muribeca por geomembranas. O lodo foi coletado e acondicionado em 3 bags (sem coagulante, com coagulante e com coagulante na 1ª semana) durante um período de 3 meses. Foram realizadas análises para caracterização do lodo e do líquido drenado. Os resultados obtidos indicaram que o uso do polímero foi eficaz para a remoção da cor e da turbidez. Porém o drenado apresentou elevada concentração de MO, havendo a necessidade de um tratamento. O balanço de massa realizado apresentou uma eficiência de 94,92%, 96% e 96,93% na remoção de sólidos totais (ST) para os bags sem polímero, com polímero e com polímero na 1ª alimentação, respectivamente. Para a análise do material interno contido no bag, foi realizado o teste de Tukey ao nível de 5% de probabilidade para os parâmetros ph, ST, sólidos totais voláteis e carbono orgânico total. Com isso observou que para nenhum dos três tratamentos houve diferença significativa estatisticamente. Para estas variáveis tanto faz fazer o uso do polímero ou não. / Leachate is defined as a mixture of the liquid generated from organic matter (OM) anaerobic decomposition along with natural moisture and water, which composes the OM present within the urban solid waste, apart from the infiltration of rainfall water. One of the most used process for leachate treatment in Brazil is the lagoon system. However, over time, the leachate will accumulate at the lagoon’s bottom, thus decreasing its useful volume and, consequently, the hydraulic detention time and system efficiency. Therefore, sludge generated from the leachate treatment is a current issue for the environment, given its semi-solid form and elevated OM concentration result in a complicating factor for transport and final disposal. In this case, it is necessary to reduce sludge’s water volume through techniques, such as natural or thermal drying, filter press, concentrator, centrifuge and geomembranes. The latter are made of high-resistance polypropylene fabric and performs the function of retaining solid particles, as well as allowing liquid drainage. In the present study, it was evaluated the drainage of the sludge derived from the leachate treatment plant of Aterro da Muribeca through geomembranes. Sludge samples were collect and stored in 3 bags (without coagulant, with coagulant and with coagulant in the first week) during 3 months. Analyses to characterize the sludge and the drained liquid were performed. The results indicated that the use of polymer was efficient to remove color and turbidity. On the other hand, the drained liquid presented high OM concentration, thus needing further treatment. The performed mass balance showed an efficiency of 94.92%, 96% and 96.93% on the removal of total solids (TS) for the bags without polymer, with polymer and with polymer in the first week, respectively. Regarding the material within the bag, Tukey’s test at the level of 5% of probability was performed for the following attributes: ph, TS, total volatile solids and total organic carbon. There was no significant difference among the three treatments, indicating that, for those variables, the use of the polymer is optional.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2016-06-17T12:15:29Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) versao final da tese -BC - CD.pdf: 5568328 bytes, checksum: 303e3ca9fbfdb5e15b4d083eac98b1a1 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-06-17T12:15:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) versao final da tese -BC - CD.pdf: 5568328 bytes, checksum: 303e3ca9fbfdb5e15b4d083eac98b1a1 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-11-19 / CNPq / O tratamento do lixiviado representa um grande desafio. Os métodos desenvolvidos para o tratamento de lixiviado são físicos, químicos e biológicos. O presente trabalho avaliou, em laboratório, a eficiência do uso de extratos de sementes de Moringa oleifera Lam, isolados e combinados com Quiabo (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench) e biossurfactante no tratamento de lixiviado de aterro sanitário, devido suas propriedades coagulantes e a sua capacidade de remoção de metais e bactérias. Foram realizadas as caracterizações físico-químicas das sementes e dos óleos de moringa e do quiabo, de quatro amostras do lixiviado bruto (LB1,2,3,4) e do lixiviado com os coagulantes. Foram comparados os extratos preparados com o óleo (LBOM) da semente e aquoso com casca (LBEMC) e sem casca (LBEMS), Quiabo (LBQ) e biossurfactante (LBB), através dos ensaios Jartest, Cone Inhoff, filtro simplificado e Bioensaios com sementes de Alface - Lactuca sativa L. Avaliou-se a remoção de cor, turbidez, condutividade, coliformes fecais e totais, pH, DQO, DBO5 de lixiviados através de ensaios de coagulação/floculação/sedimentação/filtração em triplicata. O extrato de moringa apresentou em todos os ensaios com a dosagem de (LBEMS) 37,5g/L de maior eficiência no tratamento do lixiviado (LB1,2,3,4), não alterou o pH e apresentou remoção dos parâmetros: cor (84%), turbidez (68%), DQO (41%), DBO5 (55%), Fe (82%), condutividade (50%), reduziu odor e toxidade do lixiviado bruto e removeu Coliformes totais e fecais em 99%. Com a etapa de filtração, o extrato da moringa teve excelentes resultados de remoção para cor, turbidez, condutividade, sólidos, DQO e DBO5. O tratamento (LB3) com biossurfactante (LBB) demostrou eficiência de 99% de remoção de coliformes totais e fecais do (LB3), e os resultados da mistura biossurfactante com extrato de moringa reduziu cor, mas ocorreu aumento para turbidez, DQO e DBO5 em relação ao valor inicial do (LB1). O extrato com óleo da moringa (6 ml) removeu 65% de DBO5 e 99% de coliformes mas não se mostra eficiente na remoção de cor, turbidez, sólidos e condutividade. O tratamento do LB4 com quiabo (LBQ 37,5 g/L) não alterou o pH e obteve remoção para os parâmetros: cor, turbidez, sólidos, condutividade, DQO e DBO5, 72%, 35%, 87%, 20%, 78% e 72%, respectivamente. O emprego em conjunto com quiabo e moringa (LBEMQ 37gL+20gL), obteve-se 22%, 78%, 42%, 46%, 52% e 88% de remoção respectivamente. O LB4 apresentou toxicidade em Alface, pois não ocorreu germinação comparada ao controle negativo, o LB4 tratado com os extratos de moringa, obteve médias de 30 a 35% de germinação de sementes de Alface, tanto na fração extrato de moringa (EXTMO), quanto no lixiviado com adição dos extratos de moringa (LBEMC/LBEMS), indicando que a toxicidade reduz após o processo de coagulação/floculação. Os resultados demostram eficiência dos coagulantes na remoção dos parâmetros avaliados. Indica o uso do coagulante da semente da Moringa (LBEMS 37,5 g/L) sem casca com um tempo de decantação de 120 min no tratamento de lixiviados de aterro sanitário como mais promissor. / The treatment of the leachate is a major challenge. The methods developed for the treatment of leachate are physical, biological and chemical. This study evaluated in the laboratory, the efficiency of the use of Moringa seed extracts oleifera Lam, isolated and combined with Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench and biosurfactant in the treatment of landfill leachate, due to its coagulant properties and their removal capacity metals and bacteria. Physicochemical characterizations of seeds and moringa oil and okra were held, four samples of raw leachate (LB1,2,3,4) and leached with coagulants. The extracts were compared cooked with oil (BOM) seed and aqueous shelled (LBEMC) and shelled (LBEMS), okra (LBQ) and biosurfactant (LBB) through Jartest tests cone Inhoff simplified filter and bioassays Lettuce seeds - Lactuca sativa L. was evaluated the removal color, turbidity, conductivity, total and fecal coliforms, pH, COD, BOD 5 leachate through coagulation assays / flocculation / sedimentation / filtration in triplicate. The moringa extract showed in all tests with dosage (LBEMS) 37,5g / L to greater efficiency in the treatment of the leachate (LB1,2,3,4) did not alter the pH and presented removal of parameters: color (84%), turbidity (68%), COD (41%) BOD5 (55%) Fe (82%) conductivity (50%) reduced odor and toxicity raw leachate and removed total and faecal coliforms in 99%. In the filtration step, the Moringa extract had excellent removal results for color, turbidity, conductivity, solids, COD and BOD5. Treatment (LB3) with biosurfactant (LBB) demonstrated efficiency 99% removal of total and fecal coliforms of (LB3), and the results of biosurfactant mixture with moringa extract reduced color, but it increased for turbidity, COD and BOD 5 in the initial value (LB1). The extract of moringa with oil (6 ml) removed 65% of BOD5 and 99% efficient coliform but not shown in the removal of color, turbidity, and conductivity solids. Treatment of LB4 and okra (LBQ 37.5 g / L) did not alter the pH and removing obtained for the parameters: color, turbidity, solids, conductivity, COD and BOD5, 72%, 35%, 87%, 20%, 78% and 72%, respectively. The use in conjunction with okra and moringa (37gL LBEMQ 20gL +), was obtained 22%, 78%, 42%, 46%, 52% and 88% removal respectively. The LB4 presented toxicity in lettuce because there was no germination compared to the negative control, the LB4 treated with moringa extract, averaged 30-35% lettuce seed germination, both in moringa extract fraction (EXTMO), as adding the leached with extracts of Moringa (LBEMC / LBEMS), indicating that the toxicity decreases after the process of coagulation / flocculation. The results demonstrate efficiency of coagulants in the removal of the evaluated parameters. Indicates the use of the seed of Moringa coagulant (LBEMS 37.5 g / L) peeled with a settling time of 120 min the treatment of landfill leachate as more promising.

Submitted by Fabio Sobreira Campos da Costa (fabio.sobreira@ufpe.br) on 2017-04-25T13:44:10Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE VERSÃO FINAL _ Mirella Leite.pdf: 3354242 bytes, checksum: bb8ba120eb7e5468ab745513e0389bf0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-25T13:44:10Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 1232 bytes, checksum: 66e71c371cc565284e70f40736c94386 (MD5) TESE VERSÃO FINAL _ Mirella Leite.pdf: 3354242 bytes, checksum: bb8ba120eb7e5468ab745513e0389bf0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-09-09 / FACEPE / A presente pesquisa foi motivada pelo desafio em propor um tratamento, em escala laboratorial, para degradar eficientemente os poluentes dos lixiviados provenientes do Aterro Sanitário de Altinho – PE, localizado no Agreste do Estado e em funcionamento e Aterro Controlado da Muribeca – PE, localizado na Região Metropolitana do Recife e fechado desde 2009. Assim, baseado na característica de alta carga orgânica, porém baixa biodegradabilidade dos lixiviados, foi realizado um tratamento físico-químico com aplicação dos processos de coagulação/floculação (CF) e oxidativos avançados do tipo foto-Fenton. Inicialmente, foi feito um tratamento preliminar dos lixiviados por meio de um planejamento fatorial 24, tendo como variáveis independentes: massa do coagulante hidróxido de cálcio, tempo e velocidade de rotação de floculação e tempo de sedimentação. Em seguida, foi aplicado o processo de fotoFenton, sob as mesmas condições, ao sobrenadante proveniente das amostras pré-tratadas por CF e diretamente às amostras brutas. Os resultados mostraram remoções de 89,6% e 83,4% de DQO para a amostra pré-tratada por CF e bruta de Altinho, respectivamente; e remoções de 91,5% e 85,2% de DQO para a amostra pré-tratada por CF e amostra bruta da Muribeca, respectivamente. Comparando esses resultados, decidiu-se pela não realização de um tratamento preliminar visto que o percentual de remoção entre as amostras pré-tratadas e brutas foram relativamente próximos, evitando assim o gasto extra de energia, materiais e tempo. Um planejamento fatorial 33 foi realizado para o tratamento por foto-Fenton para cada amostra de lixiviado dos aterros, variando-se concentração de H2O2, proporção de FeSO4.7H2O:H2O2 e pH, em um tempo reacional de 240 minutos sob radiação solar. Foram obtidos resultados de percentuais de remoções nas faixas de 52,5% a 87% de DQO, 43,5 a 77% de carbono orgânico total (COT) e 39 a 74% de substâncias húmicas (SH) para o lixiviado de Altinho; e 53 a 91% de DQO, 38,5 a 77% de COT e 30 a 64% de SH para o lixiviado da Muribeca. O estudo estatístico de correlação entre pares dessas variáveis mostrou que essas possuem correlação de moderada a altamente forte. Os dados experimentais se ajustaram a um modelo cinético de primeira ordem, alcançando-se 70% de degradação do COT dos dois lixiviados em 30 minutos de reação. Obteve-se a constante cinética (k) igual a 0,0408 min-1 e coeficiente de regressão linear (R2) igual a 0,9862 para o lixiviado de Altinho e k = 0,0373 min-1 e R2 = 0,9727 para Muribeca. A caracterização do lixiviado de Altinho e da Muribeca tratados, em suas condições ótimas, indicou um aumento da biodegradabilidade e uma remoção eficiente da carga orgânica, cor e turbidez. Os lixiviados tratados com diluição 1:10 não apresentaram toxicidade. / This research was motivated by the challenge to propose a treatment in laboratory scale to efficiently degrade pollutants of leachate from the landfill of Altinho - PE, located in the arid zone of the state and in operation, and landfill of Muribeca - PE, located in Metropolitan Region of Recife and closed since 2009. Thus, based on the high organic loading characteristic but low biodegradability of the leachates, a physical-chemical treatment with application of coagulation/flocculation (CF) and advanced oxidative (photo-Fenton) processes were made. Initially, a preliminary treatment of the leachate was done by an experimental design 24 using as independents variables: mass of the calcium hydroxide coagulant, flocculation time, flocculation rotation speed and settling time. Then, the photo-Fenton process was applied, under the same conditions, to the supernatant from the pretreated samples and directly to the raw samples. The results showed 89.6% and 83.4% COD removal for the pretreated sample by CF and raw sample from Altinho, respectively; and 91.5% and 85.2% COD removal for the pretreated sample by CF and raw sample from Muribeca, respectively. Comparing these results, it was decide not to do a pretreatment since the removal percentage between pretreated and raw samples were relatively close, avoiding the extra expense of energy, materials and time. A 33 factorial design was done for the photo-Fenton treatment to each landfills leachate sample, ranging the concentration of H2O2, the proportion of FeSO4.7H2O:H2O2 and pH, at a reaction time of 240 minutes under solar radiation. Percentages of removal results were obtained in the ranges of 52.5% to 87% of COD, 43.5 to 77% of TOC and 39 to 74% of humic substances (HS) to the Altinho’s leachate; and 53 to 91% of COD, 38.5 to 77% of TOC and 30 to 64% of HS to the Muribeca’s leachate. The statistical correlation study between pairs of these variables showed that it has a moderate to highly strong correlation. The experimental data fitted to a first order kinetic model, achieving 70% of TOC degradation for the leachate samples at 30 minutes of reaction. The rate constant (k) was 0.0408 min-1 and the linear regression coefficient (R2) was 0.9862 for Altinho´s leachate and k = 0.0373 min-1 and R2 = 0.9727 for Muribeca’s leachate. The characterization of Altinho and Muribeca treated leachate in its optimal condition, indicated an increase in biodegradability and efficient removal of organic matter, color and turbidity. The both treated leachate samples with dilution 1:10 showed no toxicity.

Landfills are potential sources for PFASs and treatment techniques for landfill leachate are urgently needed. Foam fractionation is an aeration technique which utilizes the tendency of PFASs to escape the liquid phase and build foam. The foam is harvested and with it the contamination. Landfill leachate from Hovgården, Uppsala Sweden contained PFASs of higher concentration than desired and investigations into whether foam fractionation could reduce PFASs amounts were initiated. Landfill leachate containing sum PFASs of 5500 ng/L on average were aerated in two different aeration foam collection pilot set-ups for the research. The pilot set-ups were divided into two models: a batch pilot and a continuous pilot. The batch pilot was run for 60 minutes testing parameters such as column volume, air flow rate, dilution and using additives as NaCl, FeCl3 and dish soap. The continuous pilot used contact times of 5, 10 and 20 minutes with constant air flow rate and column volume and no additives. All batch experiments showed reduced concentrations of PFASs, from 62 up to 91%, with an average sum PFASs removal efficiency of 77%. Air flow rates of 4 and 6 L/min were more effective than 2 L/min to reduce the amount of PFASs. Smaller volumes got higher removal efficiency. The dilution experiments showed mixed and somewhat contradictory results, where the nondiluted experiment had removal efficiency of sum PFASs of average 77% while the 50% diluted had an average sum PFASs removal efficiency of 84%. The experiment with the greatest dilution (75%) had the lowest average sum PFASs removal efficiency as suspected, at 68%. Regarding additives, the experiments with added 0.155 and 0.313% NaCl in the leachate were most effective at removing PFASs. The dish soap and FeCl3 additives also contributed to higher PFASs reduction. The experiment with the addition of dish soap had an average sum PFASs removal efficiency of 88% compared to 77% without additives, and the highest concentration of FeCl3 (0,09% of the leachate) had an average sum PFASs removal efficiency of 85%. All continuous experiments showed reduced reduced PFASs concentrations with sum PFASs removal efficiencies ranging from 72 up to 94%, with an average of 86%. The majority of the PFASs were reduced within the first time steps for all experiments, but for the last amount to be removed the contact time needed to be longer. The column contact time of 20 min had the highest average sum PFASs removal efficiency. The conclusion is that PFASs are reduced during the treatment in the pilots and that the reduction is dependent on the chain length and functional groups of the substances, and increased with additives and increased air flow rate. The volume treated and the concentration of raw water also influenced the removal efficiency.

A methodology based on an analytical protocol for evaluation of hazards from landfill leachate and solid waste is described. A dynamic analytical protocol, the LAQUA protocol, including measurements of inorganic and water-quality parameters, polar and non-polar organic marker compounds, and toxicity, was constructed. An acute toxicity test, using the brackish water crustacean Artemia salina as test organism, was developed. The methodology was applied to authentic problems such as investigation of different treatment techniques for landfill leachate, evaluation of leaching tests and characterization of solid wastes, and an investigation of a filter material aimed for leachate treatment. Investigated treatment methods comprised in all cases pre-treatment by aeration combined with sedimentation, followed by one of: bioremediation, ozonation, chemical oxidation by Fenton’s reagent, or geo-bed filters. Evaluated filter materials were mixtures of natural or residual waste products. A combination of pre-treatment followed by a geo-bed filter containing a mixture of peat and carbon-containing ash gave an efficient simultaneous removal of metals and organic pollutants. The performance of two leaching tests for characterization of solid waste, the up-flow percolation test (SIS-CEN/TS 14405:2004) and the batch test (SS-EN 12457 -3), was investigated. Solid waste materials (sludge from street gutters and fragmented metallic waste) were characterized using leaching tests and the hazards of the materials were evaluated in the eluate, obtained at specific liquid-to-solid ratios (L/S). The L/S 2 and L/S 10 values were compared with limit values included in the waste acceptance criteria (WAC). The analyses were extended towards specific organic compounds, such as individual phenolic compounds and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCB). Organic compounds were found in eluates from both types of tests, showing the possibility to use these methods to evaluate the leaching of such compounds from waste materials. The use of authentic leachate as leachant, leads to increased concentrations of heavy metals in the eluate, compared to the prescribed use of demineralised water as leachant. Generally good agreement was found between the results of the two leaching methods. A strategy based on batch tests is described for investigation of a filter material for leachate treatment. Batch tests gave suitable information about the leaching from new and used material, and showed high removal efficiencies of metals and non-polar organic compounds. However, for investigation of removal of polar organic markers (e.g. phenolic compounds) a batch test is not sufficient and should be supplemented by a column test. / Avfall har alltid uppkommit i alla samhällen i alla tider. Det vanligaste sättet att hand om det har varit att samla avfallet i soptippar (deponier) på mark som ansetts obrukbar, t.ex. i sankmarker utanför bebyggelsen. I takt med ökad konsumtion och produktion har också mängderna avfall ökat. Anledningen till att avfall och avfallshantering kommit alltmer i fokus i miljödebatter under de senaste decennierna, är inte bara de stora mängderna avfall på de många och stora sopbergen runt om i världen. Deponierna släpper också ifrån sig miljöfarliga ämnen från de alltmer komplexa produkter som blivit lagda i deponin. Dessa kommer att fortsätta att läcka ut länge efter det att deponeringen på soptippen slutat, och skapa problem för människor och miljö i flera generationer. Som en konsekvens av internationella beslut bl.a. Agenda 21 (FNs miljökonferens i Rio) och EUs lagstiftning om avfallshantering som Sverige har tagit in i sin lagstiftning, kommer bl.a. antalet soptippar att minska. Efter den 31 december 2008 beräknas endast ett 90-tal deponier för kommunalt avfall att vara i drift i Sverige. Lagstiftningen beskriver en avfalls hierarki där deponering är den sämsta och absolut sista åtgärden som får göras bara när inget av de andra alternativen kan uppfyllas. Det ställs stora krav på de soptippar som är godkända enligt den nuvarande lagstiftningen. Olika typer av deponier ska finnas för olika slag av avfall. En deponi för farligt avfall har bättre skydd mot läckage både under och över tippen än en tipp för icke-farligt avfall. För att ha kontroll på vilket avfall som läggs på deponin och därmed kunna behandla det på korrekt sätt, måste avfallet beskrivas och klassas innan det skickas för deponering. Karakteriseringen görs bl.a. med hjälp av lakningstester. Syftet med denna avhandling har varit att utarbeta en metodik för at utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen som kommer från avfall och lakvatten från soptippar. Den inledande forskningen utgjordes av ett projekt kallat Laqua, finansierat av EU-kommissionens program för samarbete inom Östersjöregionen, SweBaltcop. Projektets uppgift var att främja utveckling av ekologiskt och ekonomiskt hållbara reningsmetoder för lakvatten. Lakvattnet bildas främst av nederbörd som faller över deponin. Det vatten som kommer in i soptippen tar med sig många av de ämnen som finns i tippen när det rinner ut. Dessa ämnen kan komma från sådant som har deponerats eller bildas när avfallet bryts ner. Lakvattnet samlas upp och renas på något sätt innan det släpps ut till ett naturligt vattendrag. En vanlig metod att behandla lakvatten är att pumpa det till det kommunala avloppsreningsverket och rena det tillsammans med avloppsvatten. Men detta är ingen optimal lösning eftersom lakvatten innehåller andra föroreningar än avloppsvatten, t ex salter, tungmetaller och svårnedbrytbara organiska föreningar. Avloppsreningsverken är konstruerade för att rena avloppsvatten och lakvattnets föroreningar kan störa reningsprocessen. Framför allt kan de känsliga mikroorganismerna i det biologiska reningssteget påverkas negativt. Slammet som bildas vid reningsprocessen kommer att koncentrera många av de oönskade föroreningarna som härstammar från deponin. Slammet är egentligen ett utmärkt gödselmedel för jordbruket, men på grund av att slammet är förorenat av tungmetaller och svårnedbrytbara organiska ämnen kan inte slammet användas. Slammet blir då ett avfall som kommunen inte kan bli av med utan stora kostnader. Många kommuner har därför valt en separat rening av lakvattnet. Val av reningsteknik är beroende av flera faktorer, som volymerna lakvatten som uppkommer, innehållet av de olika miljöfarliga ämnena, vart det renande vattnet ska släppas ut och utrymme för att bygga en reningsanläggning. För att utvärdera olika tekniker för rening av lakvatten, byggdes en försöksanläggning på soptippen i Kristianstad. För att kunna utvärdera en reningsmetod måste bestämningar av koncentrationer av olika ämnen (analyser) göras. På grund av den ökande oron för organiska miljögifter som PCB och fenoler, skulle reningsteknikerna utvärderas med fokus sådana eller liknande ämnen. Analyser av organiska ämnen är komplicerade och tidskrävande, och det är inte möjligt att analysera alla ämnen. I många undersökningar används endast generella parametrar för att uppskatta innehållet av organiska ämnen, men dessa metoder ger ofta inte tillräcklig information om det egentliga innehållet i lakvattnet. Därför utarbetades ett utvärderings protokoll, LAQUA protokollet (artikel I) för bestämning av organiska miljögifter i olika förorenade vatten. Detta protokoll innehåller förutom analyser för organiska miljögifter som PCB och fenoler och en akut toxicitetstest, även standardiserade rutinanalyser av metaller och vattenkemiska parametrar. Eftersom separat analys av alla organiska ämnen inte nödvändig för att bedöma olika reningsmetoder för lakvatten, innehåller protokollet ett antal markörer för polära, respektive opolära organiska föreningar. Den biologiska giftighetstesten som utvecklades (artikel III) och ingår i protokollet är ett s.k. akut toxicitetstest, dvs. organismen påverkas direkt av höga halter av föroreningar. I testen används det lilla saltvattentåliga kräftdjuret Artemia salina, som säljs som föda åt akvariefiskar. En bestämd volym med ett antal Artemia larver läggs i små brunnar med olika koncentrationer av lakvatten under 24 timmar. Sedan jämförs vid vilken inblandning av lakvatten som hälften av kräftdjuren har fått rörelsestörningar. Resultaten på tester med obehandlat lakvatten, respektive behandlat med olika reningstekniker jämförs, och på det viset kan effektiviteten på reningsmetoder bedömas gentemot en vattenlevande organism. Utvärderingen av försöksanläggningen (artikel II) visade att vid förbehandlingen, bestående av luftning och sedimentering, togs mycket av föroreningarna bort, och det rekommenderas att ett sådan reningssteg alltid bör finnas vid en reningsanläggning för lakvatten. De kemiska behandlingsmetoderna med ozon och Fentons reagens (tvåvärt järn och väteperoxid) var effektiva på att ta bort de organiska miljögifterna, men även de mer kostnadseffektiva filterbäddarna visade sig fungera bra. Den goda erfarenheten från försöksanläggningen av filterbäddar ledde till att effektiviteten hos fler filter material undersöktes. I artikel VI beskrivs ett försök, gjord i laboratorium, där lakvatten från en soptipp som tar hand om industri avfall (metallavfall från bl.a. bilar och kylskåp) fick rinna genom kolonner med olika filtermaterial. Mixen av torv och aska med kolinnehåll visade sig vara bra på att ta bort både metaller och organiska ämnen från lakvattnet. Kunskapen från bl.a. dessa undersökningar har bidragit till att en fullskaleanläggning för lokal rening av lakvatten har kunnat byggas i anslutning till Stena metalls soptipp i Halmstad. Den andra delen i avhandlingsarbetet riktade in sig mot lakningstester. För att undersöka vilka ämnen som kan lakas ut från ett avfall rekommenderas två olika standardiserade lakningstests metoder. Vid den ena metoden pumpas en vätska genom en kolonn med en uppvägd mängd avfall tills ett visst vätske/fast fas förhållande (L/S halt) har uppnåtts. Vid den andra snabbare metoden, skakas en bestämd mängd avfall tillsammans med en bestämd volym vätska under 24 timmar. Den vätska som man får efter testerna kan jämföras med ett lakvatten och ska simulera den urlakning som avfallet ger ifrån sig under sin tid på deponin. Denna urlakningsvätska analyseras och de uppmätta halterna av olika ämnen jämförs med en gränsvärdes tabell och avfallet kan hänföras till en avfalls klass. De två lakningstesterna användes för att karakterisera olika avfallsslag, sönderdelat metall skrot (artikel IV) och slam från gatubrunnar (artikel V). För att få mer kunskap om metoderna och kunna vidareutveckla dem, utökades undersökningarna och analyserna. De urlakade vätskorna analyserades därför enligt Laqua protokollet, dvs med markörer för organiska miljögifter. Dessutom gjordes undersökningar där lakvatten användes som lakningsvätska istället för avjonat vatten som testmetoderna föreskriver. Dessa visade att den mer jonstarka vätskan (lakvattnet) ökade urlakningen av metaller från avfallet. En jämförelse av de två metoderna visade att den snabbare skaktesten oftast gav likvärdiga eller högre halter av de analyserade ämnena i urlakningsvätskan, och därmed kan den i många fall användas i första hand. För att bedöma ett filtermaterial ur ett livstidsperspektiv, utvecklades en strategi baserad på skaktester (artikel VII). Ett filtermaterial, en mix av torv och aska med kolinnehåll, undersökes före och efter att det använts i en filterbädd för rening av lakvatten. För att vara säker på att filtermaterialet i sig själv inte släppte ifrån sig några föroreningar gjordes en lakningstest. För att se hur effektivt materialet var på att ta bort metaller, PCB och fenolföreningar, gjordes skaktester med vätskor med kända halter av dessa föroreningar. När filtermaterialet är förbrukat och skall bytas ut anses det som ett avfall, och det karakteriserades med lakningstest för att hur det skulle tas om hand. Metodiken med skaktester ger bra information om utlakning från ett material, och skaktester är också bra instrument för att utvärdera ett filtermaterials effektivitet på att ta hand om metaller och opolära organiska ämnen som PCB. Men för att utvärdera effektiviteten av borttagandet av polära organiska ämnen (t ex. fenoler), är inte en korttids skak test något bra instrument. Reduceringen av dessa ämnen sker genom nedbrytning med hjälp av mikroorganismer, och för att undersöka detta behövs tester som varar en så lång tid att en mikrobiologisk miljö hinner etablera sig, t ex. kolonn tester. Utvärderingen av detta avhandlingsarbete visar på några ytterligare slutsatser och förslag till fortsatt arbete. Toxicitetstesten med Artemia bör kompletteras med tester på t ex. bakterier och växter, eftersom det inte räcker med en test på bara en organism för att bedöma giftigheten av en förorening ett naturligt ekosystem. Vidare behövs en biologisk test för att påvisa kroniska effekter, så som skador på fortplantning eller tumörsjukdomar. Dessa skador kan uppkomma genom att organismer påverkas under en lång tid av de låga, men därmed inte ofarliga halter av organiska miljögifter som ofta förekommer i lakvatten. Den presenterade metodiken kan användas för att utvärdera miljöfarliga ämnen från olika förorenade områden. Avhandlingen har visat att LAQUA protokollets sammansättning och dess analyser är ett bra instrument för att utvärdera reningstekniker för lakvatten och för att ge ytterligare information om organiska ämnen i fast avfall. Bedömning av luft kvalitet och karakterisering av dagvatten är andra exempel där metodiken kan användas. Avslutningsvis är det förstås lättare att utvärdera farligheten från avfall när det är mindre volymer avfall att utvärdera. Detta kan uppnås genom att konsumera mindre, återanvända produkter, återvinna material, utvinna energi ur avfallet och välja miljövänliga produkter när man köper nytt.

Anaerobic digestion of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) generates a mixture of methane (CH4), carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O). Beyond the field capacity the water generated is collected and recirculated as leachate in Bioreactor Landfills (BLs.) Leachate recirculation has a profound advantage on biodegradation of the Organic Fraction of Municipal Solid Waste (OFMSW) in the landfills. Mature leachate from older sections of landfills (>20 years) and young leachate were blended prior to recirculation in the ratios 3/3 mature, 3/3 young, 1/3 mature-2/3 young and 2/3 old-1/3 young and their effect on biodegradation and biogas production monitored. In addition to analysis of the effect of blending old and new leachates, the study also analyses the effect of an open vs. a closed recirculation loop and the effect of organic loading rates of OFMSW in landfills. Data collected from initial batch tests supplement column bioreactors simulating bioreactor landfills with real world OFMSW from operational landfill facilities in Ontario, Canada. The results are conclusive that the biogas generation can be improved by up to 92% by blending the leachate in an open loop recirculation system as compared to a conventional closed loop system employed in landfills today.